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All 75 seats in the Supreme Council 38 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 57% (first round) 59% (second round) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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| Constitution |
Parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 27 February and 13 March 2005. [1] The belief that the elections had been rigged by the government led to widespread protests, culminating in the Tulip Revolution on 24 March in which President Askar Akayev was overthrown.
A new constitution was introduced following a 2003 referendum, and provided for a unicameral 75-seat Supreme Council, replacing the bicameral Supreme Council which had consisted of the Assembly of People's Representatives and Legislative Assembly. [2] MPs were elected from single-member constituencies using the two-round system, in which a candidate had to receive a majority of the vote in the first round to be elected, with a second round held if no candidate achieved a majority. [1]
A total of 425 candidates were registered to contest the elections, although this was reduced to 389 by election day as 23 withdrew and 12 were disqualified by the electoral commission. [1] Around 65% of candidates were nominated by either the Forward Kyrgyzstan Party of President Akayev, or the pro-government Democratic Party Adilet. [1] Akayev's children Aidar and Bermet were amongst those nominated. [1]
The 44 opposition parties formed coalitions in an attempt to unite against the ruling coalition, coalescing into four to five blocs. [1] [2] However, several members of the opposition were prevented from running by a new electoral law that required candidates to have lived in the country for at least five years before an election. [2]
Over 550 observers attended the elections. The Commonwealth of Independent States observers reported that the elections had been "fair and transparent", whilst the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) stated that the vote had failed to meet international standards. The OSCE highlighted unsealed ballot boxes and inaccuracies in voter rolls as some of the issues. [2]
During the election campaign, most of the Kyrgyz media was heavily focussed on Akayev. The electricity supply to the country's only independent printing house was cut off on 22 February, whilst Azattyk Radio, which had been one of the few media outlets to provide balanced coverage of the elections, was taken off air on 24 February. [1]
In the first round of voting, 32 candidates were elected, of which ten were reported to be from the pro-government Forward Kyrgyzstan and two from the opposition parties Ata-Zhurt and Asaba; the other twenty were pro-government. [2] Voter turnout was reported to be 57%. [2]
In the second round voter turnout was 59%; 35 seats were won by Akayev supporters and four by the opposition, giving Akayev the backing of 65 of the 75 MPs, whilst the opposition held just six seats; a further four seats were left vacant. [2] In two constituencies voting was postponed until 20 March after second round candidates were disqualified. [1]
| Party | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forward Kyrgyzstan Party | 17 | ||||
| Council for the Unity of the People | 6 | ||||
| Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan | 3 | ||||
| Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan | 1 | ||||
| Independents | 47 | ||||
| Total | 75 | ||||
| Source: University of Kassel | |||||
Following the both rounds of voting, opposition parties held protests. [2] These spread across the country, and on 24 March Akayev fled to Russia, whilst Prime Minister Nikolai Tanayev resigned. [2] An emergency session of parliament on the same day saw Kurmanbek Bakiyev appointed as Acting Prime Minister. [2] The newly elected Supreme Council formally opened on 27 March, with Omurbek Tekebayev elected as Speaker. [2]
Bakiev announced that new presidential and legislative elections would be held on 26 June. However, the presidential elections were delayed until 10 June and parliamentary elections were not held until December 2007.
The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location, it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates, have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols; subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks, Manchus, and Uzbeks. In 1876, it became part of the Russian Empire, remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow, and a democratic government was subsequently established.
The politics of Kyrgyzstan, officially known as the Kyrgyz Republic, takes place in the framework of a presidential system representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers is head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Kyrgyzstan an "authoritarian regime" in 2022.
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Kyrgyzstan elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a tenure of single six-year term by the people. The Supreme Council is composed of 120 members filled by proportional representation.
The Tulip Revolution or First Kyrgyz Revolution led to President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev's fall from power. The revolution began after parliamentary elections on February 27 and March 13, 2005. The revolutionaries alleged corruption and authoritarianism by Akayev, his family and supporters. Akayev fled to Kazakhstan and then to Russia. On April 4, 2005, at the Kyrgyz embassy in Moscow, Akayev signed his resignation statement in the presence of a Kyrgyz parliamentary delegation. The resignation was ratified by the Kyrgyz interim parliament on April 11, 2005.
The president of Kyrgyzstan, officially the president of the Kyrgyz Republic, is the head of state and head of government of the Kyrgyz Republic. The president directs the executive branch of the national government, is the commander-in-chief of the Kyrgyz military and also heads the National Security Council.
Presidential elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 10 July 2005. The result was a landslide victory for acting President Kurmanbek Bakiyev, marking the end of his interim government formed after the previous president, Askar Akayev, was overthrown in the revolution in March 2005.
The Supreme Council is the unicameral parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic. It was known as the Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic until 1991.
A constitutional referendum was held in Kyrgyzstan on 21 October 2007, following the constitutional crisis caused by amendments passed since the Tulip Revolution in 2005 being invalidated by the Constitutional Court of Kyrgyzstan on 14 September 2007. Voters were asked whether questions on a new constitution and electoral law. Both were approved by over 95% of voters.
Early parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 16 December 2007. The election was called by President Kurmanbek Bakiyev after the constitutional referendum on 21 October 2007 approved a new electoral system and constitutional reform proposals, enlarging the parliament to 90 MPs and introducing party-list voting.
Early presidential elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 30 October 2011 to replace Interim President Roza Otunbayeva. Former Prime Minister Almazbek Atambayev of the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan won in the first round.
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The Constitution of Kyrgyzstan was the supreme law of the Kyrgyz Republic. The constitution in force from 2010 until 2021 was passed by referendum on June 27, 2010, replacing the previous constitution. It introduced a strong parliament to the country, reducing the power of the historically strong president. The constitution is similar in many ways to the previous one.
Parliamentary elections were held in Belarus on 23 September 2012. At stake were the 110 seats in the House of Representatives, the lower house of the National Assembly of Belarus.
Parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 4 October 2015.
Parliamentary elections were held in Belarus on 11 September 2016.
Parliamentary elections were held in Georgia on 31 October and 21 November 2020 to elect the 150 members of Parliament. The ruling Georgian Dream party led by Prime Minister Giorgi Gakharia won re-election for a third term in office, making it the first party in Georgian history to do so. The elections also saw a record number of opposition parties elected to parliament.
Parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 4 October 2020. The results showed that pro-government parties had won a supermajority of seats. The election was subsequently annulled by the Central Election Commission during the 2020 Kyrgyzstan protests.
Snap parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 28 November 2021. They followed the annulment of the results of the October 2020 elections and the subsequent protests against the election's conduct. Six parties passed the 5% threshold needed to win seats in the parliament. Turnout hit a record low at less than 35%.
Snap presidential elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 10 January 2021, alongside a constitutional referendum. The elections were called early following the resignation of President Sooronbay Jeenbekov in the wake of the 2020 Kyrgyzstani protests.
| Presidential elections | |
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| Parliamentary elections | |
| Local elections | |
| Referendums | |
