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All 90 seats in the Supreme Council 46 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 34.60% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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Constitution |
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Snap parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 28 November 2021. [1] [2] They followed the annulment of the results of the October 2020 elections and the subsequent protests against the election's conduct. Six parties passed the 5% threshold needed to win seats in the parliament. Turnout hit a record low at less than 35%. [3] [4]
Following the large-scale 2020 Kyrgyz protests which resulted in the annulment of the October parliamentary election results, as well as the resignation of President Sooronbay Jeenbekov, Central Electoral Commission (CEC) head Nurjan Shyldabekova on 16 October 2020 announced that repeat elections could be held on 20 December. At a CEC meeting on 21 October, the elections were scheduled for the aforementioned date in December. [5] However, just a day later on 22 October, the Supreme Council voted on a bill postponing the snap parliamentary elections and determining that they would be held no later than 1 June 2021, after new amendments to the Constitution would be adopted. [6] [7]
On 10 January 2021, the presidential elections and a government system referendum were held concurrently. As a result, Sadyr Japarov was elected as president with majority of voters approving his vision of a constitutional reform that called for a return of the country's presidential system. [8] After Japarov assumed office, during an interview with Kazakh-based Kazinform news agency, he announced that the parliamentary elections would not be held in June, but in autumn instead. [9]
During the course of political changes, Kyrgyzstan suffered a democratic backslide with a drop in its Freedom House world ranking to the "Not Free" category. In addition, several activists and academicians who criticised the authorities were charged with treason after being accused of calling for a violent seizure of power. [10] [11] [12]
A new draft of the Constitution was unveiled in February 2021, which resulted in more calls for a referendum that was held in April 2021 and approved by a majority of voters. [13] [14] After coming to force on 5 May 2021, the seats in the Supreme Council were reduced from 120 to 90 along with MPs' powers, and a political advisory body People's Kurultai was formed. [15] The head of state (President) was granted more executive authority, as well as the power to appoint almost all judges and heads of law enforcement agencies. [15] New amendments to the Criminal Code, which were proposed by the Ministry of the Interior, were condemned by Human Rights Watch, warning that they would "endanger freedom of association and speech". [16] [17]
Out of the 90 seats in the Supreme Council 54 will be elected by proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency, and 36 in single-seat districts. [18] To win seats, parties must pass a national electoral threshold of 5% of the votes cast (down from 7% in the October 2020 elections), [2] and receive at least 0.5% of the vote in each of the seven regions. [19] The lists are open, with voters able to cast a single preferential vote. No one party is allowed to be given more than half of the proportional seats. [20] [21] Party lists are required to have at least 30% of the candidates from each gender, and every fourth candidate had to be of a different gender. Each list is also required to have at least 15% of the candidates being from ethnic minorities and 15% of under 35 years old, as well as at least two candidates with disabilities. [21] [22]
In addition, parliament abolished the use of Form No. 2, which allowed Kyrgyz voters to register to cast their ballots outside of their official home districts. The system was intended to allow migrant workers to vote where they worked, but after record numbers of this type of ballot were cast in the previous, annulled election, it was thought that the forms were abused to manipulate vote totals in the different regions. [2]
A total of 21 parties were admitted to the elections. [23] [24] The Birimdik and Mekenim Kyrgyzstan parties did not participate, with former members joining other party lists. [25]
Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample | AJK | Yntymak | Ishenim | Ata Meken | Light of Faith | Bütün | El Ümütü | SDK | Others | Against all | Undecided | Boycott | Lead |
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IRI | 18 November 2021 | 11,000 | 5% | 1% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 4% | 2% | 10% | 36% | 14% | 1% | ||
Eurasians | 16 November 2021 | 11,000 | 14.0% | 11.0% | 9.8% | 8.2% | 7.0% | 6.6% | 5.2% | 2.7% | 9.9% | 6.3% | 16.0% | 3.30% | 3% |
2020 election | 4 October 2020 | 1,990,753 | 7.0% | — | — | 4.1% | 3.4% | 7.3% | — | 2.2% | 74.3% | 1.8% | — | — | 0.6% |
Two single-member constituency seats were left vacant as the against all option received the most votes. [26]
Party | Party lists | Constituency | Total seats | |||||
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Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |||
Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan | 222,005 | 19.10 | 15 | 15 | ||||
Ishenim | 174,470 | 15.01 | 12 | 12 | ||||
Yntymak | 141,009 | 12.13 | 9 | 9 | ||||
Alliance | 106,955 | 9.20 | 7 | 7 | ||||
United Kyrgyzstan | 90,223 | 7.76 | 6 | 6 | ||||
Light of Faith | 79,025 | 6.80 | 5 | 5 | ||||
El Ümütü | 57,642 | 4.96 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Azattyk Democratic Party | 52,183 | 4.49 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Ata Meken Socialist Party | 45,568 | 3.92 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Social Democrats | 40,280 | 3.47 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Uluttar Birimdigi | 31,382 | 2.70 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Mekenchil El Democratic Party | 20,522 | 1.77 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Liberal Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan "Bagyt" | 12,634 | 1.09 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Patriotic Party of the Unity of Kyrgyzstan | 12,279 | 1.06 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Uluu-Zhurt | 9,376 | 0.81 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Strong Region | 8,212 | 0.71 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Political Party "Legalise" | 7,943 | 0.68 | 0 | 0 | ||||
The Centre | 5,934 | 0.51 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Party of People's Dignity — Aruuzat | 5,869 | 0.51 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Long Live Kyrgyzstan | 5,615 | 0.48 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Party of the Greens of Kyrgyzstan | 5,266 | 0.45 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Independents | 34 | 34 | ||||||
Against all | 27,739 | 2.39 | – | 2 | 2 | |||
Total | 1,162,131 | 100.00 | 54 | 36 | 90 | |||
Valid votes | 1,162,131 | 90.71 | ||||||
Invalid/blank votes | 119,068 | 9.29 | ||||||
Total votes | 1,281,199 | 100.00 | ||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 3,703,420 | 34.60 | 3,619,292 | – | ||||
Source: OSCE, The Diplomat |
After the announcement of preliminary results of the vote, opposition parties denounced the election at a protest held in Bishkek on 29 November 2021, citing alleged electoral fraud that occurred during the counting as a blackout at the tabulation screen had shown several parties falling below the 5% electoral threshold. Omurbek Tekebayev, leader of the Ata Meken Socialist Party, called for the results to be annulled once again, just as in the previous parliamentary election. [27] [28] In response to the allegations, CEC chairwoman Nurjan Shyldabekova asserted that the malfunction had occurred only at the monitor display and not within the counting process, which would have affected the results. [28]
On 1 December 2021, Omurbek Tekebayev was attacked by unknown persons at a restaurant. In response, Tekebayev linked the incident to his activities, calling it "political terror". [29]
The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location, it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates, have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols; subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks, Manchus, and Uzbeks. In 1876, it became part of the Russian Empire, remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow, and a democratic government was subsequently established.
The politics of Kyrgyzstan, officially known as the Kyrgyz Republic, takes place in the framework of a presidential system representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers is head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Kyrgyzstan an "authoritarian regime" in 2022.
Kyrgyzstan elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a tenure of single six-year term by the people. The Supreme Council is composed of 120 members filled by proportional representation.
Parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 27 February and 13 March 2005. The belief that the elections had been rigged by the government led to widespread protests, culminating in the Tulip Revolution on 24 March in which President Askar Akayev was overthrown.
Omurbek Chirkeshovich Tekebayev is a Kyrgyz politician. He was Speaker of the Kyrgyz Parliament from March 2005 to March 2006. Tekebaev is the leader of the Ata-Meken socialist party. Currently serves as ambassador of Kyrgyz Republic to Federal Republic of Germany.
The Supreme Council is the unicameral parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic. It was known as the Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic until 1991.
Almazbek Sharshen uulu Atambayev is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1 December 2011 to 24 November 2017. He was Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 17 December 2010 to 1 December 2011, and from 29 March 2007 to 28 November 2007. He served as Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDPK) from 30 July 1999 to 23 September 2011.
Early parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 10 October 2010. All 120 seats of the Supreme Council were elected by the party list system. Seats were allocated to all parties who obtained more than 5% of the vote overall and more than 0.5% in each of the nine provinces, capped at 65 seats per party.
Sooronbay Sharip uulu Jeenbekov is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the 5th President of Kyrgyzstan from 2017 until his resignation in 2020, following a week of protests. Prior to that he served as the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from April 2016 to August 2017.
Bir Bol, officially the Political Party of State Unity and Patriotism "Bir Bol", was a liberal political party in Kyrgyzstan. It was led by Altynbek Sulaymanov. The party had been described having 'low visibility'. The party entered parliament for the first time with in 2015, following the 2015 Kyrgyz parliamentary election in which it garnered 8.52% of the vote. It lost all its 12 seats in the 2020 Kyrgyz parliamentary election, which was subsequently annulled. The party participated in the 2021 elections as part of the Alliance party.
United Kyrgyzstan is a nationalist political party in Kyrgyzstan founded in 2010. It is generally more popular in the south of the country. The party is led by Adakhan Madumarov, who unsuccessfully ran for president of Kyrgyzstan in 2011 and 2017, coming second and third, respectively. It holds an ethnic nationalist ideology and supports a presidential system of government. The party was originally created to support Kyrgyz migrant laborers in Russia. The party won its first seats in the Supreme Council in the October 2020 parliamentary election, which was subsequently annulled. The party passed the 3% threshold in the 2021 parliamentary election and therefore is represented in the national legislature.
Parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 4 October 2020. The results showed that pro-government parties had won a supermajority of seats. The election was subsequently annulled by the Central Election Commission during the 2020 Kyrgyzstan protests.
Birimdik officially the Party of Democratic Socialism—Eurasian Choice "Birimdik" is a pro-Jeenbekov political party in Kyrgyzstan, founded in 2005 as the Birimdik Democratic Party. On May 8, 2013 it was registered with the current name. The party includes many former officials and deputies.
Mekenim Kyrgyzstan is a centre-right political party in Kyrgyzstan which was founded in 2015. In August 2020, Ata-Zhurt announced it would be running on a joint list with the party for the upcoming elections. The party is viewed as supportive of Kyrgyz President Sooronbay Jeenbekov.
The 2020 Kyrgyz Revolution, also known as the Third Kyrgyz Revolution, began on 5 October 2020, in response to the previous day's parliamentary election that was perceived by protestors as unfair, with allegations of vote rigging. The results of the election were annulled on 6 October 2020. On 12 October 2020, President Jeenbekov announced a state of emergency in the capital city of Bishkek, which was approved by Parliament the following day. Jeenbekov resigned on 15 October 2020.
Sadyr Nurgojo uulu Japarov is a Kyrgyz politician who is currently serving as the president of Kyrgyzstan since 28 January 2021. He had previously served as the acting prime minister of Kyrgyzstan in the 2020 interim government following the resignation of President Sooronbay Jeenbekov. Japarov also became acting president of Kyrgyzstan after Jeenbekov's resignation but resigned himself on 14 November 2020 to run for the 2021 presidential election, where he was elected to succeed the acting president Talant Mamytov.
Snap presidential elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 10 January 2021, alongside a constitutional referendum. The elections were called early following the resignation of President Sooronbay Jeenbekov in the wake of the 2020 Kyrgyzstani protests.
A referendum was held in Kyrgyzstan on 10 January 2021 alongside presidential elections. The referendum asked voters if Kyrgyzstan should adopt a presidential system of government, a parliamentary system, or neither. 84% of voters chose to readopt a presidential system.
Mekenchil, officially the "Patriotic" Political Party is a national-conservative political party in Kyrgyzstan, which was founded in 2010.
The Social Democrats is a political party in Kyrgyzstan founded in late 2019 by supporters of former President Almazbek Atambayev - legal successor from the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDKP). After a conflict between Atambaev and his successor President Sooronbai Jeenbekov emerged and deepened in 2018, Atambayev accused of Jeenbekov in attempting to seize authority over the SDKP, a party that Atambayev himself formed in 1990s and served as a leader of. The SDK participated in the annulled 2020 parliamentary election. Current party leader is Temirlan Sultanbekov.