List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

This is a list of Jewish members of the United States Congress. As of 2025 ^[update] , there are 10 Jewish senators and 25 Jewish members of the House of Representatives serving in the United States Congress.

Senate

Further information: Religious affiliation in the United States Senate

Senator		Party		State	Term			Notes
					Start	End	Length of service
	David Levy Yulee [a] (1810–1886)		Democratic	Florida	July 1, 1845	March 4, 1851	5 years, 246 days	Lost renomination [2]
					March 4, 1855	January 21, 1861	5 years, 323 days	Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 following the secession of Florida from the Union [2]
	Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884)		Whig (1853–1856)	Louisiana	March 4, 1853	February 4, 1861	7 years, 337 days	Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 following the secession of Louisiana from the Union [3]
			Democratic (1856–1861)
	Benjamin F. Jonas (1834–1911)		Democratic	Louisiana	March 4, 1879	March 4, 1885	6 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [4]
	Joseph Simon (1851–1935)		Republican	Oregon	October 7, 1898	March 4, 1903	4 years, 148 days	Retired [5]
	Isidor Rayner (1850–1912)		Democratic	Maryland	March 4, 1905	November 25, 1912	7 years, 266 days	Died in office [6]
	Simon Guggenheim (1867–1941)		Republican	Colorado	March 4, 1907	March 4, 1913	6 years, 0 days	Retired [7]
	Herbert H. Lehman (1878–1963)		Democratic	New York	November 9, 1949	January 3, 1957	7 years, 55 days	Retired [8]
	Richard L. Neuberger (1912–1960)		Democratic	Oregon	January 3, 1955	March 9, 1960	5 years, 66 days	Died in office [9]
	Jacob K. Javits (1904–1986)		Republican	New York	January 9, 1957	January 3, 1981	23 years, 360 days	Lost reelection as Liberal Party nominee after having lost Republican Party renomination [10]
	Ernest Gruening (1887–1974)		Democratic	Alaska	January 3, 1959	January 3, 1969	10 years, 0 days	Lost renomination Lost write-in reelection [11]
	Abraham A. Ribicoff (1910–1998)		Democratic	Connecticut	January 3, 1963	January 3, 1981	18 years, 0 days	Retired [12]
	Howard Metzenbaum (1917–2008)		Democratic	Ohio	January 4, 1974	December 23, 1974	353 days	Resigned to permit governor to appoint winner of general election, after previously having lost renomination for new term [13]
					December 29, 1976	January 3, 1995	18 years, 5 days	Retired [13]
	Richard Stone (1928–2019)		Democratic	Florida	January 1, 1975	December 31, 1980	5 years, 365 days	Lost renomination [14]
	Edward Zorinsky (1928–1987)		Democratic	Nebraska	December 28, 1976	March 6, 1987	10 years, 68 days	Died in office [15]
	Rudy Boschwitz (born 1930)		Republican	Minnesota	December 30, 1978	January 3, 1991	12 years, 4 days	Lost reelection [16]
	William Cohen [b] (born 1940)		Republican	Maine	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1997	18 years, 0 days	Retired [2]
	Carl Levin (1934–2021)		Democratic	Michigan	January 3, 1979	January 3, 2015	36 years, 0 days	Retired [19]
	Warren Rudman (1930–2012)		Republican	New Hampshire	December 29, 1980	January 3, 1993	12 years, 5 days	Retired [20]
	Arlen Specter (1930–2012)		Republican (1981–2009)	Pennsylvania	January 3, 1981	January 3, 2011	30 years, 0 days	Lost renomination by the Democratic Party, to which he had switched the prior year. [21]
			Democratic (2009–2011)
	Frank Lautenberg (1924–2013)		Democratic	New Jersey	December 27, 1982	January 3, 2001	18 years, 7 days	Retired [22]
					January 3, 2003	June 3, 2013	10 years, 151 days	Died in office [22]
	Chic Hecht (1928–2006)		Republican	Nevada	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1989	6 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [23]
	Herb Kohl (1935–2023)		Democratic	Wisconsin	January 3, 1989	January 3, 2013	24 years, 0 days	Retired [24]
	Joe Lieberman (1942–2024)		Democratic (1989–2006)	Connecticut	January 3, 1989	January 3, 2013	24 years, 0 days	Lost renomination, but re-elected on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket in 2006 Retired [25]
			Independent (2006–2013)
	Paul Wellstone (1944–2002)		Democratic (DFL)	Minnesota	January 3, 1991	October 25, 2002	11 years, 295 days	Died in office [26]
	Dianne Feinstein (1933–2023)		Democratic	California	November 10, 1992	September 29, 2023	30 years, 323 days	Died in office [27]
	Barbara Boxer (born 1940)		Democratic	California	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2017	24 years, 0 days	Retired [28]
	Russ Feingold (born 1953)		Democratic	Wisconsin	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2011	18 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [29]
	Ron Wyden (born 1949)		Democratic	Oregon	February 6, 1996	Incumbent	29 years, 193 days	[30]
	Chuck Schumer (born 1950)		Democratic	New York	January 3, 1999	Incumbent	26 years, 227 days	First Jewish Senate Majority Leader and Senate Minority Leader [31]
	Norm Coleman (born 1949)		Republican	Minnesota	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2009	6 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [32]
	Ben Cardin (born 1943)		Democratic	Maryland	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2025	18 years, 0 days	Retired [33]
	Bernie Sanders (born 1941)		Independent	Vermont	January 3, 2007	Incumbent	18 years, 227 days	Elected as an Independent. Began identifying alternately as an Independent or Democrat while running in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries. Officially joined the Democratic Party after signing a declaratory pledge, but kept his independent affiliation in the Senate. [34]
	Al Franken (born 1951)		Democratic (DFL)	Minnesota	July 7, 2009	January 2, 2018	8 years, 179 days	Resigned [35]
	Michael Bennet (born 1964)		Democratic	Colorado	January 21, 2009	Incumbent	16 years, 209 days	[36]
	Richard Blumenthal (born 1946)		Democratic	Connecticut	January 3, 2011	Incumbent	14 years, 227 days	[37]
	Brian Schatz (born 1972)		Democratic	Hawaii	December 26, 2012	Incumbent	12 years, 235 days	[38]
	Jacky Rosen (born 1957)		Democratic	Nevada	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	6 years, 227 days	[39]
	Jon Ossoff (born 1987)		Democratic	Georgia	January 20, 2021	Incumbent	4 years, 210 days	[40]
	Adam Schiff (born 1960)		Democratic	California	December 9, 2024	Incumbent	252 days	[41]
	Elissa Slotkin (born 1976)		Democratic	Michigan	January 3, 2025	Incumbent	227 days	[42]

Elected to the Senate, but not seated

Senator-elect		Party		State	Year elected	Notes
	Michael Hahn (1830–1886)		Republican	Louisiana	1865	Not seated due to policy of Radical Republicans not to seat any senators-elect from former Confederate states until a Reconstruction plan had been adopted [43]

List of states with Jewish U.S. senators

Map of Jewish senators as of 2025. Blue means that there currently is one Jewish senator from that state. Gray means that there currently are no Jewish senators from that state.

Twenty-two states have been represented by Jewish senators. As of January 3, 2025, 10 states are represented by Jewish senators.

State	Current	Previous	Total	First Jewish senator
Alabama	0	0	0
Alaska	0	1	1	Ernest Gruening
Arizona	0	0	0
Arkansas	0	0	0
California	1	2	3	Dianne Feinstein
Colorado	1	1	2	Simon Guggenheim
Connecticut	1	2	3	Abraham A. Ribicoff
Delaware	0	0	0
Florida	0	2	2	David Levy Yulee
Georgia	1	0	1	Jon Ossoff
Hawaii	1	0	1	Brian Schatz
Idaho	0	0	0
Illinois	0	0	0
Indiana	0	0	0
Iowa	0	0	0
Kansas	0	0	0
Kentucky	0	0	0
Louisiana	0	2	2	Judah P. Benjamin
Maine	0	1	1	William Cohen
Maryland	0	2	2	Isidor Rayner
Massachusetts	0	0	0
Michigan	1	1	2	Carl Levin
Minnesota	0	4	4	Rudy Boschwitz
Mississippi	0	0	0
Missouri	0	0	0
Montana	0	0	0
Nebraska	0	1	1	Edward Zorinsky
Nevada	1	1	2	Chic Hecht
New Hampshire	0	1	1	Warren Rudman
New Jersey	0	1	1	Frank Lautenberg
New Mexico	0	0	0
New York	1	2	3	Herbert H. Lehman
North Carolina	0	0	0
North Dakota	0	0	0
Ohio	0	1	1	Howard Metzenbaum
Oklahoma	0	0	0
Oregon	1	2	3	Joseph Simon
Pennsylvania	0	1	1	Arlen Specter
Rhode Island	0	0	0
South Carolina	0	0	0
South Dakota	0	0	0
Tennessee	0	0	0
Texas	0	0	0
Utah	0	0	0
Vermont	1	0	1	Bernie Sanders
Virginia	0	0	0
Washington	0	0	0
West Virginia	0	0	0
Wisconsin	0	2	2	Herb Kohl
Wyoming	0	0	0

Concurrently serving Jewish senators from the same state

State	Start date	End date	Duration	Senior senator		Junior senator
California	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2017	24 years, 0 days		Dianne Feinstein (D)		Barbara Boxer (D)
Wisconsin	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2011	18 years, 0 days		Herb Kohl (D)		Russ Feingold (D)
Connecticut	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	2 years, 0 days		Joe Lieberman (I)		Richard Blumenthal (D)

Elections with two Jewish major-party nominees

Incumbent senators are in bold.

Elections with two Jewish major-party nominees
Election year	State	Winner	Second-place finisher
1990	Maine	William Cohen	Neil Rolde
	Minnesota	Paul Wellstone	Rudy Boschwitz
1992	California	Barbara Boxer	Bruce Herschensohn
1996	Minnesota	Paul Wellstone	Rudy Boschwitz
2008	Minnesota	Al Franken	Norm Coleman
	New Jersey	Frank Lautenberg	Dick Zimmer
2022	Connecticut	Richard Blumenthal	Leora Levy

Timeline

House of Representatives

Further information: Religious affiliation in the United States House of Representatives

Representative		Party		District	Term			Notes
					Start	End	Length of service
	Lewis Charles Levin (1808–1860)		American (Know Nothing)	PA-01	March 4, 1845	March 4, 1851	6 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [44]
	Emanuel B. Hart (1809–1897)		Democratic	NY-03	March 4, 1851	March 4, 1853	2 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [45]
	Philip Phillips (1807–1884)		Democratic	AL-01	March 4, 1853	March 4, 1855	2 years, 0 days	Retired [46]
	Henry Myer Phillips (1811–1884)		Democratic	PA-04	March 4, 1857	March 4, 1859	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [47]
	Michael Hahn (1830–1886)		Union	LA-02	December 3, 1862	March 4, 1863	91 days	Retired [43]
			Republican		March 4, 1885	March 15, 1886	1 year, 11 days	Died in office [43]
	Leonard Myers (1827–1905)		Republican	PA-03	March 4, 1863	March 3, 1875	11 years, 364 days	Lost reelection [48]
	Myer Strouse (1825–1878)		Democratic	PA-10	March 4, 1863	March 4, 1867	4 years, 0 days	Retired [49]
	William M. Levy (1827–1882)		Democratic	LA-04	March 4, 1875	March 4, 1877	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [50]
	Leopold Morse (1831–1892)		Democratic	MA-04 (from 1877) MA-05 (from 1883)	March 4, 1877	March 4, 1885	8 years, 0 days	Retired [51]
				MA-03	March 4, 1887	March 4, 1889	2 years, 0 days	Retired [51]
	Edwin Einstein (1842–1905)		Republican	NY-07	March 4, 1879	March 4, 1881	2 years, 0 days	Retired [52]
	Julius Houseman (1832–1891)		Democratic	MI-05	March 4, 1883	March 4, 1885	2 years, 0 days	Retired [53]
	Joseph Pulitzer (1847–1911)		Democratic	NY-09	March 4, 1885	April 10, 1886	1 year, 37 days	Resigned [54]
	Isidor Rayner (1850–1912)		Democratic	MD-04	March 4, 1887	March 4, 1889	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [6]
					March 4, 1891	March 4, 1895	4 years, 0 days	Retired
	Nathan Frank (1852–1931)		Republican	MO-09	March 4, 1889	March 4, 1891	2 years, 0 days	Retired [55]
	Adolph Meyer (1842–1908)		Democratic	LA-01	March 4, 1891	March 8, 1908	17 years, 4 days	Died in office [56]
	Julius Goldzier (1854–1925)		Democratic	IL-04	March 4, 1893	March 4, 1895	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [57]
	Isidor Straus (1845–1912)		Democratic	NY-15	January 30, 1894	March 4, 1895	1 year, 33 days	Retired [57]
	Israel F. Fischer (1858–1940)		Republican	NY-04	March 4, 1895	March 4, 1899	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [58]
	Lucius Littauer (1859–1944)		Republican	NY-22 (from 1897) NY-25 (from 1903)	March 4, 1897	March 4, 1907	10 years, 0 days	Retired [59]
	Julius Kahn (1861–1924)		Republican	CA-04	March 4, 1899	March 4, 1903	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [60]
					March 4, 1905	December 18, 1924	19 years, 289 days	Died in office [60]
	Jefferson Monroe Levy (1852–1924)		Democratic	NY-13	March 4, 1899	March 4, 1901	2 years, 0 days	Retired [61]
				NY-13 (from 1911) NY-14 (from 1913)	March 4, 1911	March 4, 1915	4 years, 0 days	Retired [61]
	Mitchell May (1870–1961)		Democratic	NY-06	March 4, 1899	March 4, 1901	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [62]
	Henry M. Goldfogle (1856–1929)		Democratic	NY-09 (from 1901) NY-12 (from 1913)	March 4, 1901	March 4, 1915	14 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [63]
				NY-12	March 4, 1919	March 4, 1921	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [63]
	Montague Lessler (1869–1938)		Republican	NY-07	January 7, 1902	March 4, 1903	1 year, 56 days	Lost reelection [64]
	Martin Emerich (1846–1922)		Democratic	IL-01	March 4, 1903	March 4, 1905	2 years, 0 days	Retired [65]
	Adolph J. Sabath (1866–1952)		Democratic	IL-05 (from 1907) IL-07 (from 1949)	March 4, 1907	November 6, 1952	45 years, 247 days	Died in office [66]
	Harry Benjamin Wolf (1880–1944)		Democratic	MD-03	March 4, 1907	March 4, 1909	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [67]
	Victor L. Berger (1860–1929)		Socialist	WI-05	March 4, 1911	March 4, 1913	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [68]
					March 4, 1919	November 10, 1919	251 days	House refused to seat due to conviction under the Espionage Act of 1917 [68]
					March 4, 1923	March 4, 1929	6 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [68]
	Jacob A. Cantor (1854–1921)		Democratic	NY-20	November 4, 1913	March 4, 1915	1 year, 120 days	Lost reelection [69]
	Isaac Bacharach (1870–1956)		Republican	NJ-02	March 4, 1915	January 3, 1937	21 years, 305 days	Lost reelection [70]
	Meyer London (1871–1926)		Socialist	NY-12	March 4, 1915	March 4, 1919	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [71]
					March 4, 1921	March 4, 1923	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [71]
	Isaac Siegel (1880–1947)		Republican	NY-20	March 4, 1915	March 4, 1923	8 years, 0 days	Retired [72]
	Milton Kraus (1866–1942)		Republican	IN-11	March 4, 1917	March 4, 1923	6 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [73]
	Nathan D. Perlman (1887–1952)		Republican	NY-14	November 2, 1920	March 4, 1927	6 years, 122 days	Lost reelection [74]
	Lester D. Volk (1884–1962)		Republican	NY-10	November 2, 1920	March 4, 1923	2 years, 122 days	Retired [75]
	Martin C. Ansorge (1882–1967)		Republican	NY-21	March 4, 1921	March 4, 1923	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [76]
	Benjamin L. Rosenbloom (1880–1965)		Republican	WV-01	March 4, 1921	March 4, 1925	4 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for United States Senate [77]
	Albert B. Rossdale (1878–1968)		Republican	NY-23	March 4, 1921	March 4, 1923	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [78]
	Sol Bloom (1870–1949)		Democratic	NY-19 (from 1923) NY-20 (from 1945)	January 30, 1923	March 7, 1949	26 years, 36 days	Died in office [79]
	Emanuel Celler (1888–1981)		Democratic	NY (several)	March 4, 1923	January 3, 1973	49 years, 305 days	Lost renomination [80]
	Samuel Dickstein (1885–1954)		Democratic	NY-12 (from 1923) NY-19 (from 1945)	March 4, 1923	December 30, 1945	22 years, 301 days	Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court [81]
	Meyer Jacobstein (1880–1963)		Democratic	NY-38	March 4, 1923	March 4, 1929	6 years, 0 days	Retired [82]
	Benjamin M. Golder (1891–1946)		Republican	PA-04	March 4, 1925	March 4, 1933	8 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [83]
	Florence Prag Kahn (1866–1948)		Republican	CA-04	March 4, 1925	January 3, 1937	11 years, 305 days	Lost reelection [84]
	William W. Cohen (1874–1940)		Democratic	NY-17	March 4, 1927	March 4, 1929	2 years, 0 days	Retired [85]
	William I. Sirovich (1882–1939)		Democratic	NY-14	March 4, 1927	December 17, 1939	10 years, 288 days	Died in office [86]
	Henry Ellenbogen (1900–1985)		Democratic	PA-33	March 4, 1933	January 3, 1938	4 years, 305 days	Resigned to take seat on the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected [87]
	Herman P. Kopplemann (1880–1957)		Democratic	CT-01	March 4, 1933	January 3, 1939	5 years, 305 days	Lost reelection [88]
					January 3, 1941	January 3, 1943	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [88]
					January 3, 1945	January 3, 1947	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [88]
	Theodore A. Peyser (1873–1937)		Democratic	NY-17	March 4, 1933	August 8, 1937	4 years, 157 days	Died in office [89]
	William M. Citron (1896–1976)		Democratic	CT-AL	January 3, 1935	January 3, 1939	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [90]
	Leon Sacks (1902–1972)		Democratic	PA-01	January 3, 1937	January 3, 1943	6 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [91]
	Morris Michael Edelstein (1888–1941)		Democratic	NY-14	February 6, 1940	June 4, 1941	1 year, 118 days	Died in office [92]
	Samuel A. Weiss (1902–1977)		Democratic	PA (several)	January 3, 1941	January 7, 1946	5 years, 4 days	Resigned to take seat on the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected [93]
	Arthur George Klein (1904–1968)		Democratic	NY-14	July 29, 1941	January 3, 1945	3 years, 158 days	Retired [94]
				NY-19	February 19, 1946	December 31, 1956	10 years, 316 days	Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected [94]
	Daniel Ellison (1886–1960)		Republican	MD-04	January 3, 1943	January 3, 1945	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [95]
	Benjamin J. Rabin (1896–1969)		Democratic	NY-24	January 3, 1945	December 31, 1947	2 years, 362 days	Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected [96]
	Leo F. Rayfiel (1888–1978)		Democratic	NY-14	January 3, 1945	September 13, 1947	2 years, 253 days	Resigned to take seat on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York to which he had been appointed and confirmed [97]
	Jacob K. Javits (1904–1986)		Republican	NY-21	January 3, 1947	December 31, 1954	7 years, 362 days	Resigned to become New York Attorney General [10]
	Abraham J. Multer (1900–1986)		Democratic	NY-14 (from 1947) NY-13 (from 1953)	November 4, 1947	December 31, 1967	20 years, 57 days	Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected [98]
	Leo Isacson (1910–1996)		American Labor	NY-24	February 17, 1948	January 3, 1949	321 days	Lost reelection [99]
	Earl Chudoff (1907–1993)		Democratic	PA-04	January 3, 1949	January 5, 1958	9 years, 2 days	Resigned to take seat on the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected [100]
	Isidore Dollinger (1903–2000)		Democratic	NY-26	January 3, 1949	December 31, 1959	10 years, 362 days	Resigned to become Bronx County District Attorney [101]
	Abraham A. Ribicoff (1910–1998)		Democratic	CT-01	January 3, 1949	January 3, 1953	4 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [12]
	Sidney R. Yates (1909–2000)		Democratic	IL-09	January 3, 1949	January 3, 1963	14 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [102]
					January 3, 1965	January 3, 1999	34 years, 0 days	Retired [102]
	Leonard Irving (1898–1962)		Democratic	MO-04	January 3, 1949	January 3, 1953	4 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [103]
	Louis B. Heller (1905–1993)		Democratic	NY-07 (from 1949) NY-08 (from 1953)	February 15, 1949	July 21, 1954	5 years, 156 days	Resigned to take seat on the New York Court of Special Sessions. [104]
	Sidney A. Fine (1903–1982)		Democratic	NY-23 (from 1951) NY-22 (from 1953)	January 3, 1951	January 2, 1956	4 years, 364 days	Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court [105]
	Samuel Friedel (1898–1979)		Democratic	MD-07	January 3, 1953	January 3, 1971	18 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [106]
	Lester Holtzman (1913–2002)		Democratic	NY-06	January 3, 1953	December 31, 1961	8 years, 362 days	Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected [107]
	Irwin D. Davidson (1906–1981)		Democratic	NY-20	January 3, 1955	December 31, 1956	1 year, 363 days	Resigned to take seat on the New York Court of General Sessions. [108]
	Herbert Zelenko (1906–1979)		Democratic	NY-21	January 3, 1955	January 3, 1963	8 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [109]
	Leonard Farbstein (1902–1993)		Democratic	NY-19	January 3, 1957	January 3, 1971	14 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [110]
	Ludwig Teller (1911–1965)		Democratic	NY-20	January 3, 1957	January 3, 1961	4 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [111]
	Seymour Halpern (1913–1997)		Republican	NY-04 (from 1959) NY-06 (from 1963)	January 3, 1959	January 3, 1973	14 years, 0 days	Retired [112]
	Herman Toll (1907–1967)		Democratic	PA-06 (from 1959) PA-04 (from 1963)	January 3, 1959	January 3, 1967	8 years, 0 days	Retired [113]
	Jacob H. Gilbert (1920–1981)		Democratic	NY-23 (from 1960) NY-22 (from 1963)	March 8, 1960	January 3, 1971	10 years, 301 days	Lost renomination [114]
	Charles Samuel Joelson (1916–1999)		Democratic	NJ-08	January 3, 1961	September 4, 1969	8 years, 244 days	Resigned to take seat on the New Jersey Superior Court to which he had been appointed [115]
	Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal (1923–1983)		Democratic	NY (several)	February 20, 1962	January 4, 1983	20 years, 318 days	Died in office [116]
	Richard Ottinger (born 1929)		Democratic	NY-25	January 3, 1965	January 3, 1971	6 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [117]
				NY-24 (from 1975) NY-20 (from 1983)	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1985	10 years, 0 days	Retired [117]
	Joseph Y. Resnick (1924–1969)		Democratic	NY-28	January 3, 1965	January 3, 1969	4 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for United States Senate [118]
	James H. Scheuer (1920–2005)		Democratic	NY-21	January 3, 1965	January 3, 1973	8 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [119]
				NY-11	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1983	8 years, 0 days	Redistricted [119]
				NY-08	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993		Retired [119]
	Herbert Tenzer (1905–1993)		Democratic	NY-05	January 3, 1965	January 3, 1969	4 years, 0 days	Retired [120]
	Lester L. Wolff (1919–2021)		Democratic	NY-03 (from 1965) NY-06 (from 1973)	January 3, 1965	January 3, 1981	16 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [121]
	Joshua Eilberg (1921–2004)		Democratic	PA-04	January 3, 1967	January 3, 1979	12 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [122]
	Sam Steiger (1929–2012)		Republican	AZ-03	January 3, 1967	January 3, 1977	10 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [123]
	Bertram L. Podell (1925–2005)		Democratic	NY-13	February 20, 1968	January 3, 1975	6 years, 317 days	Lost renomination [124]
	Ed Koch (1924–2013)		Democratic	NY-17 (from 1969) NY-18 (from 1973)	January 3, 1969	December 31, 1977	8 years, 362 days	Resigned to become Mayor of New York City [125]
	Allard K. Lowenstein (1929–1980)		Democratic	NY-05	January 3, 1969	January 3, 1971	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [126]
	Abner J. Mikva (1926–2016)		Democratic	IL-02	January 3, 1969	January 3, 1973	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [127]
				IL-10	January 3, 1975	September 26, 1979	4 years, 266 days	Resigned to take seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit to which he had been appointed and confirmed [127]
	Bella Abzug (1920–1998)		Democratic	NY-19 (from 1971) NY-20 (from 1973)	January 3, 1971	January 3, 1977	6 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate [128]
	Benjamin Gilman (1922–2016)		Republican	NY (several)	January 3, 1973	January 3, 2003	30 years, 0 days	Retired [129]
	Elizabeth Holtzman (born 1941)		Democratic	NY-16	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1981	8 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [130]
	William Lehman (1913–2005)		Democratic	FL-13 (from 1973) FL-17 (from 1983)	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1993	20 years, 0 days	Retired [131]
	Edward Mezvinsky (born 1937)		Democratic	IA-01	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1977	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [132]
	William Cohen [b] (born 1940)		Republican	ME-2	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1979	6 years, 0 days	Retired to run successfully for United States Senate [2] [133]
	Bill Gradison (born 1928)		Republican	OH-01 (from 1975) OH-02 (from 1983)	January 3, 1975	January 31, 1993	18 years, 28 days	Resigned [134]
	John Hans Krebs (1926–2014)		Democratic	CA-17	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1979	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [135]
	Elliott H. Levitas (1930–2022)		Democratic	GA-04	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1985	10 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [136]
	Fred Richmond (1923–2019)		Democratic	NY-14	January 3, 1975	August 25, 1982	7 years, 234 days	Resigned [137]
	Stephen Solarz (1940–2010)		Democratic	NY-13	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1993	18 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [138]
	Gladys Spellman (1918–1988)		Democratic	MD-05	January 3, 1975	February 24, 1981	6 years, 52 days	Seat declared vacant after suffering a debilitating heart attack and becoming comatose [139]
	Henry Waxman (born 1939)		Democratic	CA (several)	January 3, 1975	January 3, 2015	40 years, 0 days	Retired [140]
	Anthony Beilenson (1932–2017)		Democratic	CA-23 (from 1977) CA-24 (from 1993)	January 3, 1977	January 3, 1997	20 years, 0 days	Retired [141]
	Mickey Edwards (born 1937)		Republican	OK-05	January 3, 1977	January 3, 1993	16 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [142]
	Dan Glickman (born 1944)		Democratic	KS-04	January 3, 1977	January 3, 1995	18 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [143]
	Marc L. Marks (1927–2018)		Republican	PA-24	January 3, 1977	January 3, 1983	6 years, 0 days	Retired [144]
	Ted Weiss (1927–1992)		Democratic	NY-20 (from 1977) NY-17 (from 1983)	January 3, 1977	September 14, 1992	15 years, 255 days	Died in office [145]
	Bill Green (1929–2002)		Republican	NY-18 (from 1978) NY-15 (from 1983)	February 14, 1978	January 3, 1993	14 years, 324 days	Lost reelection [146]
	Martin Frost (born 1942)		Democratic	TX-24	January 3, 1979	January 3, 2005	26 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [147]
	Ken Kramer (born 1942)		Republican	CO-05	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1987	8 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [148]
	Howard Wolpe (1939–2011)		Democratic	MI-03	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1993	14 years, 0 days	Retired [149]
	Bobbi Fiedler (1937–2019)		Republican	CA-21	January 3, 1981	January 3, 1987	6 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate [150]
	Barney Frank (born 1940)		Democratic	MA-04	January 3, 1981	January 3, 2013	32 years, 0 days	Retired [151]
	Sam Gejdenson (born 1948)		Democratic	CT-02	January 3, 1981	January 3, 2001	20 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [152]
	Tom Lantos (1928–2008)		Democratic	CA-11 (from 1981) CA-12 (from 1993)	January 3, 1981	February 11, 2008	27 years, 39 days	Died in office. The only Holocaust survivor to have served in the United States Congress. [153]
	Chuck Schumer (born 1950)		Democratic	NY (several)	January 3, 1981	January 3, 1999	18 years, 0 days	Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate [31]
	Bob Shamansky (1927–2011)		Democratic	OH-12	January 3, 1981	January 3, 1983	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [154]
	Ron Wyden (born 1949)		Democratic	OR-03	January 3, 1981	February 5, 1996	15 years, 33 days	Resigned after being elected to the United States Senate [30]
	Howard Berman (born 1941)		Democratic	CA-26 (from 1983) CA-28 (from 2003)	January 3, 1983	January 3, 2013	30 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [155]
	Barbara Boxer (born 1940)		Democratic	CA-06	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993	10 years, 0 days	Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate [28]
	Ben Erdreich (born 1938)		Democratic	AL-06	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993	10 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [156]
	Sander Levin (born 1931)		Democratic	MI (several)	January 3, 1983	January 3, 2019	36 years, 0 days	Retired [157]
	Mel Levine (born 1943)		Democratic	CA-27	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993	10 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate [158]
	Norman Sisisky (1927–2001)		Democratic	VA-04	January 3, 1983	March 29, 2001	18 years, 85 days	Died in office [159]
	Lawrence J. Smith (born 1941)		Democratic	FL-16	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993	10 years, 0 days	Retired [160]
	Gary Ackerman (born 1942)		Democratic	NY-07 (from 1983) NY-05 (from 1993)	March 1, 1983	January 3, 2013	30 years, 0 days	Retired [161]
	Sala Burton (1925–1987)		Democratic	CA-05	June 21, 1983	February 1, 1987	3 years, 225 days	Died in office [162]
	John Miller (1938–2017)		Republican	WA-01	January 3, 1985	January 3, 1993	8 years, 0 days	Retired [163]
	Ben Cardin (born 1943)		Democratic	MD-03	January 3, 1987	January 3, 2007	20 years, 0 days	Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate [33]
	Eliot Engel (born 1947)		Democratic	NY (several)	January 3, 1989	January 3, 2021	32 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [164]
	Nita Lowey (1937–2025)		Democratic	NY (several)	January 3, 1989	January 3, 2021	32 years, 0 days	Retired [165]
	Steven Schiff (1947–1998)		Republican	NM-01	January 3, 1989	March 25, 1998	9 years, 81 days	Died in office [166]
	Bernie Sanders (born 1941)		Independent	VT-AL	January 3, 1991	January 3, 2007	16 years, 0 days	Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate [34]
	Dick Zimmer (born 1944)		Republican	NJ-12	January 3, 1991	January 3, 1997	6 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [167]
	Jerry Nadler (born 1947)		Democratic	NY (several)	November 3, 1992	Incumbent	32 years, 288 days	[168]
	Sam Coppersmith (born 1955)		Democratic	AZ-01	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1995	2 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [169]
	Peter Deutsch (born 1957)		Democratic	FL-20	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2005	12 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate [170]
	Bob Filner (1942-2025)		Democratic	CA-50 (from 1993) CA-51 (from 2003)	January 3, 1993	December 3, 2012	19 years, 335 days	Resigned to become mayor of San Diego [171]
	Eric Fingerhut (born 1959)		Democratic	OH-19	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1995	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [172]
	Daniel Hamburg (born 1948)		Democratic	CA-01	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1995	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [173]
	Jane Harman (born 1945)		Democratic	CA-36	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1999	6 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of California [174]
					January 3, 2001	February 28, 2011	10 years, 56 days	Resigned to head the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars [174]
	Herb Klein (1930–2023)		Democratic	NJ-08	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1995	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [175]
	David A. Levy (born 1953)		Republican	NY-04	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1995	2 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [176]
	Marjorie Margolies (born 1942)		Democratic	PA-13	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1995	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [177]
	Lynn Schenk (born 1945)		Democratic	CA-49	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1995	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [178]
	Jon D. Fox (1947–2018)		Republican	PA-13	January 3, 1995	January 3, 1999	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [179]
	Steve Rothman (born 1952)		Democratic	NJ-09	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2013	16 years, 0 days	Lost renomination [180]
	Brad Sherman (born 1954)		Democratic	CA (several)	January 3, 1997	Incumbent	28 years, 227 days	[181]
	Robert Wexler (born 1961)		Democratic	FL-19	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2010	13 years, 0 days	Resigned [182]
	Shelley Berkley (born 1951)		Democratic	NV-01	January 3, 1999	January 3, 2013	14 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [183]
	Jan Schakowsky (born 1944)		Democratic	IL-09	January 3, 1999	Incumbent	26 years, 227 days	[184]
	Anthony Weiner (born 1964)		Democratic	NY-09	January 3, 1999	June 21, 2011	12 years, 169 days	Resigned [185]
	Eric Cantor (born 1963)		Republican	VA-07	January 3, 2001	August 18, 2014	13 years, 227 days	Resigned after having lost renomination. First Jewish House Majority Leader [186]
	Susan Davis (born 1944)		Democratic	CA-51 (from 2001) CA-53 (from 2003)	January 3, 2001	January 3, 2021	20 years, 0 days	Retired [187]
	Steve Israel (born 1958)		Democratic	NY-02 (from 2001) NY-03 (from 2013)	January 3, 2001	January 3, 2017	16 years, 0 days	Retired [188]
	Adam Schiff (born 1960)		Democratic	CA (several)	January 3, 2001	December 9, 2024	23 years, 341 days	Resigned to take seat as U.S. senator. [189]
	Rahm Emanuel (born 1959)		Democratic	IL-05	January 3, 2003	January 2, 2009	5 years, 365 days	Resigned to become White House Chief of Staff [190]
	Debbie Wasserman Schultz (born 1966)		Democratic	FL-20 (from 2005) FL-23 (from 2013) FL-25 (from 2023)	January 3, 2005	Incumbent	20 years, 227 days	[191]
	Allyson Schwartz (born 1948)		Democratic	PA-13	January 3, 2005	January 3, 2015	10 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Pennsylvania [192]
	Steve Cohen (born 1949)		Democratic	TN-09	January 3, 2007	Incumbent	18 years, 227 days	[193]
	Gabby Giffords (born 1970)		Democratic	AZ-08	January 3, 2007	January 25, 2012	5 years, 22 days	Resigned to recover from the assassination attempt on her life in 2011. [194]
	Paul Hodes (born 1951)		Democratic	NH-02	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2011	4 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate [195]
	Steve Kagen (born 1949)		Democratic	WI-08	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2011	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [196]
	Ron Klein (born 1957)		Democratic	FL-22	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2011	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [197]
	John Yarmuth (born 1947)		Democratic	KY-03	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2023	16 years, 0 days	Retired [198]
	John Adler (1959–2011)		Democratic	NJ-03	January 3, 2009	January 3, 2011	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [199]
	Jason Chaffetz [c] (born 1967)		Republican	UT-03	January 3, 2009	June 30, 2017	8 years, 178 days	Resigned
	Alan Grayson (born 1958)		Democratic	FL-08	January 3, 2009	January 3, 2011	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [201]
				FL-09	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2017	4 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination to the United States Senate [201]
	Jared Polis (born 1975)		Democratic	CO-02	January 3, 2009	January 3, 2019	10 years, 0 days	Retired to run successfully for Governor of Colorado [202]
	Ted Deutch (born 1966)		Democratic	FL-19 (from 2010) FL-21 (from 2013) FL-22 (from 2017)	April 13, 2010	September 30, 2022	12 years, 170 days	Resigned to become CEO of the American Jewish Committee [203]
	David Cicilline (born 1961)		Democratic	RI-01	January 3, 2011	May 31, 2023	12 years, 148 days	Resigned to become CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation [204]
	Suzanne Bonamici (born 1954)		Democratic	OR-01	January 31, 2012	Incumbent	13 years, 199 days	[205]
	Lois Frankel (born 1948)		Democratic	FL-22 (from 2013) FL-21 (from 2017) FL-22 (from 2023)	January 3, 2013	Incumbent	12 years, 227 days	[206]
	Alan Lowenthal (born 1941)		Democratic	CA-47	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2023	10 years, 0 days	Retired [207]
	Brad Schneider (born 1961)		Democratic	IL-10	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2015	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [208]
					January 3, 2017	Incumbent	8 years, 227 days	[208]
	Lee Zeldin (born 1980)		Republican	NY-01	January 3, 2015	January 3, 2023	8 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of New York [209]
	Josh Gottheimer (born 1975)		Democratic	NJ-05	January 3, 2017	Incumbent	8 years, 227 days	[210]
	David Kustoff (born 1966)		Republican	TN-08	January 3, 2017	Incumbent	8 years, 227 days	[208]
	Jamie Raskin (born 1962)		Democratic	MD-08	January 3, 2017	Incumbent	8 years, 227 days	[211]
	Jacky Rosen (born 1957)		Democratic	NV-03	January 3, 2017	January 3, 2019	2 years, 0 days	Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate [39]
	Susan Wild (born 1957)		Democratic	PA-15 (from 2018) PA-07 (from 2019)	November 27, 2018	January 3, 2025	6 years, 37 days	Lost reelection [212]
	Andy Levin (born 1960)		Democratic	MI-09	January 3, 2019	January 3, 2023	4 years, 0 days	Lost renomination after redistricting [213]
	Mike Levin [d] (born 1978)		Democratic	CA-49	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	6 years, 227 days	[215]
	Elaine Luria (born 1975)		Democratic	VA-02	January 3, 2019	January 3, 2023	4 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [216]
	Dean Phillips (born 1969)		Democratic	MN-03	January 3, 2019	January 3, 2025	6 years, 0 days	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States [217]
	Max Rose (born 1986)		Democratic	NY-11	January 3, 2019	January 3, 2021	2 years, 0 days	Lost reelection [218]
	Kim Schrier (born 1968)		Democratic	WA-08	January 3, 2019	Incumbent	6 years, 227 days	[219]
	Elissa Slotkin (born 1976)		Democratic	MI-08 (from 2019) MI-07 (from 2023)	January 3, 2019	January 3, 2025	6 years, 0 days	Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate [220]
	Jake Auchincloss (born 1988)		Democratic	MA-04	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	4 years, 227 days	[221]
	Sara Jacobs (born 1989)		Democratic	CA-51 (from 2023) CA-53 (from 2021)	January 3, 2021	Incumbent	4 years, 227 days	[221]
	Kathy Manning (born 1956)		Democratic	NC-06	January 3, 2021	January 3, 2025	4 years, 0 days	Retired [221]
	Becca Balint (born 1968)		Democratic	VT-AL	January 3, 2023	Incumbent	2 years, 227 days	[222]
	Dan Goldman (born 1976)		Democratic	NY-10	January 3, 2023	Incumbent	2 years, 227 days	[222]
	Greg Landsman (born 1976)		Democratic	OH-01	January 3, 2023	Incumbent	2 years, 227 days	[222]
	Seth Magaziner (born 1983)		Democratic	RI-02	January 3, 2023	Incumbent	2 years, 227 days	[222]
	Max Miller (born 1988)		Republican	OH-07	January 3, 2023	Incumbent	2 years, 227 days	[222]
	Jared Moskowitz (born 1980)		Democratic	FL-23	January 3, 2023	Incumbent	2 years, 227 days	[222]
	Laura Friedman (born 1966)		Democratic	CA-30	January 3, 2025	Incumbent	227 days	[223]
	Craig Goldman (born 1968)		Republican	TX-12	January 3, 2025	Incumbent	227 days	[223]
	Eugene Vindman (born 1975)		Democratic	VA-07	January 3, 2025	Incumbent	227 days	[223]
	Randy Fine (born 1974)		Republican	FL-06	April 2, 2025	Incumbent	138 days	[224]

Elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated

Representative-elect		Party		District	Year elected	Notes
								David Levy Yulee [e] (1810–1886)		Democratic	FL-AL	1845	"Did not take his seat in the House" when elected to the Senate [225]
	Samuel Marx (1867–1922)		Democratic	NY-19	1922	Not seated due to death prior to start of term [226]

Territorial delegates

Delegate		Party		Territory	Term			Notes
					Start	End	Length of service (days)
	David Levy Yulee [e] (1810–1886)		Democratic	Florida	March 4, 1841	March 3, 1845	3 years, 364 days	Office eliminated when Territory of Florida was admitted to the Union as the State of Florida [2]

List of states with Jewish U.S. representatives

Map of Jewish members of Congress as of 2025. Districts colored in blue have a Jewish incumbent.

State	Current	Previous	Total	First
Alabama	0	2	2	Philip Phillips
Alaska	0	0	0
Arizona	0	3	3	Sam Steiger
Arkansas	0	0	0
California	4	18	22	Julius Kahn
Colorado	0	2	2	Ken Kramer
Connecticut	0	4	4	Herman Kopplemann
Delaware	0	0	0
Florida	4	7	11	William Lehman
Georgia	0	1	1	Elliott Levitas
Hawaii	0	0	0
Idaho	0	0	0
Illinois	2	7	9	Julius Goldzier
Indiana	0	1	1	Milton Kraus
Iowa	0	1	1	Edward Mezvinsky
Kansas	0	1	1	Dan Glickman
Kentucky	0	1	1	John Yarmuth
Louisiana	0	3	3	Michael Hahn
Maine	0	1	1	William Cohen
Maryland	1	6	7	Isidor Rayner
Massachusetts	1	2	3	Leopold Morse
Michigan	0	5	5	Julius Houseman
Minnesota	0	1	1	Dean Phillips
Mississippi	0	0	0
Missouri	0	2	2	Nathan Frank
Montana	0	0	0
Nebraska	0	0	0
Nevada	0	2	2	Shelley Berkley
New Hampshire	0	1	1	Paul Hodes
New Jersey	1	6	7	Isaac Bacharach
New Mexico	0	1	1	Steven Schiff
New York	2	66	68	Emanuel Hart
North Carolina	0	1	1	Kathy Manning
North Dakota	0	0	0
Ohio	2	3	5	Bill Gradison
Oklahoma	0	1	1	Mickey Edwards
Oregon	1	1	2	Ron Wyden
Pennsylvania	0	16	16	Lewis Charles Levin
Rhode Island	1	1	2	David Cicilline
South Carolina	0	0	0
South Dakota	0	0	0
Tennessee	2	0	2	Steve Cohen
Texas	1	1	2	Martin Frost
Utah	0	1	1	Jason Chaffetz
Vermont	1	1	2	Bernie Sanders
Virginia	1	3	4	Norman Sisisky
Washington	1	1	2	John Miller
West Virginia	0	1	1	Benjamin Rosenbloom
Wisconsin	0	2	2	Victor Berger
Wyoming	0	0	0
Total	25	177	202

See also

• Congressional Jewish Caucus
• List of Jewish American politicians
• List of Jewish United States Cabinet members

Others

• List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress
• List of Hindu members of the United States Congress
• List of Mormon members of the United States Congress
• List of Muslim members of the United States Congress
• List of Quaker members of the United States Congress

Notes

1. Born (and raised) Jewish, but converted to Episcopalianism in his mid-to-late 30s while serving as a U.S. Senator. ^[1]
2. Born to a Jewish father and a Protestant mother, Cohen was raised Jewish until his Bar Mitzvah, after which he quit the Jewish faith. ^{[17] [18]}
3. Raised Jewish from birth by his Jewish father, but later converted to Mormonism. ^[200]
4. With a Jewish father and Catholic mother, he was baptized as a Catholic but "was raised with both the Catholic faith and also the Jewish faith." ^[214]
5. Born (and raised) Jewish, but converted to Episcopalianism in his mid-to-late 30s

References

1. Allman, T.D. (2013). Finding Florida: The True History of the Sunshine State. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN   9780802120762.
2. Stone, Kurt F. (2011). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Scarecrow Press. p. 3. ISBN   9780810857315.
3. Stone (2011), p. 15
4. Stone (2011), p. 35
5. Stone (2011), p. 60
6. Stone (2011), p. 46
7. Stone (2011), p. 78
8. Stone (2011), p. 182
9. Stone (2011), p. 206
10. Stone (2011), p. 160
11. Stone (2011), p. 210
12. Stone (2011), p. 167
13. Stone (2011), p. 281
14. Stone (2011), p. 267
15. Stone (2011), p. 348
16. Stone (2011), p. 328
17. Stone, Kurt F. (2011). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Scarecrow Press. p. 3. ISBN   9780810857315.
18. "William Sebastian Cohen". Encyclopedia of World Biography -- The Gale Group Inc. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
19. Stone (2011), p. 340
20. Stone (2011), p. 350
21. Stone (2011), p. 401
22. Stone (2011), p. 431
23. Stone (2011), p. 441
24. Stone (2011), p. 469
25. Stone (2011), p. 451
26. Stone (2011), p. 473
27. Stone (2011), p. 505
28. Stone (2011), p. 415
29. Stone (2011), p. 499
30. Stone (2011), p. 395
31. Stone (2011), p. 385
32. Stone (2011), p. 572
33. Stone (2011), p. 447
34. Stone (2011), p. 483
35. Stone (2011), p. 619
36. "Bennet's Views on Religion". National Review . October 28, 2010.
37. Hamilton, Elizabeth (October 3, 2004). "The Public And Private Life Of Dick Blumenthal". The Hartford Courant . Retrieved January 10, 2017.
38. "Hawaii's Jewish lieutenant governor chosen for US Senate seat". The Times of Israel. JTA. December 27, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
39. "Jacky Rosen". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
40. "Sen. Jon Ossoff on Jewish Resilience | AJC". www.ajc.org. May 18, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
41. Kornbluh, Jacob (December 9, 2024). "Adam Schiff chose Mishneh Torah for swearing in to the U.S. Senate". The Forward. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
42. Lapin, Andrew (November 6, 2024). "Elissa Slotkin, centrist Jewish Democrat, wins tight Michigan Senate race". The Forward. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
43. Stone (2011), p. 23
44. Stone (2011), p. 9
45. Stone (2011), p. 13
46. Stone (2011), p. 14
47. Stone (2011), pp. 22–23
48. Morais, Henry S. (1994). The Jews of Philadelphia: their history from the earliest settlements to the present time; a record of events and institutions, and of leading members of the Jewish community in every sphere of activity. Philadelphia, The Levytype Co. p.  396.
49. Stone (2011), p. 25
50. Stone (2011), p. 31
51. Stone (2011), p. 33
52. Stone (2011), p. 37
53. Stone (2011), p. 38
54. Stone (2011), p. 40
55. Stone (2011), p. 49
56. Stone (2011), p. 51
57. Stone (2011), p. 52
58. Stone (2011), p. 56
59. Stone (2011), p. 57
60. Stone (2011), p. 66
61. Stone (2011), p. 68
62. Stone (2011), pp. 71–73
63. Stone (2011), p. 72
64. Stone (2011), p. 75
65. Stone (2011), p. 76
66. Stone (2011), p. 82
67. Stone (2011), p. 77
68. Stone (2011), p. 87
69. Stone (2011), p. 90
70. Stone (2011), p. 91
71. Stone (2011), p. 94
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