| Judaeo-Portuguese | |
|---|---|
| Judeu-Português יהודי-פורטוגזית | |
| Native to | Portugal, Netherlands, Germany (Hamburg), England, Japan, North America, Brazil |
| Extinct | estimated early 19th century[ citation needed ] fewer than 2,000 users in a limited liturgical context |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Portuguese alphabet), Hebrew alphabet Arabic script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Judaeo-Portuguese, Jewish-Portuguese or Judaeo-Lusitanic, is an extinct Jewish language or a dialect of Galician-Portuguese written in the Hebrew alphabet that was used by the Jews of Portugal. [1]
It was the vernacular of Sephardi Jews in Portugal before the 16th century and also in many places of the Portuguese Jewish diaspora. Its texts were written in the Hebrew script ( aljamiado português ) or the Latin alphabet. [2]
As Portuguese Jews intermarried with other expelled Sephardim, the language influenced the nearby Judeo-Spanish. Close similarity to Standard Portuguese made Judeo-Portuguese go extinct in Portugal, [1] having survived in everyday usage in the diaspora until the late 18th/early 19th century.[ citation needed ]Judeo-Portuguese influenced the Papiamento and Saramaccan languages.[ citation needed ]
The earliest known text containing Judeo-Portuguese text is a manuscript from 1262 about illuminating manuscripts called O livro de como se fazem as cores. [3] [ self-published source ] After the Jewish exodus from Portugal in 1497 many Portuguese Jews would flee to the Dutch Republic and Judeo-Portuguese would intake much Dutch influence. [4] This same exodus would cause the language to spread to the Turkish Jewish community. [4] It would go extinct in the early 19th century, though since then has only been used liturgically. [3] [ self-published source ]
The oldest text containing Judeo-Portuguese is a manuscript from 1262 about illuminating manuscripts called O livro de como se fazem as cores. [3] During the 15th century several texts including one about medical astrology and a prayer book. [4] Even until today is it still used liturgically but only by very few people. [3]
The decline of Judeo-Portuguese would begin with the introduction of public schooling. Eventually declining to home use before finally only being used liturgically. [4]
There existed several dialects of Judeo-Portuguese divided into 2 categories referred to as Peninsular Judeo-Portuguese and Emigre Judeo-Portuguese, though the differences between them are unclear. [4]
| Judaeo-Portuguese | Modern Portuguese | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| algũa/אלגומה | alguma | any |
| angora/אנגורהا | agora | now |
| dous/דוס | dois | two |
| hũa/הוא | uma | a, an, one |
| Judeo-Portuguese | Hebrew | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| קדוש/kadoš | קדוש/kadosh | holy |
| ישיבה/ješiva | ישיבה/yeshiva | Religious School |
| מַצָּה/macá | מַצָּה/matzah | ritual bread |
| מִצְוָה/micvá | מִצְוָה/mitzvah | commandments |
| ראש/roš | ראש/rosh | head |
| ראשים/rašim | ראשים/rashim | heads |
| ראש השנה/roš hašaná | ראש השנה/rosh hashanah | Jewish New Year |
| שבת/šabá | שבת/Shabbat | Saturday |
| צדקה/cedaká | צדקה/tzedakah | charity |
| קְהִלָה/kejlá | קְהִלָה/qehila | congregation |
| קידוש/kiduš | קידוש/kiddush | blessing over the wine |
| טבה/tevá | טבה/tevah | central platform in the synagogue |
| Judaeo-Portuguese | Portuguese | Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| aj | há | ay | there is |
| Dio | Deus (arch. Deo) | Dio | God |
| manim | mãos | manos | hands |
| Judeo-Portuguese | Greek | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| esnoga | συναγωγη/synagogē | synagogue |
Judeo-Portuguese has influenced several languages. These include Balkan dialects of Ladino, and Portuguese. [5]
| Judeo Portuguese | Judeo Portuguese (transliterated) | English |
|---|---|---|
| או ליברו די מג׳יקה | O Livro De Magica | The Book of Magic |
| N/A | A todos nossos Irmãos, prezos pela Inquisição | To all our brethren confined by the Inquisition |