No other country than the United States and Israel has ever recognized Morocco's unilateral annexation of Western Sahara;[2][3] however, certain countries such as the United Kingdom have recognized that Morocco exerts de facto control of the region. The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) treats the status of Western Sahara as 'undetermined' but its lack of reference to the partition and the existence of the Polisario-held areas, suggests a tacit acceptance of Morocco as the administering power in the entire territory.[4] Overall, the annexation has not garnered as much attention in the international community as many other disputed annexations (e.g. the Russian annexation of Crimea).
The official position of the Kingdom of Morocco since 1963 is that all of Western Sahara is an integral part of the kingdom. The Moroccan government refers to Western Sahara only as "Moroccan Sahara", the "Saharan provinces"[citation needed], or the "Southern Provinces".
According to the Moroccan government, in 1958 the Moroccan Army of Liberation fought Spanish colonizers and almost liberated what was then Spanish Sahara.[citation needed] The fathers of many of the Polisario leaders were among the veterans of the Moroccan Southern Army, for example the father of Polisario leader Mohammed Abdelaziz. Morocco is supported in this view[clarification needed] by a number of former Polisario founders and leaders. The Polisario Front is considered by Morocco to be a Moroccan separatist movement, referring to the Moroccan origins of most of its founding members.
On 22 January 2020, Morocco's House of Representatives voted unanimously to add Western Sahara waters to the Moroccan maritime borders.[8]
Polisario Front and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
The Polisario Front, mainly backed by Algeria, is described by itself and its supporters as a national liberation movement that opposes Moroccan control of Western Sahara, whilst it is considered by Morocco and supporters of Morocco's claims over Western Sahara to be a separatist organization. It began as a movement of students who felt torn between the divergent Spanish and Moroccan influences on the country. The original goal of the Polisario, which was to end Spanish colonialism in the region, was achieved, but their neighbors, Morocco and Mauritania, seized sovereignty of the region, which the Polisario felt was entitled to self-determination and eventually independence. The Polisario engaged in guerrilla warfare with the Moroccan and Mauritanian forces. It evacuated the Sahrawi population to the Tindouf refugee camps due to Royal Moroccan Air Force bombing of the refugee camps on Sahrawi land with napalm and white phosphorus.[9][10] The Polisario Front has called for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara to be decided through a referendum. Although the SADR is not recognized as a state by the UN, the Polisario is considered a direct participant in the conflict and as the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people, recognized by the United Nations since 1979.[11]
Polisario-held territory east of the Moroccan Wall (red)
The Polisario Front argues that Morocco's position is due to economic interests (fishing, phosphate mining, and the potential for oil reserves) and political reasons (stability of the king's position and the governing elite in Morocco, deployment of most of the Moroccan Army in Western Sahara instead of in Morocco). The Polisario Front proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in Bir Lehlou (Western Sahara), on 27 February 1976.
Mauritania
Claims on Western Sahara had proliferated since the 1960s, fueled by Mauritanian President Moktar Ould Daddah. Before Mauritania signed the Madrid Accords and after the withdrawal of the last Spanish forces, in late 1975, the Mauritanian Army invaded the southern part of Western Sahara, while the Moroccan Army did the same in the north.
In April 1976, Mauritania and Morocco partitioned the country into three parts, Mauritania getting the southern one, which was named Tiris al-Gharbiyya. Mauritania waged four years of war against Polisario guerrillas, conducting raids on Nouakchott, attacks on the Zouerate mine train and a coup d'état that deposed Ould Daddah. Mauritania finally withdrew in the summer of 1979, after signing the Algiers Agreement with the Polisario Front, recognizing the right of self-determination for the Sahrawi people, and renouncing any claims on Western Sahara. The Moroccan Army immediately took control of the former Mauritanian territory.
Mauritania recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 27 February 1984.
Algeria
Algeria has supported the independence of the whole of Western Sahara since 1975, when Spanish forces and settlers withdrew from the area. It is one of the few countries to do so in the Arab League. It has provided aid to the 'Polisario Front'. Algeria's role became indirect, through political and military support for the Polisario Front. Algeria recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 6 March 1976. Its involvement in Western Sahara independence movement has interrupted the development of Algerian-Morocco diplomatic relations, which were restored in 1988.[13]
A demonstration in Bilbao for the independence of Western Sahara.
Western Sahara is on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. The UN has been involved since 1988 in trying to find a solution to the conflict through self-determination. In 1988, the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed to settle the dispute through a referendum under the auspices of the UN that would allow the people of Western Sahara to choose between independence or integration with Morocco. In 1991, the parties agreed upon the Settlement Plan, contingent on the referendum being held the following year, but due to disputes over voter qualification, the vote was not held. In the following years, the UN argued for negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario Front to resolve the deadlock, culminating in the Manhasset negotiations in 2007–2008.
As of 2020, the mandate for MINURSO has been extended 47 times[14] and it maintains its presence in the country, but has yet to fulfill its mission by organizing a referendum.
Positions of other states
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2020)
Maintains diplomatic relations with or recognizes the Sahrawi Republic
Recognizes the self-determination of the Sahrawi people, but does not recognize the SADR nor maintain diplomatic relations with it
Withdrew or froze recognition of the SADR without expressing support for Morocco's claim
Has not expressed any position or has expressed conflicting opinions
Some states are supportive of the "right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people", including the option of autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty.[15] Some states have changed their opinion frequently or have given separate announcements of support for both Morocco and the Polisario Front/SADR (Egypt, Italy, Lesotho, Russia, Rwanda, Yemen, etc.).[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Some of the states announcing support of the "right of self-determination" currently recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Not all of the states that have terminated diplomatic relations with or withdrawn recognition of the SADR have announced their support for the Moroccan claims.
The overwhelming majority of United Nations member states have not announced any position.
States supporting Polisario and the SADR on Western Sahara
Position of United Nations Security Council permanent members
France
France claims neutrality on the Western Sahara issue, despite its military involvement in the Western Sahara War on the side of Morocco and Mauritania (see Operation Lamantin). In 2009[189][190] and 2010,[191][192] France used the threat of its veto power to block the establishment of Human Rights monitoring by the MINURSO in Western Sahara. France has been a major backer of the Moroccan autonomy proposal and in the EU negotiated the concession of the advanced status to Morocco.[193][194]
On 30 July 2024, coinciding with the 25th anniversary of Throne Day (Morocco), French President Emmanuel Macron sent a letter to King Mohammed VI of Morocco clarifying France's new position on the Western Sahara. He stated that he “considers that the present and future of Western Sahara lie within the framework of Moroccan sovereignty” and affirmed France's support for Morocco's autonomy plan proposed in 2007 by saying “our support for the autonomy plan proposed by Morocco in 2007 is clear and unwavering,” adding that this plan “constitutes now the only basis to achieve a just, lasting, and negotiated political solution, in accordance with United Nations Security Council resolutions.” Macron emphasized France's support for Morocco's efforts to promote economic and social development in the region. This marked a notable change of diplomatic stance; The French authorities previously argued that Morocco’s plan for autonomy was a “serious and credible” basis for discussion, but not the only one.[195][196]
From 28 to 30 October 2024, Macron conducted his three-day state visit to Morocco's capital accompanied by a delegation of French ministers and business leaders. Notable cabinet members present included French Interior Minister Bruno Retailleau, Economy Minister Antoine Armand and Culture Minister Rachida Dati – herself of Moroccan origin.[197] On the first day, the King and Macron jointly chaired the signing ceremony of 22 key deals between the nations, addressing: railway, aviation, education, and sustainable energy/infrastructure.[198]
On 29 October 2024, in an address to the Moroccan Parliament, Macron said French companies "will support the development" of the Sahara, pledging "investments and sustainable support initiatives to benefit local populations."[199] This includes French-sponsored projects and initiatives in Dakhla, Western Sahara and the Guelmim-Oued Noun region—more broadly—amounting to 10 billion euros ($10.8 billion). As part of the objective “to accelerate” partnerships between France and Morocco, MGH Energy, a French company focused on decarbonizing transportation by air and sea, also plans to partner with a Moroccan gas retailer to produce fuel near Dakhla. In an effort to begin its first phase of operations by 2030, the company said it planned to invest 4.8 billion euros ($5.2 billion). 2030 also aligns with when Morocco hopes its Atlantic Ocean port under construction in Dakhla will open, stimulating an unprecedented flow of exports from Morocco and its neighbors in West Africa.[200]
Photo of Former Assistant Secretary of State, David Welch (2005–2008) who in 2007 expressed strong support for Morocco and its autonomy plan in the conflict over Western Sahara, calling the plan a "serious and credible" solution.
The Obama administration disassociated itself from the Moroccan autonomy plan in 2009, however, reversing the Bush-backed support of the Moroccan plan, and returning to a pre-Bush position, wherein the option of an independent Western Sahara is on the table again.[202]
In April 2009, 229 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, a clear majority and more than 50 more than the number who signed the letter[clarification needed] in 2007, called on President Obama to support Morocco's autonomy plan and to assist in drawing the conflict to a close. The signers[clarification needed] included Democratic Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Republican Minority Leader John Boehner. In addition to acknowledging that Western Sahara has become a recruiting post for radical Islamists, the letter affirmed that the conflict is "the single greatest obstacle impending the security and cooperation necessary to combat" terrorism in the Maghreb.[203] The letter referenced UN Security Council Resolution 1813 (2008), and encouraged President Obama to follow the policy set by President Clinton and followed by President Bush.[203] The congressmen expressed concerns about Western Sahara's viability. They referenced a UN fact-finding mission to Western Sahara which confirmed the State Department's view that the Polisario proposal, which ultimately stands for independence, would lead to a non-viable state.[203] In closing, the letter stated, "We remain convinced that the U.S. position, favoring autonomy for Western Sahara under Moroccan sovereignty is the only feasible solution. We urge you to both sustain this longstanding policy, and to make clear, in both words and actions, that the United States will work to ensure that the UN process continues to support this framework as the only realistic compromise that can bring this unfortunate and longstanding conflict to an end."[203]
Commenting on a 2004 free trade agreement with Morocco, US Trade RepresentativeRobert Zoellick stated in a letter to Congressman Joe Pitts in response to his questioning, "the United States and many other countries do not recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara and have consistently urged the parties to work with the United Nations to resolve the conflict by peaceful means. The Free Trade Agreement will not include Western Sahara."[204][205]
In April 2013, the United States proposed that MINURSO monitored human rights (as all the other UN mission since 1991) in Western Sahara, a move that Morocco strongly opposed, cancelling the annual African Lion military exercises with U.S. Army troops.[206] Also in mid-April, United States Ambassador to MoroccoSamuel L. Kaplan declared during a conference in Casablanca that the Moroccan autonomy plan "can't be the only basis in these negotiations", referring to the UN sponsored talks between the Polisario Front and Morocco.[207]
On 10 December 2020, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would officially recognize Morocco's claims over Western Sahara, as a result of Morocco agreeing to normalize relations with Israel.[208] In April 2021, the Biden administration stated that they would not reverse the decision.[209][210] In November 2021, Antony Blinken said that the Biden administration "[continues] to view Morocco’s autonomy plan as serious, credible, and realistic, and one potential approach to satisfy the aspirations of the people of Western Sahara".[211]
States which have not announced any position
The following states and entities have not announced any position:
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a fully recognized AU founding member.[212] The African Union supports the right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people.[213]
The CARICOM supports the right of the Western Sahara people's to self-determination, consistent with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations.[216]
The CELAC supports efforts by all parties to achieve a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution that would provide for the right of self-determination for the inhabitants.[29]
The EU supports the efforts by the Secretary General of the United Nations and his Personal Envoy to find a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution which will allow the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara as provided for in the resolutions of the United Nations.[217][218]
The NAM supports the right of the Western Sahara people's to self-determination, consistent with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960.[219]
The OIC supports the achievement of a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution that would provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara consistent with relevant resolutions.
The Rio Group supports the resolutions adopted by the UN to achieve a just, lasting and mutually acceptable solution that leads to the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara, in the context of compatible accords with the principles of the UN charter and the Resolution 1514 (XV) of the General Assembly and other pertinent resolutions.[220][221]
The UNASUR supports for the achievement of a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution that would provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara consistent with relevant resolutions.[29]
In 1984, Morocco withdrew from the AU's predecessor, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), in protest of the group's recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).[226]
The African Union (formerly the OAU) has given the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic full recognition,[212] and accepted it as a member state (which has led Morocco to leave the union.[227]). Mohamed Abdelaziz, president of the SADR, has been Vice-president of the OUA in 1985, and of the AU in 2002.[citation needed]
In 2016, King Mohammed VI of Morocco declared his country's intention to become a member of the African Union. On the same day, twenty-eight African countries or about 52% of the 54 UN recognized member states of the African Union signed a petition to expel the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from the African Union.[117][228] At the same time, AU Commission Chairwoman Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma reaffirmed the AU's support for Western Sahara's independence.[228]
European Union
The European Union supports the right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people (the MINURSO UN-sponsored referendum),[229] but does not recognize the Polisario Front.[230] Over practical issues such as fishing in the EEZ the EU deals with Morocco as the country currently exercising "jurisdiction, but not sovereignty" over Western Sahara territory.[231] In addition, members of the EFTA trade bloc have made statements excluding Western Sahara from the Moroccan-EFTA free trade agreement.[232] In December 2016, the European Court of Justice reaffirmed in Council v Front populaire pour la libération de la saguia-el-hamra et du rio de oro (Front Polisario) that Morocco has no basis for sovereignty over Western Sahara[233] and that trade deals with Morocco cannot apply to the occupied territory.[234]
United Nations
Since 1966, the United Nations request for the celebration of a referendum for enabling the "indigenous population" to exercise freely their right to self-determination.[235] Since 1979, the United Nations has recognized the Polisario Front as the representative of the people of Western Sahara, and considered Morocco as an occupying force.[11]
"The Security Council would not be able to invite parties to negotiate about Western Saharan autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty, for such wording would imply recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, which was out of the question as long as no States Member of the United Nations had recognized that sovereignty".[236]
↑ The dates when countries had consulates in either Dakhla or Laayoune, Western Sahara.
Related Research Articles
Western Sahara is a disputed territory in North-western Africa. It has a surface area of 272,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi). Approximately 30% of the territory is controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR); the remaining 70% is occupied and administered by neighboring Morocco. It is the most sparsely populated territory in Africa and the second most sparsely populated territory in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population is estimated at 618,600. Nearly 40% of that population lives in Morocco-controlled Laayoune, the largest city of Western Sahara.
Scouting exists in Western Sahara both as part of the Fédération Nationale du Scoutisme Marocain as well as independent groups.
The Sahrawi National Council or Sahrawi Parliament is the legislature of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Its structure and competences are guided by the Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). The present speaker since 2020 is Hamma Salama.
The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic/Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco. The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial forces from 1973 to 1975 and the subsequent Western Sahara War against Morocco between 1975 and 1991. Today the conflict is dominated by unarmed civil campaigns of the Polisario Front and their self-proclaimed SADR state to gain fully recognized independence for Western Sahara.
The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries.
The politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic refers to politics of the Polisario Front's proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a country in North Africa with limited recognition by other states, controlling parts of the Western Sahara region.
The Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal is an initiative proposed by Morocco in 2006 as a possible solution to the Western Sahara conflict. In 2006, the Moroccan Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS) proposed a plan for the autonomy of Western Sahara and made visits to a number of countries to explain the proposal. The Spanish approach to regional autonomy has been named as a possible model for Western Saharan autonomy, mentioning specifically the cases of the Canary Islands, the Basque Country, Andalusia, or Catalonia. The plan was presented to the UN Security Council in April 2007 and received the backing of the United States and France. This initiative constituted the main ground for the Moroccan proposal at the Manhasset negotiations.
Sahrawi nationality law is the law of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic's (SADR) governing nationality and citizenship. The SADR is a partially recognized state which claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, but only administers part of it. The SADR also administers Sahrawi refugee camps.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic:
The Gdeim Izik protest camp was a protest camp in Western Sahara, established on 9 October 2010 and lasting into November that year, with related incidents occurring in the aftermath of its dismantlement on 8 November. The primary focus of the protests was against "ongoing discrimination, poverty and human rights abuses against local citizens".
The 2011 Western Saharan protests began on 25 February 2011 as a reaction to the failure of police to prevent anti-Sahrawi looting in the city of Dakhla, Western Sahara, and blossomed into protests across the territory. They were related to the Gdeim Izik protest camp in Western Sahara established the previous fall, which had resulted in violence between Sahrawi activists and Moroccan security forces and supporters. The protests also purportedly drew inspiration from the Arab Spring and successful revolts in Tunisia and Egypt, although the Arab Spring proper did not reach Western Sahara.
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. SADR claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony; however, at present the SADR government controls approximately 20–25% of the territory it claims. It calls the territories under its control the "Liberated Territories", whilst Morocco claims its territories as the "Southern Provinces".
Sahrawi Republic–South Africa relations are the current and historical relations between the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in Western Sahara and the Republic of South Africa. Formal diplomatic relations were established at ambassador level in 2004, during the Thabo Mbeki government. A Sahrawi embassy was opened in Pretoria, and the South-African embassy in Algiers was accredited to the SADR.
Panama–Sahrawi Republic relations refers to the current and historical relations between the Republic of Panama and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). Panama was the first state of The Americas to recognize the SADR in July 1978, formal diplomatic relations were established on 1 June 1979. A Sahrawi embassy was opened in Panama City in 1980, during the Aristides Royo government.
Mexico recognized and established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in 1979.
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, also known as the Sahrawi Republic and Western Sahara, is a partially recognized state, located in the western Maghreb, which claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, but controls only the easternmost one-fifth of that territory. It is recognized by 44 UN member states and South Ossetia. Between 1884 and 1975, Western Sahara was known as Spanish Sahara, a Spanish colony. The SADR is one of the two African states in which Spanish is a significant language, the other being Equatorial Guinea.
Sahrawi nationalism is a political ideology that seeks self-determination of the Sahrawi people, the indigenous population of Western Sahara. It has historically been represented by the Polisario Front. It came as a reaction against Spanish colonialist policies imposed from 1958 on, and subsequently in reaction to the Mauritanian and Moroccan invasions of 1975.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–Spain relations are the current and historical relations between the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Spain.
Clashes between military forces belonging to the Kingdom of Morocco and the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), represented at the United Nations by the Polisario Front, broke out in the disputed region of Western Sahara in November 2020. It was the latest escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, which is largely occupied by Morocco, but 20–25% is administered by the SADR. The violence ended a ceasefire between the opposing sides that had held for 29 years in anticipation of a referendum of self-determination that would have settled the dispute. Despite the establishment of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara in 1991, the referendum was never held.
References
↑ Simon, Sven (2014). "Western Sahara". Self-Determination and Secession in International Law. OUP Oxford. p.262. ISBN978-0-19-100691-3. Retrieved 8 March 2022. To sum up the legal status: Western Sahara is not a part of Morocco and Morocco has no legal title or claim to the territory. Since the annexation is illegal, it is null and void, and Morocco is therefore, legally speaking, an occupying power. Morocco has an obligation to respect the right of the people of Western Sahara according to the law of occupation and to end its illegal annexation and occupation of Western Sahara.
↑ "Diplomatic Relations"(PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Immigration. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
↑ "Vicecanciller Gerardo Torres inicia gira por el norte de África" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Honduras. 11 February 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022. [Torres Zelaya will meet with the authorities of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) recognized by Honduras since 1989 and whose installation of an embassy in the country was interrupted by the 2009 coup d'état.][permanent dead link]
↑ "Makgothi In Hot Water Over Morocco Stance". Lesotho Times. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2022. He said things have since returned to normal after the current foreign affairs minister, 'Matšepo Ramakoae, reaffirmed Lesotho's support for Western Sahara's right to independence.
1 2 Barbier, Maurice (February–March 1982). "La Naissance de la Nation Sahraouie"(PDF). Bulletin de l'Association des Amis de la République Arabe Sahraouie (in French) (60): IV. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
↑ "The Diplomat -Newsletter- issue nº 7"(PDF). Republic of Mauritius – Ministry of Foreign affairs, Regional integration and International trade. July 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012. Arvin Boolell: "Mauritius has consistently supported the right to self-determination and independence of the people of Western Sahara and entertains close diplomatic relations with the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) since 1983."
↑ "CABINET DECISIONS – 20 NOVEMBER 2015"(PDF). Government of Mauritius - Prime Minister's Office. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2022. Cabinet has agreed to Mauritius recognizing anew the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) as a sovereign State.
↑ República Árabe Saharaui Democrática(PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). National Assembly of Nicaragua. December 2014. p.17. Retrieved 9 June 2022. [Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Nicaragua and the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic have been established since the inauguration of Commander Daniel Ortega Saavedra as President in 2007.]
↑ Daniel Wertz; JJ Oh; Kim Insung (August 2016). DPRK Diplomatic Relations(PDF) (Report). The National Committee on North Korea. p.4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
↑ "POLÍTICA EXTERIOR PANAMEÑA POSICIONA AL PAÍS EN LA AGENDA DE DESARROLLO GLOBAL" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Panama. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2022. [In the bilateral sphere, the Republic of Panama reestablished relations with Western Sahara and established relations with the Ivory Coast and the People's Republic of China, thus initiating a new dynamic for Panama in diplomatic, commercial, tourism and cooperation matters.]
↑ "Waziri Mahiga ampokea Mjumbe Maalum kutoka Sahrawi"[Minister Mahiga received a Special Envoy from Sahrawi] (in Swahili). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
↑ "Embassy of Sahrawi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - The Republic of Uganda. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
↑ "REPÚBLICA SAHARAUI EN BUSCA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA" (in Spanish). Parliament of Uruguay. 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022. [Uruguay, is one of the 84 states that recognize this Republic (formerly known as the Spanish Sahara).]
↑ "PM Salwai labeled Kilman's comments as money campaign over the issue of West Papua". Government of Vanuatu - Prime Minister's Office. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022. He said that so far his government has maintained Vanuatu's policy on the independence of West Papua, New Caledonia, Bougainville and even Western Sahara. Mr Salwai said his government has maintained its foreign policy on decolonization of the countries who are still colonized by the other countries.
↑ "Paraguay y la República saharaui reanudan las relaciones diplomáticas" (in Spanish). Europa Press - Notimérica. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2022. [Vanuatu and the Saharawi Republic agreed on Thursday 31 July in Port-Vila to establish diplomatic relations, according to a joint statement signed by the Minister Delegate for Africa (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Mohamed Yeslem Beissat and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Vanuatu, Georges A. Wells.]
↑ "Suppression de visas entre le Burkina Faso et le Maroc". Anadolu Agency (in French). 29 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024. Le 23 octobre 2020, le chef de la diplomatie du Burkina Faso Alpha Barry a inauguré, en compagnie de son homologue marocain, Nasser Bourita, le Consulat général du Burkina à Dakhla.[On October 23, 2020, the head of Burkina Faso's diplomacy Alpha Barry inaugurated, together with his Moroccan counterpart, Nasser Bourita, the Consulate General of Burkina Faso in Dakhla.]
↑ Spencer, Claire. The Maghreb in the 1990s, Adelphi Paper 274, February 1993, p. 43.
↑ "معالي نائب وزير الخارجية يرأس وفد المملكة في الاجتماع الوزاري للمكتب التنسيقي لحركة عدم الانحياز". Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Arabic). Retrieved 1 June 2024. وجدد معاليه التأكيد على حرص المملكة بالوقوف إلى جانب الشعب السوداني الشقيق، ومواصلة سعيها لإيجاد حل سياسي للأزمة لاستعادة الأمن والاستقرار في السودان، كما أكد دعم المملكة الكامل لأمن واستقرار المملكة المغربية ووحدة أراضيها، مشيداً بقرار مجلس الأمن (2654) الصادر بتاريخ 27 أكتوبر 2022م بشأن الصحراء المغربية، ودعمها للجهود التي يبذلها الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة ومبعوثه الشخصي الهادفة إلى تيسير استئناف العملية السياسية والتوصل إلى حل سياسي واقعي ومبني على التوافق بشأن النزاع الإقليمي حول الصحراء المغربية، وتدعم مخطط الحكم الذاتي الذي قدمه المغرب كمبادرة بناءة.[His Excellency reiterated the Kingdom’s keenness to stand by the brotherly Sudanese people, and to continue its endeavor to find a political solution to the crisis to restore security and stability in Sudan. He also affirmed the Kingdom’s full support for the security and stability of the Kingdom of Morocco and its territorial integrity, praising Security Council Resolution (2654) issued on October 27, 2022 regarding The Moroccan Sahara, and its support for the efforts made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations and his Personal Envoy aimed at facilitating the resumption of the political process and reaching a realistic and consensus-based political solution to the regional dispute over the Moroccan Sahara, and supports the autonomy plan presented by Morocco as a constructive initiative.]
1 2 African Union. "A. U. Member States" (in Spanish). African Union. Archived from the original(Flash animation) on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
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