Seniority in the United States House of Representatives

Last updated

This is a complete list of current members of the United States House of Representatives based on seniority. For the most part, representatives are ranked by the beginning of their terms in office. Representatives whose terms begin the same day are ranked alphabetically by last name.

Contents

Seniority calculation

Seniority is calculated by:

  1. Number of total terms served (subtracting one term from the number of non-consecutive terms)
  2. Number of consecutive terms served
  3. Alphabetically by last name [1]

An additional clause applies for representatives that have a prior tenure of less than two terms. In this case, they will have preference over all other members who are freshmen by tenure.[ citation needed ]

An example of this ranking system is Rep. Pete Sessions, who had previously served eleven terms, from 1997 to 2019; after his defeat in the 2018 midterms, he was once again elected in 2020. Instead of holding seniority with others whose terms began January 3, 2021, he was credited with ten terms, and holds seniority above all representatives whose terms began on or after January 3, 2001.

Benefits of seniority

Committee leadership in the House is often associated with seniority, especially in the Democratic Caucus. The Republican leadership, in comparison with the Democratic Party, prioritizes voting records and campaign fundraising over seniority for committee leadership. [2] Party leadership in the House is not strictly associated with seniority.

The more senior a representative is, the more likely the representative is to receive desirable committee assignments or leadership posts. Seniority also affects access to more desirable office space in the House Office Buildings: [3] after an office is vacated, members next in seniority can choose whether to move into it. Only after allocations for existing members are complete can incoming members be assigned offices via the congressional office lottery. [4]

Vacancies

Current seniority list

RankMemberPartyDistrictSeniority datePrevious service [a]
Committee and leadership positions
1 Hal Rogers R Kentucky 5 January 3, 1981 Dean of the House
2 Chris Smith R New Jersey 4  
3 Steny Hoyer D Maryland 5 May 19, 1981
4 Marcy Kaptur D Ohio 9 January 3, 1983
5 Nancy Pelosi D California 11 June 2, 1987 Speaker Emerita of the House
6 Frank Pallone D New Jersey 6 November 8, 1988Ranking Member: Energy and Commerce
7 Richard Neal D Massachusetts 1 January 3, 1989Ranking Member: Ways and Means
8 Rosa DeLauro D Connecticut 3 January 3, 1991Ranking Member: Appropriations
9 Maxine Waters D California 43 Ranking Member: Financial Services
10 Jerry Nadler D New York 12 November 3, 1992 
11 Sanford Bishop D Georgia 2 January 3, 1993
12 Ken Calvert R California 41
13 Jim Clyburn D South Carolina 6
14 Bobby Scott D Virginia 3 Ranking Member: Education and the Workforce
15 Nydia Velázquez D New York 7 Ranking Member: Small Business
16 Bennie Thompson D Mississippi 2 April 13, 1993Ranking Member: Homeland Security
17 Frank Lucas R Oklahoma 3 May 10, 1994 
18 Lloyd Doggett D Texas 37 January 3, 1995
19 Zoe Lofgren D California 18 Ranking Member: Science, Space and Technology
20 Robert Aderholt R Alabama 4 January 3, 1997 
21 Danny Davis D Illinois 7
22 Diana DeGette D Colorado 1
23 Jim McGovern D Massachusetts 2 Ranking Member: Rules
24 Brad Sherman D California 32  
25 Adam Smith D Washington 9 Ranking Member: Armed Services
26 Gregory Meeks D New York 5 February 3, 1998Ranking Member: Foreign Affairs
27 John B. Larson D Connecticut 1 January 3, 1999 
28 Jan Schakowsky D Illinois 9
29 Mike Simpson R Idaho 2
30 Mike Thompson D California 4
31 Pete Sessions R Texas 17 January 3, 20211997–2019
32 Sam Graves R Missouri 6 January 3, 2001Chair: Transportation and Infrastructure
33 Rick Larsen D Washington 2 Ranking Member: Transportation and Infrastructure
34 Betty McCollum D Minnesota 4  
35 Stephen Lynch D Massachusetts 8 October 16, 2001
36 Joe Wilson R South Carolina 2 December 18, 2001
37 John Carter R Texas 31 January 3, 2003
38 Tom Cole R Oklahoma 4 Chair: Appropriations
39 Mario Díaz-Balart R Florida 26  
40 Mike Rogers R Alabama 3 Chair: Armed Services
41 Linda Sánchez D California 38  
42 David Scott D Georgia 13
43 Mike Turner R Ohio 10
44 Darrell Issa R California 48 January 3, 20212001–2019
45 Emanuel Cleaver D Missouri 5 January 3, 2005
46 Jim Costa D California 21
47 Henry Cuellar D Texas 28
48 Virginia Foxx R North Carolina 5 Chair: Rules
49 Al Green D Texas 9
50 Michael McCaul R Texas 10
51 Gwen Moore D Wisconsin 4
52 Debbie Wasserman Schultz D Florida 25
53 Doris Matsui D California 7 March 8, 2005
54 Gus Bilirakis R Florida 12 January 3, 2007
55 Vern Buchanan R Florida 16
56 Kathy Castor D Florida 14
57 Yvette Clarke D New York 9
58 Steve Cohen D Tennessee 9
59 Joe Courtney D Connecticut 2
60 Hank Johnson D Georgia 4
61 Jim Jordan R Ohio 4 Chair: Judiciary
62 Adrian Smith R Nebraska 3  
63 Bob Latta R Ohio 5 December 11, 2007
64 Rob Wittman R Virginia 1
65 André Carson D Indiana 7 March 11, 2008
66 Steve Scalise R Louisiana 1 May 3, 2008 Majority Leader
67 Brett Guthrie R Kentucky 2 January 3, 2009Chair: Energy and Commerce
68 Jim Himes D Connecticut 4 Ranking Member: Intelligence
69 Tom McClintock R California 5  
70 Chellie Pingree D Maine 1
71 Glenn Thompson R Pennsylvania 15 Chair: Agriculture
72 Paul Tonko D New York 20  
73 Mike Quigley D Illinois 5 April 7, 2009
74 Judy Chu D California 28 July 14, 2009
75 John Garamendi D California 8 November 3, 2009
76 Tim Walberg R Michigan 5 January 3, 20112007–2009Chair: Education and the Workforce
77 Bill Foster D Illinois 11 January 3, 20132008–2011 
78 Kweisi Mfume D Maryland 7 April 28, 20201987–1996
79 Rick Crawford R Arkansas 1 January 3, 2011Chair: Intelligence
80 Scott DesJarlais R Tennessee 4  
81 Chuck Fleischmann R Tennessee 3
82 Paul Gosar R Arizona 9
83 Morgan Griffith R Virginia 9
84 Andy Harris R Maryland 1
85 Bill Huizenga R Michigan 4
86 Bill Keating D Massachusetts 9
87 Mike Kelly R Pennsylvania 16
88 David Schweikert R Arizona 1
89 Austin Scott R Georgia 8
90 Terri Sewell D Alabama 7
91 Daniel Webster R Florida 11
92 Frederica Wilson D Florida 24
93 Steve Womack R Arkansas 3
94 Mark Amodei R Nevada 2 September 13, 2011
95 Suzanne Bonamici D Oregon 1 January 31, 2012
96 Suzan DelBene D Washington 1 November 6, 2012
97 Thomas Massie R Kentucky 4
98 Dina Titus D Nevada 1 January 3, 20132009–2011
99 Andy Barr R Kentucky 6
100 Joyce Beatty D Ohio 3
101 Ami Bera D California 6
102 Julia Brownley D California 26
103 Joaquin Castro D Texas 20
104 Lois Frankel D Florida 22
105 Richard Hudson R North Carolina 9
106 Jared Huffman D California 2 Ranking Member: Natural Resources
107 Hakeem Jeffries D New York 8 Minority Leader
108 David Joyce R Ohio 14  
109 Doug LaMalfa R California 1
110 Grace Meng D New York 6
111 Scott Perry R Pennsylvania 10
112 Scott Peters D California 50
113 Mark Pocan D Wisconsin 2
114 Raul Ruiz D California 25
115 Eric Swalwell D California 14
116 Mark Takano D California 39 Ranking Member: Veterans' Affairs
117 Juan Vargas D California 52  
118 Marc Veasey D Texas 33
119 Ann Wagner R Missouri 2
120 Randy Weber R Texas 14
121 Roger Williams R Texas 25 Chair: Small Business
122 Robin Kelly D Illinois 2 April 9, 2013 
123 Jason Smith R Missouri 8 June 4, 2013Chair: Ways and Means
124 Katherine Clark D Massachusetts 5 December 10, 2013 Minority Whip
125 Alma Adams D North Carolina 12 November 4, 2014 
126 Donald Norcross D New Jersey 1
127 Ed Case D Hawaii 1 January 3, 20192002–2007
128 Pete Aguilar D California 33 January 3, 2015 Democratic Caucus Chair
129 Rick Allen R Georgia 12  
130 Brian Babin R Texas 36 Chair: Science, Space and Technology
131 Don Beyer D Virginia 8  
132 Mike Bost R Illinois 12 Chair: Veterans' Affairs
133 Brendan Boyle D Pennsylvania 2 Ranking Member: Budget
134 Buddy Carter R Georgia 1  
135 Mark DeSaulnier D California 10
136 Debbie Dingell D Michigan 6
137 Tom Emmer R Minnesota 6 Majority Whip
138 Glenn Grothman R Wisconsin 6  
139 French Hill R Arkansas 2 Chair: Financial Services
140 Ted Lieu D California 36  
141 Barry Loudermilk R Georgia 11
142 John Moolenaar R Michigan 2
143 Seth Moulton D Massachusetts 6
144 Dan Newhouse R Washington 4
145 Gary Palmer R Alabama 6
146 David Rouzer R North Carolina 7
147 Elise Stefanik R New York 21
148 Norma Torres D California 35
149 Bonnie Watson Coleman D New Jersey 12
150 Bruce Westerman R Arkansas 4 Chair: Natural Resources
151 Trent Kelly R Mississippi 1 June 2, 2015 
152 Darin LaHood R Illinois 16 September 10, 2015
153 Warren Davidson R Ohio 8 June 7, 2016
154 James Comer R Kentucky 1 November 8, 2016Chair: Oversight and Accountability
155 Dwight Evans D Pennsylvania 3  
156 Brad Schneider D Illinois 10 January 3, 20172013–2015
157 David Valadao R California 22 January 3, 20212013–2019
158 Jodey Arrington R Texas 19 January 3, 2017Chair: Budget
159 Don Bacon R Nebraska 2  
160 Nanette Barragán D California 44
161 Jack Bergman R Michigan 1
162 Andy Biggs R Arizona 5
163 Salud Carbajal D California 24
164 Lou Correa D California 46
165 Neal Dunn R Florida 2
166 Adriano Espaillat D New York 13
167 Brian Fitzpatrick R Pennsylvania 1
168 Vicente Gonzalez D Texas 34
169 Josh Gottheimer D New Jersey 5
170 Clay Higgins R Louisiana 3
171 Pramila Jayapal D Washington 7
172 Mike Johnson R Louisiana 4 Speaker of the House
173 Ro Khanna D California 17  
174 Raja Krishnamoorthi D Illinois 8
175 David Kustoff R Tennessee 8
176 Brian Mast R Florida 21 Chair: Foreign Affairs
177 Jimmy Panetta D California 19  
178 Jamie Raskin D Maryland 8 Ranking Member: Judiciary
179 John Rutherford R Florida 5  
180 Lloyd Smucker R Pennsylvania 11
181 Darren Soto D Florida 9
182 Ron Estes R Kansas 4 April 11, 2017
183 Jimmy Gomez D California 34 June 6, 2017
184 Ralph Norman R South Carolina 5 June 20, 2017
185 Michael Cloud R Texas 27 June 30, 2018
186 Troy Balderson R Ohio 12 August 7, 2018
187 Kevin Hern R Oklahoma 1 November 6, 2018
188 Joseph Morelle D New York 25 Ranking Member: House Administration
189 Mary Gay Scanlon D Pennsylvania 5  
190 Steven Horsford D Nevada 4 January 3, 20192013–2015
191 Tom Suozzi D New York 3 February 13, 20242017–2023
192 Jim Baird R Indiana 4 January 3, 2019
193 Tim Burchett R Tennessee 2
194 Sean Casten D Illinois 6
195 Ben Cline R Virginia 6
196 Angie Craig D Minnesota 2 Ranking Member: Agriculture
197 Dan Crenshaw R Texas 2
198 Jason Crow D Colorado 6
199 Sharice Davids D Kansas 3
200 Madeleine Dean D Pennsylvania 4
201 Veronica Escobar D Texas 16
202 Lizzie Fletcher D Texas 7
203 Russ Fulcher R Idaho 1
204 Chuy García D Illinois 4
205 Sylvia Garcia D Texas 29
206 Jared Golden D Maine 2
207 Lance Gooden R Texas 5
208 Michael Guest R Mississippi 3 Chair: Ethics
209 Josh Harder D California 9  
210 Jahana Hayes D Connecticut 5
211 Chrissy Houlahan D Pennsylvania 6
212 Dusty Johnson R South Dakota at-large
213 John Joyce R Pennsylvania 13
214 Susie Lee D Nevada 3
215 Mike Levin D California 49
216 Lucy McBath D Georgia 6
217 Dan Meuser R Pennsylvania 9
218 Carol Miller R West Virginia 1
219 Joe Neguse D Colorado 2 Assistant Democratic Leader
220 Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D New York 14  
221 Ilhan Omar D Minnesota 5
222 Chris Pappas D New Hampshire 1
223 Ayanna Pressley D Massachusetts 7
224 Guy Reschenthaler R Pennsylvania 14
225 John Rose R Tennessee 6
226 Chip Roy R Texas 21
227 Kim Schrier D Washington 8
228 Mikie Sherrill D New Jersey 11
229 Greg Stanton D Arizona 4
230 Pete Stauber R Minnesota 8
231 Bryan Steil R Wisconsin 1 Chair: House Administration
232 Greg Steube R Florida 17  
233 Haley Stevens D Michigan 11
234 William Timmons R South Carolina 4
235 Rashida Tlaib D Michigan 12
236 Lori Trahan D Massachusetts 3
237 Lauren Underwood D Illinois 14
238 Jeff Van Drew R [b] New Jersey 2
239 Greg Murphy R North Carolina 3 September 10, 2019
240 Tom Tiffany R Wisconsin 7 May 12, 2020
241 Claudia Tenney R New York 24 February 11, 20212017–2019
242 Ryan Zinke R Montana 1 January 3, 20232015–2017
243 Marlin Stutzman R Indiana 3 January 3, 20252010–2017
244 Jake Auchincloss D Massachusetts 4 January 3, 2021
245 Cliff Bentz R Oregon 2
246 Stephanie Bice R Oklahoma 5
247 Lauren Boebert R Colorado 4
248 Kat Cammack R Florida 3
249 Andrew Clyde R Georgia 9
250 Byron Donalds R Florida 19
251 Pat Fallon R Texas 4
252 Randy Feenstra R Iowa 4
253 Michelle Fischbach R Minnesota 7
254 Scott Fitzgerald R Wisconsin 5
255 Scott Franklin R Florida 18
256 Andrew Garbarino R New York 2
257 Carlos A. Giménez R Florida 28
258 Tony Gonzales R Texas 23
259 Marjorie Taylor Greene R Georgia 14
260 Diana Harshbarger R Tennessee 1
261 Ashley Hinson R Iowa 2
262 Ronny Jackson R Texas 13
263 Sara Jacobs D California 51
264 Young Kim R California 40
265 Teresa Leger Fernandez D New Mexico 3
266 Nancy Mace R South Carolina 1
267 Nicole Malliotakis R New York 11
268 Tracey Mann R Kansas 1
269 Lisa McClain R Michigan 9 Republican Conference Chairwoman
270 Mary Miller R Illinois 15  
271 Mariannette Miller-Meeks R Iowa 1
272 Barry Moore R Alabama 1
273 Blake Moore R Utah 1
274 Frank J. Mrvan D Indiana 1
275 Troy Nehls R Texas 22
276 Jay Obernolte R California 23
277 Burgess Owens R Utah 4
278 August Pfluger R Texas 11
279 Deborah Ross D North Carolina 2
280 María Elvira Salazar R Florida 27
281 Victoria Spartz R Indiana 5
282 Marilyn Strickland D Washington 10
283 Ritchie Torres D New York 15
284 Beth Van Duyne R Texas 24
285 Nikema Williams D Georgia 5
286 Julia Letlow R Louisiana 5 March 20, 2021
287 Troy Carter D Louisiana 2 April 24, 2021
288 Melanie Stansbury D New Mexico 1 June 1, 2021
289 Jake Ellzey R Texas 6 July 27, 2021
290 Shontel Brown D Ohio 11 November 2, 2021
291 Mike Carey R Ohio 15
292 Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick D Florida 20 January 11, 2022
293 Mike Flood R Nebraska 1 June 28, 2022
294 Brad Finstad R Minnesota 1 August 9, 2022
295 Pat Ryan D New York 18 August 23, 2022
296 Rudy Yakym R Indiana 2 November 8, 2022
297 Cleo Fields D Louisiana 6 January 3, 20251993–1997
298 Mark Alford R Missouri 4 January 3, 2023
299 Becca Balint D Vermont at-large
300 Aaron Bean R Florida 4
301 Josh Brecheen R Oklahoma 2
302 Nikki Budzinski D Illinois 13
303 Eric Burlison R Missouri 7
304 Greg Casar D Texas 35
305 Juan Ciscomani R Arizona 6
306 Mike Collins R Georgia 10
307 Eli Crane R Arizona 2
308 Jasmine Crockett D Texas 30
309 Don Davis D North Carolina 1
310 Monica De La Cruz R Texas 15
311 Chris Deluzio D Pennsylvania 17
312 Chuck Edwards R North Carolina 11
313 Mike Ezell R Mississippi 4
314 Valerie Foushee D North Carolina 4
315 Maxwell Frost D Florida 10
316 Russell Fry R South Carolina 7
317 Robert Garcia D California 42
318 Marie Gluesenkamp Perez D Washington 3
319 Dan Goldman D New York 10
320 Harriet Hageman R Wyoming at-large
321 Erin Houchin R Indiana 9
322 Val Hoyle D Oregon 4
323 Wesley Hunt R Texas 38
324 Glenn Ivey D Maryland 4
325 Jonathan Jackson D Illinois 1
326 John James R Michigan 10
327 Sydney Kamlager-Dove D California 37
328 Thomas Kean Jr. R New Jersey 7
329 Jen Kiggans R Virginia 2
330 Kevin Kiley R California 3
331 Nick LaLota R New York 1
332 Greg Landsman D Ohio 1
333 Nick Langworthy R New York 23
334 Mike Lawler R New York 17
335 Laurel Lee R Florida 15
336 Summer Lee D Pennsylvania 12
337 Anna Paulina Luna R Florida 13
338 Morgan Luttrell R Texas 8
339 Seth Magaziner D Rhode Island 2
340 Rich McCormick R Georgia 7
341 Morgan McGarvey D Kentucky 3
342 Rob Menendez D New Jersey 8
343 Max Miller R Ohio 7
344 Cory Mills R Florida 7
345 Nathaniel Moran R Texas 1
346 Jared Moskowitz D Florida 23
347 Kevin Mullin D California 15
348 Zach Nunn R Iowa 3
349 Andy Ogles R Tennessee 5
350 Brittany Pettersen D Colorado 7
351 Delia Ramirez D Illinois 3
352 Andrea Salinas D Oregon 6
353 Hillary Scholten D Michigan 3
354 Keith Self R Texas 3
355 Eric Sorensen D Illinois 17
356 Dale Strong R Alabama 5
357 Emilia Sykes D Ohio 13
358 Shri Thanedar D Michigan 13
359 Jill Tokuda D Hawaii 2
360 Derrick Van Orden R Wisconsin 3
361 Gabe Vasquez D New Mexico 2
362 Jennifer McClellan D Virginia 4 February 21, 2023
363 Gabe Amo D Rhode Island 1 November 7, 2023
364 Celeste Maloy R Utah 2 November 21, 2023
365 Tim Kennedy D New York 26 April 30, 2024
366 Vince Fong R California 20 May 21, 2024
367 Michael Rulli R Ohio 6 June 11, 2024
368 LaMonica McIver D New Jersey 10 September 18, 2024
369 Tony Wied R Wisconsin 8 November 5, 2024
370 Gil Cisneros D California 31 January 3, 20252019–2021
371 Yassamin Ansari D Arizona 3
372 Tom Barrett R Michigan 7
373 Michael Baumgartner R Washington 5
374 Nick Begich III R Alaska at-large
375 Wesley Bell D Missouri 1
376 Sheri Biggs R South Carolina 3
377 Rob Bresnahan R Pennsylvania 8
378 Janelle Bynum D Oregon 5
379 Herb Conaway D New Jersey 3
380 Jeff Crank R Colorado 5
381 Maxine Dexter D Oregon 3
382 Troy Downing R Montana 2
383 Sarah Elfreth D Maryland 3
384 Gabe Evans R Colorado 8
385 Julie Fedorchak R North Dakota at-large
386 Shomari Figures D Alabama 2
387 Laura Friedman D California 30
388 Brandon Gill R Texas 26
389 Laura Gillen D New York 4
390 Craig Goldman R Texas 12
391 Maggie Goodlander D New Hampshire 2
392 Adam Gray D California 13
393 Abraham Hamadeh R Arizona 8
394 Mike Haridopolos R Florida 8
395 Pat Harrigan R North Carolina 10
396 Mark Harris R North Carolina 8
397 Jeff Hurd R Colorado 3
398 Brian Jack R Georgia 3
399 Julie Johnson D Texas 32
400 Mike Kennedy R Utah 3
401 Brad Knott R North Carolina 13
402 George Latimer D New York 16
403 Sam Liccardo D California 16
404 Ryan Mackenzie R Pennsylvania 7
405 John Mannion D New York 22
406 Sarah McBride D Delaware at-large
407 April McClain Delaney D Maryland 6
408 Kristen McDonald Rivet D Michigan 8
409 Addison McDowell R North Carolina 6
410 John McGuire R Virginia 5
411 Mark Messmer R Indiana 8
412 Dave Min D California 47
413 Riley Moore R West Virginia 2
414 Tim Moore R North Carolina 14
415 Kelly Morrison D Minnesota 3
416 Johnny Olszewski D Maryland 2
417 Bob Onder R Missouri 3
418 Nellie Pou D New Jersey 9
419 Emily Randall D Washington 6
420 Josh Riley D New York 19
421 Luz Rivas D California 29
422 Derek Schmidt R Kansas 2
423 Jefferson Shreve R Indiana 6
424 Lateefah Simon D California 12
425 Suhas Subramanyam D Virginia 10
426 David Taylor R Ohio 2
427 Derek Tran D California 45
428 Eugene Vindman D Virginia 7
429 George T. Whitesides D California 27
430 Randy Fine R Florida 6 April 1, 2025
431 Jimmy Patronis R Florida 1

Delegates

Delegates are non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives.

RankDelegatePartyDistrictSeniority date
(previous service, if any)
1 Eleanor Holmes Norton D District of Columbia at-large January 3, 1991
2 Stacey Plaskett D United States Virgin Islands at-large January 3, 2015
3 Amata Coleman Radewagen R American Samoa at-large
4 James Moylan R Guam at-large January 3, 2023
5 Pablo Hernández Rivera PPD/D Puerto Rico at-large January 3, 2025
6 Kimberlyn King-Hinds R Northern Mariana Islands at-large

See also

Notes

  1. Members elected with substantial prior service receive credit for part of that service when calculating seniority.
  2. A party change does not affect seniority.

References

  1. "Terms of Service for Members of the House of Representatives". Historian of the United States House of Representatives . Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  2. "House Seniority and Committee Leadership". U.S. News & World Report. December 8, 2006.
  3. Goodwin, George (1959). "The Seniority System in Congress". The American Political Science Review. pp. 412–436. doi:10.2307/1952154. JSTOR   1952154 . Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  4. Langhorne, Thomas B. (October 16, 2018). "Scramble for office space in Congress is about status". Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  5. Church, Abby; Warren, Peter (March 5, 2025). "Longtime Houston mayor Sylvester Turner dies at 70, months after winning U.S. House seat". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 5, 2025.
  6. "Rep. Raul Grijalva dies at 77". KOLD-TV . March 13, 2025. Retrieved March 13, 2025.
  7. Chadwick, Lauren (May 21, 2025). "Rep. Gerry Connolly, 75, has died, family statement says". CNN . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  8. Taylor, Sarah Grace (July 8, 2025). "Election Dates Uncertain as 7th District Candidates Line Up to Replace Rep. Mark Green". Nashville Banner. Retrieved July 20, 2025.