July 2020 marked the 21st year of King Mohammed VI's reign in Morocco.[2] The first two decades of the 21st century saw civil and political reforms, as well as "popular disillusionment" with the socioeconomic and political state of the nation.[2] In response to the 2011 protests that occurred as part of the Arab Spring, King Mohammed VI announced a series of constitutional reforms, passed through a national referendum in July 2011.[3] The reforms were described by the BBC as "expanding the powers of parliament and the prime minister but leaving the king with broad authority over the government".[4] The Islamic State's presence in the region also posed a threat to Morocco throughout the 2010s.[2]
After the 2016 elections, protests continued to occur; in 2016 and 2017, a movement known as Hirak Rif demonstrated in the streets of northern Morocco against corruption and unemployment.[4] In 2017, the Freedom of the Press report upgraded Morocco's rating to "partly free".[6] By June 2019, the BBC reported that "almost half of Moroccans [were] considering emigrating" to other countries.[4]
2020 saw the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. In March, a law was passed to outlaw many forms of making posts online.[7] The government claimed the bill was written "without prejudice to the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of digital communications", and shortly began arresting people for posting information it deemed to be false.[7] Morocco's initial response to the pandemic put it "among the world's COVID-19 success stories" in the first months of the pandemic;[8]lockdown measures first implemented on 20 March began to be eased after several months, and a third phase of gradually lifting the lockdown had begun on 19 July. However, the reduction in cases came at a cost: by late July, the government's actions during the pandemic would be described as a "reversal of democratic reforms", with Parliament being "sidelined, its duties increasingly usurped by the Makhzen".[9] The Interior Ministry suspended local council meetings (even remote meetings held online), an action the Constitution reserved exclusively for Parliament.[9] While a restriction on visitation from foreign business visitors was lifted on 10 September, a sharp increase in cases (and the possibility of a second wave of infections) prompted the restrictions to be reinstated.[10]
Parties confirmed to be contesting the election included the ruling Justice and Development Party (PJD), the Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM), and the Istiqlal Party (PI).[16]
Electoral system
Morocco has a bicameral legislature whose two chambers are the House of Councillors and the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives has 395 seats, which are elected by proportional representation and consist of two tiers: 305 seats are elected from 92 multi-member local constituencies (of two to six seats) and the remaining 90 are elected from twelve constituencies based on the Regions of Morocco (of 3 to 12 seats). Of these 90 seats, a minimum of one third must be women, who must also be the first and second candidates on each lists.[17][18]
The election held under a new 2021 law saw the removal of the electoral threshold, which was previously at 6% for local lists and at 3% for the national lists which were replaced by the regional ones.[19] Interior Minister Abdelouafi Laftit said in September 2020 that the political representation of women in Morocco had "not yet reached the required level", but that concerted efforts would ensure a "significant and fair" representation of women in the 2021 elections.[20] The new law calculates the allocations of seats based on the number of registered voters, rather than the number of those who actually cast a ballot.[21] This means the party that received the largest number of votes in the district will not be able to obtain more than one electoral seat.[19]
All citizens who were at least 18 years old, or have reached the age of 18 by March 2021, were eligible to vote. The period for submitting voter registration requests ended on 31 December 2020.[22]
Campaign
The electoral calendar was unveiled on 10 May 2021.[23] While the municipal, regional and legislative elections traditionally took place on different days, in 2021, a new electoral law was passed under which all three would be held on the same day, in a bid to increase voter turnout (the 2016 elections had a turnout of less than 50%).[24][25][16][26] However, a high level of abstention was expected due to a loss of confidence in the institutions, with the government's sidelining of parliament leading to a lack of real issues at stake in the elections.[27]
On 15 August 2021, the Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs issued a communiqué signed by Minister Ahmed Toufiq calling on all imams and preachers in the country to remain neutral, and warning that religious rectors who do so would be removed from their administrative duties. This request was also addressed to the delegates and representatives of the ministry.[28]
The Justice and Development Party (PJD) of Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani hoped to repeat for the third time in a row the lead in the vote that brought it to power in 2011. In particular, the moderate Islamists of the party hoped to gain control of key ministries, which they had traditionally lacked. The PJD trailed by two-thirds in the polls,[30] behind the Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM), led by Abdellatif Ouahbi, and known for its royalist stance in a country where public attachment to the monarch is already strong.[30]
The Istiqlal party (PI), led by Nizar Baraka, had come third in 2016 and proposed an economic development program that focuses on reducing inequalities while tackling environmental issues such as water resource management, biodiversity, and pollution.[30]
The National Rally of Independents (RNI) of minister Aziz Akhannouch presented a program focused on five commitments and 25 actions whose total cost was estimated at 275 billion dirhams, or more than 25 billion euros.[30]
COVID-19 measures
The election was organized in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. By July 2020, rumors had started to circulate that the elections would be postponed due to the virus. While Interior Minister Abdelouafi Laftit launched political consultations for the 2021 elections on 8 July,[31] on 8 August it was reported that the government was considering postponing the elections due to the ongoing pandemic. The difficulty of carrying out election activities while limiting transmission of the virus, as well as the economic challenges of carrying out an election during the concurrent economic recession, were cited as motivating factors.[8] Meanwhile, some parties voiced opposition to the proposal, claiming it was a ploy by the incumbent government to prolong its control over the nation.[8][32]
On 9 November, however, it was announced that general elections had been scheduled to take place in September 2021.[25][16] The organization of the electoral campaign was under significant health restrictions, including a nighttime curfew and a ban on gatherings of more than 25 people and large political rallies.[30][33]
Results
Turnout rose sharply from 43% in 2016 to 50.35% in 2021, the highest since the 2002 elections.[34][35]
The elections were won by the National Rally of Independents (RNI), led by Aziz Akhannouch, which won 102 seats, gaining 65. It was followed by the Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM), which won 87 seats, losing 15. In third place, the Istiqlal Party won 81, gaining 35 seats. The Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP) won 34; the Popular Movement (MP), 28; the Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS), 22; the Constitutional Union (UC), 18; the Democratic and Social Movement (MDS), 5; the Front of Democratic Forces (FFD), 3 and the Alliance of the Left Federation (FGD), 1. The historic defeat of the Justice and Development Party (PJD) led the ruling party to win only 13 seats, thus losing 112, more than 90% of its seats and placing it in eighth place after winning the three previous elections. Saadeddine Othmani also failed to win re-election in his constituency of Rabat.[36] Two new parties entered: FFD with 3 deputies and PSU with one. The PUD and the PSGV lost one seat each, thus remaining outside the House of Representatives.[37][38][39]
At the request of the Moroccan authorities, the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe deployed four groups of congress observers in and around Rabat and Casablanca to make an electoral assessment between 7 and 9 September.[40] A total of 4,500 observers were accredited, 70 of which were international and 14 of which were NGOs.[41]
In the afternoon of 9 September the PJD announced the resignation of the incumbent prime minister Saadeddine El Othmani as its secretary-general.[42] The party also described the election results as "incomprehensible, illogical and not reflecting the party's position on the political scene".[36] Former prime minister and former secretary-general of the PJD Abdelilah Benkirane had previously called on Othmani to resign as leader of the party arguing that "after noting the painful defeat suffered in the elections ... I consider it imperative in these difficult circumstances that the Secretary General assumes his responsibility and resigns from the leadership of the party".[43] On 30 October, Benkirane was re-elected as the PJD secretary-general.[44]
The leader of the RNI, Aziz Akhannouch, characterized the election results as "a victory for democracy" and a "victory for all Moroccans".[45] PAM leader Abdellatif Ouahbi described the results as "very positive despite the period that the PAM has gone through which was marked by problems and disputes of an organic nature", while also noting the election as a "victory of democracy in the kingdom".[46]
In the morning of 9 September Minister of the Interior Abdelouafi Laftit expressed satisfaction with the elections, noting that they were held in the "best conditions" as the country "experienced an atmosphere of global mobilization to turn the elections into a step that condenses the broad hopes of the Moroccan people as a whole in the strengthening of the development dynamic and the consecration of the democratic choice".[47]
International
United States: The U.S. Embassy in Rabat congratulated Morocco "on successfully holding" its elections. Noting the US-Morocco ties, the embassy added, "Our shared commitment to democratic processes strengthens our 200-year partnership."[48]
Council of Europe: The Council of Europe said four of their Congress teams were able to observe an Election Day in two Moroccan regions which was "calm, orderly and transparent overall except some procedural inconsistencies, in particular during the closing of the polling stations and the counting." It further added that the increased representation of women in elected bodies, both at regional and municipal level and at all tiers of government, was welcomed by the Congress delegation. At the same time, it regretted a slightly lower turnout compared to the last local elections in 2015.[49]
Aftermath
On 10 September 2021, Aziz Akhannouch was nominated as Prime Minister by King Mohammed VI and was tasked by the King to form a new government.[50][51] On 22 September, it was announced that Akhannouch's National Rally of Independents, the Istiqlal Party, and the Authenticity and Modernity Party had reached a coalition agreement.[52] The new government took office on 7 October.[53]
Related Research Articles
Politics of Morocco take place in a framework of an official parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy, whereby the prime minister of Morocco is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives of Morocco and the Assembly of Councillors. The Moroccan Constitution provides for a monarchy with a Parliament and an independent judiciary.
The Justice and Development Party is a political party in Morocco that advocates for Islamism. It was the ruling party of Morocco from 2011 to 2021.
The National Rally of Independents, is a political party in Morocco. Despite self-identifying as social-democratic, the party has been described as pro-business and liberal, and the party has a history of cooperating with two other parties with a liberal orientation, the Popular Movement and the Constitutional Union, since 1993. Since September 2021, it has been the country's ruling party.
The Parliament of Morocco is the bicameral legislature of Morocco. It is located in Rabat.
The House of Representatives is one of the two chambers—the other of which is the House of Councillors—of the Moroccan Parliament. The House of Representatives has 395 members elected for five-year terms, 305 of whom are elected in multi-seat constituencies, and 90 of whom are elected in two national lists dedicated to promote gender equality and national youth.
Saadeddine Othmani, sometimes translated as Saad Eddine el-Othmani, is a Moroccan politician. He served as the 16th prime minister of Morocco from 17 March 2017 to 7 October 2021. Previously he served as foreign minister from 2012 to 2013.
The Authenticity and Modernity Party is a political party in Morocco. It was founded in 2008 by Fouad Ali El Himma, an advisor to the king Mohammed VI, and it has been perceived by its opponents and the press as being backed and directed by the monarchy. As such, it has been accused of having little ideology except for support of the monarchy, although some of its policies have been described as socially liberal.
Early general elections were held in Morocco on 25 November 2011, brought forward from 2012 and then postponed from 7 October 2011.
Aziz Akhannouch is a Moroccan politician, businessman, and billionaire who is serving as the 17th Prime Minister of Morocco since his government took office on 7 October 2021. He is the CEO of Akwa Group and also served as Minister of Agriculture from 2007 to 2021.
Abdelilah Benkirane is a Moroccan politician who was the 15th Prime Minister of Morocco from November 2011 to March 2017. After having won a plurality of seats in the 2011 parliamentary election, his party, the moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party formed a coalition with three parties that had been part of previous governments.
The Cabinet of Morocco is the chief executive body of the Kingdom of Morocco.
The prime minister of Morocco, officially head of government, is the head of government of the Kingdom of Morocco. The prime minister is chosen by the king of Morocco from the largest party elected to parliament. The Constitution of Morocco grants executive powers to the government and allows the head of government to propose and dismiss cabinet members, provincial governors, and ambassadors, to oversee government programs and the delivery of public services, and to dissolve the lower house of parliament with the king's approval.
General elections were held in Morocco on 7 October 2016. The ruling Justice and Development Party remained the largest party, winning 125 of the 395 seats in the House of Representatives, a gain of 18 seats compared to the 2011 elections.
Nasser Bourita is a Moroccan diplomat serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates since 5 April 2017.
Events in the year 2021 in Morocco. Rebels have declared the independence of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in the general area of Western Sahara.
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