Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam

Jews arrival in New Amsterdam
Colony
New Amsterdam, New Netherland
View of the city of Maurícia (Recife) by Peter Schenk the Elder (1660–), 1645.
Flag Seal
A map of New Netherland and New England, with north to the right. In 1654, the first Jews arrived.
Established	1624
Population
• Estimate	1,500

The Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam on September 1654 was the first known migration of a Jewish community to North America. It comprised 23 Sephardi Jews, refugees "big and little" of families fleeing persecution by the Portuguese Inquisition after the conquest of Dutch Brazil.^{[ citation needed ]} It is widely commemorated as the starting point of the history of Jews in New York and the United States. ^[1]

The Jews had sailed from Recife, Brazil on the ship Valck, one of at least sixteen that left for the Netherlands at the end of the Dutch–Portuguese War, after the Dutch lost. ^{[ citation needed ]} Valck was blown off course in the Caribbean, en route to Jamaica and/or Cuba. ^[1]

According to the accounts of Saul Levi Morteira and David Franco Mendes, the ship's passengers were then taken by Spanish pirates for a time. ^[2] In Cuba, the Jews eventually boarded the St. Catrina, which historians would later refer to as "the Jewish Mayflower ," which took them to the New Netherland colonial capital New Amsterdam, known nowadays as Lower Manhattan. ^{[1] [3]}

History

The new Jewish community faced antisemitic opposition to their settlement from Director-General Peter Stuyvesant, as well as a monetary dispute with the captain of the St. Catrina, which required adjudication from the Dutch West India Company.^{[ citation needed ]} They were aided by some Ashkenazi Jewish traders who had arrived just a month earlier, on the ship Peereboom, from Amsterdam via London. This group included Jacob Barsimson, and perhaps Solomon Pietersen and Asser Levy, the latter of whom was mentioned in earlier sources as one of the 23. The new community founded Congregation Shearith Israel, which remains the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States. ^{[3] [1]}

The primary source document for their arrival is as follows: ^[4]

Jacques de la Motthe, master of the Bark St .Charles, by a petition, written in French, requests payment of the freight and board of the Jews whom he bought here from Cape St. Antony according to agreement and contract in which each is bound in solidum , and that, therefore, whatever furniture and other property they may have on board his Bark may be publickly sold by order of the Court, in payment of their debt. He verbally declares that the Netherlanders, who came over with them, are not included in the contract and have satisfied him. Solomon Pietersen, a Jew, appears in Court and says that nine hundred and odd guilders of the 2500 are paid, and that there are 23 souls, big and little, who must pay equally. The Court having seen the petition and Contract, order that the Jews shall, within twice 24 hours after date, pay according to contract what they lawfully owe; and in the meanwhile, the furniture and whatever the Petitioner has in his possession shall remain as Security, without alienating the Same.

—  Court Minutes of New Amsterdam (1654), 1897 English translation

Commemoration

The 250th anniversary of the arrival was marked a year late in 1905, and the 300th anniversary was marked in 1954. ^{[5] [6]} The 300th anniversary was marked for an eight-month period, from September 1954–May 1955. For this milestone, a Jewish Tercentenary Monument and flagstaff designed by Abram Belskie was placed on Peter Minuit Plaza in Manhattan's Battery, ^[7] and another Jewish Tercentenary Monument and flagstaff designed by Carl C. Mose with a wave-shaped relief bearing illustrations of the Four Freedoms as inspired by Hebrew Bible verses, as well as a conjectural image of the St. Catrina, was placed in St. Louis's Forest Park. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

Forest Park monument reliefs:

Obverse:

• St. Catrina conjectural image
• "Who Shall Ascend into the Mountain of the Lord" (Freedom of worship / Psalm 24)
• "Proclaim Liberty Throughout the Land" (Freedom of speech / Jubilee (biblical))

Reverse:

• Dove and decorative vegetation
• "And None Shall Make Them Afraid" (Freedom from fear / Figs in the Bible)
• "For the Widow ... For the Stranger ... For the Fatherless" (Freedom from want / Deuteronomist)

The 350th anniversary was observed for another one-year celebration from September 2004–September 2005, with exhibitions at the Library of Congress and the American Jewish Historical Society opening in September and May, and inspired the institution of the first annual Jewish American Heritage Month a year later in May 2006.

Official Recognition: "Landing Day"

On Thursday, September 12, 2025, the City Council voted to officially recognize Landing Day on September 12, 2024. The resolution aims to “commemorate the arrival of the first Jewish community in New Amsterdam in 1654 and to celebrate the continuing importance of the Jewish community in the City of New York.” ^[11]

"Gezicht op Nieuw Amsterdam" by Johannes Vingboons (1664), an early picture of Nieuw Amsterdam made in the year when it was conquered by the English under Richard Nicolls.

Map of New Netherland, showing Dutch settlements and place names within modern boundaries.

See also

• Colonial Brazil (Portuguese America)

• Dutch colonization of the Americas
• Dutch West India Company
• History of the Jews in New York City
• New Amsterdam
• New Netherland
• Portuguese Inquisition
• Sephardim
• Spanish Inquisition

References

1. Hershkowitz, Leo (2005). "By Chance or Choice: Jews in New Amsterdam 1654" (PDF). American Jewish Archives. 57: 1–13.
2. "The Number of Jews in Dutch Brazil". Jewish Social Studies. 16 (4): 107‑114. April 1954. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
3. Hershkowitz, Leo (October 5, 2013). "History, Herstory, Ourstory: Asser Levy in New Amsterdam". Jewish Currents. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
4. Fernow, Berthold (1897). Minutes of the court of burgomasters and schepens, 1653-1655. Pub. under the authority of the city by the Knickerbocker Press. p. 240.
5. ROSEN, JUDITH FRIEDMAN (2004). "Earlier American Jewish Anniversary Celebrations: 1905 and 1954". American Jewish History. 92 (4): 481–497. ISSN   0164-0178. JSTOR   23887182.
6. "Pageants and Patriots: Jewish Spectacles as Performances of Belonging". jadtjournal.org. November 8, 2018. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
7. "The Battery Highlights - Jewish Tercentenary Monument : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
8. "Jewish Tercentenary Monument". Forest Park Statues & Monuments. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
9. COHN, ROBERT A. "Cohnipedia: The story of Forest Park's Jewish monument". St. Louis Jewish Light. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019.
10. "Jewish American Memorial, Forest Park – St Louis Patina". April 10, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
11. Guest, Contributor (September 18, 2024). "NYC Poised to Officially Recognize Landing Day, When the First Jewish Community Arrived in 1654". Baltimore Jewish Times. Retrieved January 14, 2026.{{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)