Physicians in the United States Congress

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Physicians in the United States Congress have been a small minority of the members of Congress, with fluctuating numbers over the years. The number of physicians serving and running for Congress has risen over the last 50 years from 5 in 1960, down to a low of 2 in 1990, to a maximum of 21 in 2013 and a decrease to 14 in 2017. Possible explanations for this development have been increasing health care spending and increased health care reform debate in the United States, leading up to the Healthcare Reform Act.

Contents

In public opinion research by the American Medical Association (AMA) from 2013, voters rated "understanding of the problems facing our healthcare industry, including the bureaucratic red tape that is strangling health care providers and driving up the cost of health care for most Americans" as the most convincing statement of a physician candidate for Congress. Physicians in Congress have received large campaign contributions from health care trade associations and from peers through physician associations such as the AMA.

History

In 1776, 11 percent of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were physicians. [1] Likewise, two (5 percent) of the 39 individuals crafting the US Constitution in 1787 were physicians. [2]

During the first 100 years of Congress (1789–1889), 252 (or 4.6 percent) of 5405 members were physicians. [3]

20th and 21st century

The number of physicians serving and running for Congress has risen over the last 50 years from 5 in 1960, down to 3 in 1970 and a low of 2 in 1990 up to 10 (in 2000) [3] to a maximum of 21, including one female physician, in 2013, [4] as of 2015, there were 18, and as of 2017 a small decrease to 15 physicians. [5]

Possible explanations for the increase since the 1990s have been increasing health care spending [6] and increased health care reform debate in the United States, leading up to the Healthcare Reform Act. [7]

Motivations

Tom Coburn said, "physicians have watched the profession undergo tremendous realignments that are shifting doctors' responsibilities away from patient care, changes they attribute to the government's inefficacy". [7] Jim McDermott was quoted as saying "They want to have their hands right there on the handle so they can pull it one way or another." [7] Physicians "balked at the idea of lawmakers with no medical experience making decisions that could upend the profession", per Andy Harris. [7]

Kelley Paul, wife of Rand Paul, said in 2015 when he made his 2016 White House bid, "Being a physician gives Rand a unique perspective in Washington, simply because he's trained to diagnose a problem and find a solution." [8]

Party membership

In 2013, three quarters of physicians in Congress were Republican, [4] and 80% as of 2017. [5] As a possible reason Jim McDermott offered, "politically conservative physicians were more likely to chafe at the direction of changes in health care, with greater oversight by the government and a more regulated role for the private sector. It's a fundamental debate about what is in the public good." [7]

During the 2016 cycle the AMA political action committee spent $2 million with "direct contributions to 348 physician-friendly [Congressional] candidates (58% Republican and 46% Democratic)". [9]

Gender, geography and medical specialty

Of the 27 physicians in Congress since 2005, 93% have been men, which is in stark contrast to 70% male physicians in general. 63% were from the South (vs 35% of all Congressional members) and 26% were surgeons (vs 11% of all US physicians). [10] [ obsolete source ]

Political Participation

According to a 2024 study using data of the US Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey being a physician was not associated with political participation and was actually negatively associated with attending public meetings. [11]

Public opinion

In 2013, the AMA funded three focus groups of voters across the country and an online survey to research public opinion on physicians as Congressional candidates. The top scoring potential message for a physician was to link back to health care expertise. "Because physicians work in health care daily, they bring a clear understanding of the problems facing our healthcare industry, including the bureaucratic red tape that is strangling health care providers and driving up the cost of health care for most Americans." [6]

Candidates, 2014

Senate candidates in 2014 included "an obstetrician in North Carolina, Milton R. Wolf, a radiologist in Kansas, a liver disease specialist in Louisiana, and Representatives Paul Broun and Phil Gingrey in Georgia, all of them Republicans. At least 26 more physicians were running for the House, some for re-election," per a New York Times article from March 2014. [7]

113th Congress (2013–2015)

From 2013 to 2015 there were 20 physicians in U.S.Congress, 19 of whom were male and 16 of whom were members of the Republican party.

LegislatureNameParty-state-districtYear electedMedical specialty2012 campaign money raised
Senate John Barrasso (R-WY)2007Orthopedic surgery$8,081,603 [12]
House Dan Benishek (R-MI-01)2010General surgery, retired$2,255,260 [13]
House Ami Bera (D-CA-07)2012Internal medicine$1,373,106 [14]
House Charles Boustany (R-LA-03)2004Cardiothoracic surgery, retired$4,879,644 [15]
House Paul Broun (R-GA-10)2007Family medicine$1,410,625 [16]
House Larry Bucshon (R-IN-08)2010Thoracic surgery$608,721 [17]
House Michael C. Burgess (R-TX-26)2010OB/GYN$613,280 [18]
House Bill Cassidy (R-LA)2008Gastroenterology$5,121,030 [19]
House Donna Christensen (D-Virgin Islands-AL)1996Emergency medicine$330,274 [20]
Senate Tom Coburn (R-OK)2004Family medicine$2,100,328 † [21]
House Scott DesJarlais (R-TN-04)2010General practice$283,549 [22]
House John Fleming (R-LA-04)2008Family medicine$698,596 [23]
House Phil Gingrey (R-GA-11)2002OB/GYN$1,530,373 [24]
House Andrew P. Harris (R-MD-01)2010Anesthesiology$1,689,833 [25]
House Joe Heck (R-NV-03)2010Emergency medicine$1,117,768 [26]
House Jim McDermott (D-WA-07)1988Psychiatry$223,469 [27]
Senate Rand Paul (R-KY)2010Ophthalmology$9,942,744† [28]
House Tom Price (R-GA-06)2004Orthopedic surgery$1,375,428 [29]
House David "Phil" Roe (R-TN-01)2008OB/GYN$348,673 [30]
House Raul Ruiz (D-CA-36)2012Emergency medicine$1,504,150 [31]

† 2009/2012 cycle ††2013–2014 cycle

114th Congress (2015–2017)

From 2015 to 2017, there were 17 physicians in U.S. Congress. All were male and 14 were members of the Republican party.

LegislatureNameParty-state-districtYear electedMedical specialty2014 campaign money raised
House Ralph Abraham (R-LA-05)2014Family medicine, veterinarian$824,819 [32]
Senate John Barrasso (R-WY)2007Orthopedic surgery$7,045,286 [33]
House Dan Benishek (R-MI-01)2010General surgery, retired$2,152,648 [34]
House Ami Bera (D-CA-07)2012Internal medicine$4,410,225 [35]
House Charles Boustany (R-LA-03)2004Cardiothoracic surgery, retired$2,711,231 [36]
House Larry Bucshon (R-IN-08)2010Thoracic surgery$608,721 [17]
House Michael C. Burgess (R-TX-26)2010OB/GYN$613,280 [18]
Senate Bill Cassidy (R-LA)2014Gastroenterology$15,548,343 [19]
House Scott DesJarlais (R-TN-04)2010General practice$283,549 [22]
House John Fleming (R-LA-04)2008Family medicine$698,596 [23]
House Andrew P. Harris (R-MD-01)2010Anesthesiology$1,422,625 [37]
House Joe Heck (R-NV-03)2010Emergency medicine$1,117,768 [26]
House Jim McDermott (D-WA-07)1988Psychiatry$223,469 [27]
Senate Rand Paul (R-KY)2010Ophthalmology$19,613,645 [38]
House Tom Price (R-GA-06)2004Orthopedic surgery$2,784,268 [39]
House David "Phil" Roe (R-TN-01)2008OB/GYN$933,431 [40]
House Raul Ruiz (D-CA-36)2012Emergency medicine$3,439,977 [41]

† 2009/2014 cycle

115th Congress (2017–2019)

From 2017 to 2019 there were 16 physicians in the U.S. Congress; all were male and 14 were members of the Republican party. There were also one podiatrist, one dentist, and one optometrist. [5]

LegislatureNameParty-state-districtYear electedMedical specialty2016 campaign money raised
House Ralph Abraham (R-LA-05)2014Family medicine, veterinarian$577,493 [42]
Senate John Barrasso (R-WY)2007Orthopedic surgery$6,677,705 [43]
House Ami Bera (D-CA-07)2012General practice$4,128,996 [44]
House Larry Bucshon (R-IN-08)2010Thoracic surgery$1,045,223 [45]
House Michael C. Burgess (R-TX-26)2002OB/GYN$1,857,590 [46]
Senate Bill Cassidy (R-LA)2014Gastroenterology$17,269,420 [47]
House Scott DesJarlais (R-TN-04)2010General practice$637,783 [48]
House Neal Dunn (R-FL-02)2016Urology$1,968,334 [49]
House Andrew P. Harris (R-MD-01)2010Anesthesiology$1,402,664 [50]
House Roger Marshall (R-KS-01)2016Obstetrician$1,506,821 [51]
Senate Rand Paul (R-KY)2010Ophthalmology$12,105,270 [52]
House Tom Price (R-GA-06)2004Orthopedic surgery$2,769,758 [53]
House David "Phil" Roe (R-TN-01)2008OB/GYN$952,677 [54]
House Raul Ruiz (D-CA-36)2012Emergency medicine$3,225,291 [55]

116th Congress (2019–2021)

From 2019 to 2021 there were 17 physicians in the U.S. Congress; all but one were male and 14 were members of the Republican party.

LegislatureNameParty-state-districtYear electedMedical specialty
House Ralph Abraham (R-LA-05)2014Family medicine, veterinarian
Senate John Barrasso (R-WY)2007Orthopedic surgery
House Ami Bera (D-CA-07)2012Internal medicine
House Larry Bucshon (R-IN-08)2010Thoracic surgery
House Michael C. Burgess (R-TX-26)2002OB/GYN
Senate Bill Cassidy (R-LA)2014Gastroenterology
House Scott DesJarlais (R-TN-04)2010Family medicine
House Neal Dunn (R-FL-02)2016Urology
House Mark Green (R-TN-07)2018Emergency medicine
House Andrew P. Harris (R-MD-01)2010Anesthesiology
House John Joyce (R-PA-09)2018Dermatology
House Roger Marshall (R-KS-01)2016OB/GYN
House Greg Murphy (R-NC-03)2019Urology
Senate Rand Paul (R-KY)2010Ophthalmology
House David "Phil" Roe (R-TN-01)2008OB/GYN
House Raul Ruiz (D-CA-36)2012Emergency medicine
House Kim Schrier (D-WA-08)2018Pediatrics

117th Congress (2021–2023)

There were 17 physicians in the 117th Congress, of whom 13 served in the House and 4 served in the Senate. [56]

LegislatureNameParty-state-districtYear electedMedical specialty
Senate John Barrasso (R-WY)2007 Orthopedic surgery
House Ami Bera (D-CA-07)2012 Internal medicine
House Larry Bucshon (R-IN-08)2010 Thoracic surgery
House Michael C. Burgess (R-TX-26)2002 Obstetrics and gynaecology
Senate Bill Cassidy (R-LA)2014 Gastroenterology
House Scott DesJarlais (R-TN-04)2010 Family medicine
House Neal Dunn (R-FL-02)2016 Urology
House Mark Green (R-TN-07)2018Emergency medicine
House Andy Harris (R-MD-01)2010 Anesthesiology
House Ronny Jackson (R-TX-13)2020 Emergency medicine
House John Joyce (R-PA-13)2018 Dermatology
Senate Roger Marshall (R-KS)2020Obstetrics and gynaecology
House Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R-IA-02)2020Ophthalmology
House Greg Murphy (R-NC-03)2019Urology
Senate Rand Paul (R-KY)2010 Ophthalmology
House Raul Ruiz (D-CA-36)2012Emergency medicine
House Kim Schrier (D-WA-08)2018 Pediatrics

118th Congress (2023-present)

There are 19 physicians in the 118th Congress, of whom 15 serve in the House and 4 serve in the Senate. Two are women. [57]

LegislatureNameParty-state-districtYear electedMedical specialty
Senate John Barrasso (R-WY)2008 [note 1] Orthopedic surgery
House Ami Bera (D-CA-06)2012 [note 2] Internal medicine
House Larry Bucshon (R-IN-08)2010 Thoracic surgery
House Michael Burgess (R-TX-26)2002 Obstetrics and gynaecology
House Yadira Caraveo (D-CO-08)2022 Pediatrics
Senate Bill Cassidy (R-LA)2014 Gastroenterology
House Scott DesJarlais (R-TN-04)2010 Family medicine
House Neal Dunn (R-FL-02)2016 Urology
House Mark Green (R-TN-07)2018 Emergency medicine
House Andy Harris (R-MD-01)2010 Anesthesiology
House Ronny Jackson (R-TX-13)2020 Emergency medicine
House John Joyce (R-PA-13)2018 Dermatology
Senate Roger Marshall (R-KS)2020 Obstetrics and gynaecology
House Rich McCormick (R-GA-06)2022 Emergency medicine
House Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R-IA-01)2020 Ophthalmology
House Greg Murphy (R-NC-03)2019 Urology
Senate Rand Paul (R-KY)2010 Ophthalmology
House Raul Ruiz (D-CA-35)2012 Emergency medicine
House Kim Schrier (D-WA-08)2018 Pediatrics

Notes

  1. ↑ The governor of Wyoming appointed Barrasso to his Senate seat following the death in office of Craig L. Thomas in 2007. Barrasso was subsequently elected to fill the remainder of Senator Thomas's term.
  2. ↑ Prior to redistricting after the 2020 US Census, which took effect in the 118th Congress, Bera represented CA-07.

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References

  1. ↑ Gifford GE (1976). Physician Signers of the Declaration of Independence. New York: Science History Publications.
  2. ↑ Jameson, MG (1983). "Physicians and American political leadership". JAMA. 249 (7): 929–930. doi:10.1001/jama.249.7.929. PMID   6337277.
  3. 1 2 Kraus, Chad K; Thomas A. Suarez (November 3, 2004). "Is There a Doctor in the House?... Or the Senate? Physicians in US Congress, 1960-2004". JAMA. 292 (17): 2125–2129. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.17.2125 . PMID   15523073.
  4. 1 2 "Physicians of the 113th Congress". Patient Action network. American Medical Association. January 8, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 Laura Dyrda (January 9, 2017). "Meet the 15 physician members of the 115th US Congress(". Becker's Healthcare.
  6. 1 2 "Physicians as Candidates Program- Key findings of research conducted in April & May 2013 on behalf of AMPAC's Physicians as Candidates Research Program" (PowerPoint). AMPAC. AMA. September 2014. page 27.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jeremy W. Peters (March 7, 2013). "Is There a Doctor in the House? Yes, 17. And 3 in the Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  8. ↑ Jordyn Phelps (April 7, 2015). "Rand Paul Makes 2016 White House Bid Official: 'We Have Come To Take Our Country Back'". ABC news. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  9. ↑ "The 2016 Cycle AMPAC Election Report". n.d. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  10. ↑ Goldenberg, MN (November 2015). "House Calls: Physicians in the US Congress, 2005-2015". Southern Medical Journal. 108 (11): 657–61. doi:10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000366. PMID   26539942. S2CID   45583923.
  11. ↑ Zhong, Anthony; Jain, Bhav; Martin, Alister F.; Zhang, Cancan; Phillips, Russell S.; Amat, Maelys J. (April 4, 2024). "Reported Political Participation by Physicians vs Nonphysicians". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.1996. ISSN   0098-7484.
  12. ↑ "John A. Barrasso Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2007 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Rep. Dan Benishek: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Rep. Ami Bera: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Rep. Charles Boustany: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Rep. Paul Broun: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
  17. 1 2 "Rep. Larry Bucshon: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  18. 1 2 "Rep.Michael Burgess: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  19. 1 2 "Rep.Bill Cassidy: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Rep. Donna Christian-Christensen: Campaign Cmte Fundraising, 2011 - 2012, no Leadership PAC money for 2014 cycle". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Sen Tom Coburn: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  22. 1 2 "Rep.Scott DesJarlais: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  23. 1 2 "Rep.John Fleming: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Rep.Phil Gingrey : Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Rep.Andy Harris:Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
  26. 1 2 "Rep.Joe Heck : Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  27. 1 2 "Rep.Jim McDermott : Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Sen Rand Paul: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2009 - 2012". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
  29. ↑ "Rep. Tom Price: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  30. ↑ "Rep. Phil Roe: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Rep. Raul Ruiz: Summary Data". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Rep.Ralph Abraham : Summary Data 2014 Race: Louisiana District 05". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  33. ↑ "John A. Barrasso Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2009 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Rep. Dan Benishek: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  35. ↑ "Rep. Ami Bera: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  36. ↑ "Rep. Charles Boustany: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2012.
  37. ↑ "Rep.Andy Harris: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  38. ↑ "Sen Rand Paul: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2009 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  39. ↑ "Rep. Tom Price: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  40. ↑ "Rep. Phil Roe: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  41. ↑ "Rep. Raul Ruiz: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2014". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2014.
  42. ↑ "Rep.Ralph Abraham : Summary Data 2015-2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  43. ↑ "John A. Barrasso: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Rep. Ami Bera: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Rep. Larry Bucshon: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Rep.Michael Burgess: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  47. ↑ "Rep.Bill Cassidy: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2013 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Rep.Scott DesJarlais: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Neal Dunn Cycle Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Rep.Andy Harris: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  51. ↑ "Roger Marshall Cycle Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  52. ↑ "Sen Rand Paul: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2011 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  53. ↑ "Rep. Tom Price: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  54. ↑ "Rep. Phil Roe:Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  55. ↑ "Rep. Raul Ruiz: Campaign Cmte and Leadership PAC Fundraising, 2015 - 2016". OpenSecrets. December 31, 2016.
  56. ↑ "Physicians of the 117th Congress".
  57. ↑ "Physicians of the 118th Congress". Patients Action Network. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
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