In 2006,Liccardo ran for San Jose's District 3 Council seat. After placing first in an eight-candidate June primary with 43% percent of the vote,[8] Liccardo went on to place first in the November runoff election,this time with 61.3%.[9] In June 2010,he won his reelection to the City Council with 80.16% of the primary vote.[10]
As councilman,Liccardo pushed for more affordable housing,championing an inclusionary zoning ordinance in 2008 that required developers to either build 15% of their units in any project to be affordable and rent-restricted,or to pay fees to finance affordable housing construction elsewhere.[11] The statewide homebuilding industry vocally opposed the measure in part because it would make San Jose the largest US city with a citywide inclusionary requirement,and sued after its passage;subsequent litigation prevented its implementation until the California Supreme Court eventually sided with the City of San Jose in 2015.[12] Liccardo also advocated for more high-rise housing in San José's downtown,including the construction of the $135million,23-story high rise at One South Market.[13]
Mayor of San Jose
2014 election
In 2014,Liccardo ran for Mayor of San Jose to succeed termed-out Mayor Chuck Reed. He placed second to County Supervisor Dave Cortese in a five-candidate June primary with 25.7% of the vote,[14] but placed first in the November runoff with 50.8% of the vote.[15] The contentious run-off election focused on the City's chronic budgetary challenges,as well as Liccardo's support for pension reforms led by Mayor Reed that had City employee unions and their allies heavily supporting Cortese.[16][17][18] Liccardo's financial support emanated primarily from the tech business community,but he also had support of several environmental organizations.[who?]
Pension reform
In the decade prior to his election as mayor,San Jose saw retiree pension and health care contributions nearly quadruple as a result of retroactive benefit increases,poor market returns,and rapidly rising unfunded liabilities.[19][20] In order to offset rising retirement contributions,the city council enacted steep budget cuts,[21][22] cutting the payroll by more than one thousand employees. As a consequence,San Jose became the major U.S. city with the most thinly-staffed city hall[citation needed] and ranked 49th out of the largest 50 U.S. cities in police staffing as of 2020.[23][24]
In his first year in office,he helped guide negotiations on an agreement with all 11 of city's employee unions[25][26] that closed the retiree healthcare plan to new employees,predicted to save the city $3billion in employee retirement costs over the course of three decades.[27] In the 2016 elections,voters approved the agreement by passing Measure F with more than 61% of the vote.[28][29][30] This measure supplanted a more contentious pension reform plan,which has faced a series of legal challenges since its 2012 passage.[31][32] By 2022,San Jose's budget director reported that pension and retiree healthcare obligations had begun declining,enabling projections for balanced budgets for the following five years.[33][34][35]
As Mayor,Liccardo has pushed for transit,cycling,and other alternatives to the automobile in San Jose,a city that grew rapidly in an auto-dominated,suburban model in the 1950s and 60s. Both during his time as City Councilmember and mayor,Liccardo served as a board member of the Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) (which he chaired twice) and Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC),advocating for the creation of a bikeshare program,expansion of Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) to San Jose,and for the launch of the region's first bus-rapid-transit line,all of which began operations during his mayoral tenure.[36][37] Liccardo was a leading advocate and fundraiser for several ballot measures to fund transit improvements that most notably included funding for the extension of BART to Downtown San Jose,most recently for the $6.3billion VTA Measure B in 2016,and Regional Measure 3 in 2018.[38][39][40][41] Measure B's passage by more than 70% of the voters did not settle the matter,as lawsuits and controversy ensued from some who opposed the tax as well as specific projects in the measure,but the lawsuit has since been resolved.[42][43][44][45]
Liccardo was also instrumental in forging a consensus among Bay Area regional leaders to support putting Measure RR on the ballot,the passage of which in November 2020 will help preserve and expand Caltrain transit service,connecting San Jose and Santa Clara County with San Francisco.[46] Liccardo has been a strong advocate of bringing High Speed Rail to Silicon Valley and the Bay Area,and has worked to secure regional dollars to pay for a share of that construction of that line,which has already commenced in the segment running through California's Central Valley.[47] Liccardo has also urged more innovative approaches to supplant the region's plodding,poorly performing light rail,such as autonomous,electric bus rapid-transit.[48][49]
As a cyclist,Liccardo long advocated for physically separated bike lanes,and under his tenure,a "Better Bikeways" network of bike lanes separated from vehicular traffic by buffers and low-cost bollards has emerged throughout the Downtown,and increasingly in surrounding neighborhoods.[50][51][52]
"Smart City Vision"
Sam Liccardo attends a Google-sponsored computer science education event
In March 2016,Liccardo unveiled a "Smart City Vision",with the expressed goal to make San Joséthe "most innovative city in America by 2020."[53] Liccardo hired Shireen Santosham to be his Chief Innovation Officer and lead the newly created Mayor's Office of Technology and Innovation (MOTI).[54][55] The Smart City Vision received unanimous approval from the City Council in March,[56] and in June 2016 the city created an Office of Civic Innovation to meet its goals.[57] Since then,Liccardo formed a partnership with Facebook to deploy the company's wireless,high-speed internet technology called "Terragraph" in downtown San José,[58] and the City of San Josélaunched a project to bring free wireless internet to two schools in San José's East Side Union High School District.[59]
In 2019,Liccardo launched the San JoséDigital Inclusion Fund,a $24million initiative to bridge the digital divide in San Jose by extending broadband,distributing devices,and improving digital skills among tens of thousands of low-income families.[60] The pandemic accelerated the City's efforts,resulting in distribution of free hotspots to 15,800 children by October 2020,with another 50,000 residents receiving broadband service through the City's Wi-Fi partnership with the East Side Union High School District. After Council approved funding in late 2020,Liccardo announced the City's progress of reaching 100,000 residents,along with plan to connect 300,000 East San Jose residents—the population of a city the size of Pittsburgh or St. Louis—by full build-out in 2022.[61][62][63]
Other partnerships emerged through the City's innovation work under Liccardo's lead. For example,San Josébecame the first city to launch a "Cash for Trash" program,in partnership with Mastercard,to enable homeless residents to earn and safely keep money in exchange for cleaning the city's streets,neighborhoods,and creeks.[64][65]Mastercard's CityKey technology enabled unhoused to safely keep cash,while preventing purchases in such businesses as liquor stores,and could be used to facilitate the provision of health and other services.
Airbnb and San Jose partnered on several housing-related initiatives that leveraged innovative uses of the AirBnB platform in San Joséas a pilot city. The "Open Homes" program help victims of natural disaster find emergency housing with an AirBnB host without cost,[66][67] and since its launch in San José,now serves cities globally. Another San Jose and AirBnB partnership with the nonprofit Bill Wilson Center and San JoséState University provides AirBnB sponsor homes for unhoused college students for extended durations.[68][69]
Recognizing San Jose's success in its digital inclusion efforts,as well as their use of data,analytics,and technology in such initiatives as improving emergency medical response,identifying high-risk traffic crash corridors,and responding to vulnerable residents during the pandemic,Government Technology ranked San JoséNo. 1 among large U.S. cities in its Digital Cities Survey in 2020.[70][71][72]
In 2022,Liccardo appointed Clay Garner to lead the Mayor's Office of Technology and Innovation.[73][74]
Throughout Liccardo's tenure, many San Jose residents suffered under very high rent burdens attributable in part to California's housing shortage.[75] To boost housing supply, Liccardo led efforts to reduce fees on construction of granny units and Downtown high-rises,[76][77] increase housing densities—including such innovative approaches such as "coliving—near transit, and streamline approvals of "backyard homes," also known as alternate dwelling units.[78][79]
Liccardo has also pushed for more public resources for affordable housing, building on his work on inclusionary housing as a councilmember. In 2018, he led a coalition of affordable housing advocates to propose Measure V, a $450million housing bond measure which secured 64% of the vote, but still narrowly failed due to California's 2/3 threshold for passage of bond measures.[80][81][82] Liccardo vowed to push to find a successful alternative, and in 2019, he partnered with SiliconValley@Home and other affordable housing organizations to put Measure E—a supplemental transfer tax on properties sold for $2million or more—on the March 2020 ballot. The measure passed with 53% support, and will generate up to an estimated $70million annually for affordable housing and homeless response.[83][84][85]
San Jose's efforts to house its 6,000 homeless residents have been hindered by the extremely high costs of housing construction in the region.[86] In response, Liccardo pushed to find more innovative, cost-effective ways to house the homeless, including the use of prefabricated and modular construction,[87][88] construction of "tiny homes,"[89] and the rehabilitation of deteriorating motels.[90][91][92] With the non-profit Destination:Home, he also pushed to find collaborative approaches with landlords to take more homeless veterans as tenants; on Veteran's Day in 2015, he and Santa Clara County Supervisor Dave Cortese launched the "All the Way Home" campaign with Destination:Home.[93] One year after launching the program, the group announced it had found homes for more than 500 homeless veterans, and had housed 1,940 by 2020.[94][95]
In late 2017, Liccardo called for the construction of 25,000 new housing units in San Jose, including 10,000 affordable units.[96][97] Liccardo since publicly admitted that the lack of housing affordability and homelessness have persisted as crises for which he had made insufficient progress,[98] and is very unlikely to reach those goals, particularly as a severe recession, pandemic, the failure of Measure V, and high construction costs[99][86] have inhibited progress.
2017 Coyote Creek flood
On February 21–22, 2017, after one month of heavy rainfall, Anderson Dam overspilled, causing the Coyote Creekflooded in central San Jose, displacing 14,000 people. Residents complained that the city failed to uphold its duty to protect and warn its citizens. Liccardo and other city officials accepted responsibility for failures to warn residents in their emergency response, but also pointed to very inaccurate flood projections and warnings from the regional agency responsible for flood protection in the County, the Santa Clara Valley Water District.[100][101]
Environment and energy
Liccardo's environmental initiatives have focused on preserving open space, halting sprawling development, launching a community choice energy program, and reducing GhG emissions in energy consumption, building design, and transportation. In 2015, Liccardo publicly expressed a desire to halt plans for large-scale development in Coyote Valley—an environmentally sensitive, little-developed area south of San Jose—instead preserving it as wildlife habitat and open space for future generations.[102] Working with the Peninsula Open Space Trust and the Open Space Authority, a plan was assembled to purchase large tracts of land to preserve the Valley, using philanthropic and public sources. In 2018, Liccardo proposed and led Measure T, a bond measure that would enable the use of $50million for purchase of open space to risks of flooding and wildfires, targeting Coyote Valley.[103][104] After overwhelming support of Measure T from the electorate[103] the City worked with POST and OSA to consummate a transaction for almost 1,000 acres of land, and the Council unanimously approved it.[105][106][107]
In 2018, the development company Ponderosa Homes sought to build approximately 1,000 single-family luxury homes in the mostly undeveloped Evergreen foothills of San Jose, in contravention of the city's General Plan. They spent $6million to urge voters to approve Measure B what they characterized as the "Evergreen Senior Homes Initiative."[108] Liccardo led a coalition of environmental organizations, neighborhood leaders, and community groups to defeat Measure B despite being badly outspent.[109][110][111][108] Liccardo and the group further proposed and won voter approval for another initiative, Measure C, which sharply limits development in the hillsides and rural edges of the city, to avoid future attempts by developers to bypass the General Plan with heavily funded ballot measures.[112]
Under Liccardo's tenure, San Jose followed an aggressive agenda to decarbonize its grid and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In May 2017, Liccardo urged, and the San Jose City Council unanimously agreed to launch a Community Choice Energy program, becoming the largest city in the country to do so.[113] Mayor Liccardo advocated for the adoption of a Community Choice Energy program as a way to take action against climate change while President Trump's administration turned back to fossil fuels.[114][unreliable source?] San Jose Clean Energy, as the new utility is called, provides nearly every San Jose resident and business with electricity generated 92% from carbon-free sources, such as solar and hydroelectric.[115] Two years later, San Jose became the largest U.S. city to adopt mandates of all-electric new construction for all new buildings, with a few limited exceptions.[116][117]
Economic development
During Liccardo's tenure prior to the pandemic, San Jose underwent an unprecedented expansion of tech employers, with announcements of new campuses from major companies such as Amazon,[118]Apple, Google, Micron,[119]Microsoft,[120][121]NetApp,[122]Verizon,[123] and Western Digital,[124] as well as fast-growing tech companies, such as Okta,[125]Roku,[126]Splunk,[127][128] and Supermicro.[129] San Jose also saw major expansions from its headquartered companies, such as Adobe,[130]Broadcom,[131] and Zoom.[129] Liccardo's relationship with technology companies, and particularly his fundraising from tech companies for philanthropic and political purposes, became a topic of ongoing media scrutiny.[132]
Although Liccardo aggressively sought to lure and grow tech in San Jose, he adamantly refused to offer any public subsidies—through incentives, tax breaks, or fee reductions—for that purpose, insisting that tech leaders placed far greater emphasis on access to talent and infrastructure, and that any public expenditure would be wasted.[133] After Amazon generated extensive national news coverage for its "beauty contest" of cites for its "HQ2" campus, Liccardo wrote an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal asserting that San Jose would not offer any public subsidies or tax breaks—and urging other cities to follow suit.[134]
The planned Google development in San Jose's Downtown West—comprising more than six million square feet of office space, retail, restaurants, and thousands of apartments in an urban village around the Downtown transit center, became a major focus during Liccardo's tenure.[135][136] For several years before the 2017 announcement, Liccardo had repeatedly sought to encourage Google to consider a Downtown campus, and in late 2016, met with executives to discuss plans for an expansive project that would comprise twice the size of Apple's nearby global headquarters.
Although the project appeared popular with most San Jose residents, based on polling showing more than 70% support for the development,[137] a growing tech backlash, or "techlash" emerged from some progressive and union-affiliated groups over the impact of tech's growth on rising housing costs and displacement.[138] They protested over the impacts of Google's growth on homelessness and already-high housing costs,[139] and criticized Liccardo for his private meetings with Google executives for several months prior to the June 2017 public announcement of the deal, as well as his signing of a "nondisclosure agreement" during the time in which the company sought to avoid the price-inflating effect of public knowledge of Google's intentions while it was purchasing dozens of privately owned parcels in the Downtown area.[140] Liccardo countered that no negotiation with Google over the public land purchase transpired until after the public announcement, and that dozens of public meetings transpired to ensure full scrutiny of the project before Council approval.[141] Liccardo was also criticized for failing to disclose a Downtown condominium that his wife owned prior to their 2013 marriage until 2018—a disclosure that occurred prior to the Council's approval of the Google deal, but after negotiations had commenced. Liccardo apologized for failing to sooner include his wife's property in his annual public financial disclosures, but the City Attorney concluded that there was no legal conflict of interest because the condo was not sufficiently proximate to the project. Liccardo also owns his home Downtown, which has been publicly disclosed since 2008.[142][143][140]
Through negotiations with the City, Google ultimately agreed to purchase the public land at an elevated price, and through a public Memorandum of Understanding, Google committed to build thousands of apartments and condos, and that 25% would be rent-restricted and affordable. Google further agreed to pay millions in "commercial impact" fees for affordable housing, and when combined with other amenities and community benefits, agreed to more than $1billion in public commitments.[144][145][135][146] Google made a separate public commitment of a $1billion revolving fund to finance affordable housing in the San Jose metro area.[147] In May 2021, the Council unanimously approved the project.[144]
Since the pandemic, San Jose suffered severe job losses, which disproportionately impacted low- and modest- income residents in East San Jose. In response, Liccardo partnered with several organizations, including Destination:Home, Cisco Systems, and the County of Santa Clara to launch the Silicon Valley Strong Fund to support struggling families and small businesses. Within a month, the group raised more than $20 million of private donations[148] which the City matched with federal Cares Act dollars as well to provide local direct relief for struggling families.[149] Nonetheless, the pandemic resulted in the loss of many small businesses. Liccardo's efforts to mitigate those devastating losses have primarily focused on "San Jose Al Fresco," an initiative to enable restaurants, retailers, and service businesses to operate safely outdoors, the facilitation of small business grants and loans through a one-stop website (SiliconValleyStrong.org), and a buy-local campaign.
2018 election
Liccardo faced no major challengers in his reelection bid, with the Mercury News reporting ahead of the June 2018 primary election that he was "virtually guaranteed to win."[150] Liccardo was elected to a second term of office on June 5, 2018, winning support of 76% of the voters.[151][109]
Gun violence reduction
San Jose endured two mass shootings during Liccardo's tenure, including one that captured national attention in May 2021 at a transit rail yard that left ten transit workers dead. Liccardo introduced several measures to reduce gun violence, such as an ordinance to crack down on criminal organizations utilizing “straw purchasers”[152][153] to buy firearms at stores to evade criminal background checks, and one to close a then-existing loophole in federal and state prohibitions on the possession and sale of ghost guns.[154]
In 2019, Liccardo announced[155] a first-in-the-nation initiative to require that gun owners pay annual fees to fund violence-reduction efforts, and to retain liability insurance. Liccardo explained[156] that nothing about the ordinance would take anyone’s gun away, but merely to incentivize safer gun ownership, which “could save lives[4] in a nation where 4.6 million children[157] live in a home where a gun is kept loaded and unlocked.”[156] It could also facilitate distribution of funds to target mental health, suicide prevention, and other services for those people at greatest risk– residents of homes in which a gun is owned,[158] according to multiple studies. After extensive study and debate, the San Jose City Council passed the measure in 2022.[159] Several gun rights organizations sued the City immediately.
In the following two years, a U.S. District Court[160] and a U.S. Appellate Court[161] upheld the ordinance against constitutional challenges. In the meantime, the initiative spurred several state legislators–such as in California[162] and New Jersey[155] – to introduce similar requirements of their own, often referencing San Jose’s spearheading efforts.
Public records lawsuit
In 2022, Liccardo and the City of San Jose were sued for alleged failure to disclose official communications in violation of the California Public Records Act.[163] The lawsuit was brought by non-profit news outlet San José Spotlight and the First Amendment Coalition after Liccardo denied the existence of and refused to find official communications on his personal email account in previous public records requests.[164] On August 29, 2023, a Santa Clara County Superior Court Judge ruled against Liccardo and the City for failing to locate public records at the center of the case and further admonished the use of personal accounts to conduct official public business.[165][166] The City of San Jose was ordered to pay $500,000 for the plaintiff's legal fees.[167]
In December 2023, Liccardo announced his intention to run for California's 16th congressional district, which was held by retiring incumbent Anna Eshoo.[168] He advanced to the general election a week after finishing first in the March 2024 primary, and was expected to face Evan Low and Joe Simitian in an unusual general election after a tie for second place in the initially certified results.[169]
Two voters in the district submitted recount requests: Jonathan Padilla, a past Liccardo campaign employee,[170] and Dan Stegink, a former San Mateo County Supervisor candidate.[171] A spokesperson for the Liccardo campaign said in response to the Low campaign's allegations of coordination that the campaign was unaffiliated with the recount requests.[172] Low attempted to stop the recount by sending a letter to the Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters, but his request was denied.[173]
A formal complaint to the Federal Election Commission was filed against Padilla and the Liccardo campaign on April 19, alleging illegal coordination between the campaign and a Super PAC as well as improper use of funds for the recount, citing a poll allegedly from Liccardo's campaign testing two-way and three-way match-ups prior to the recount requests.[174] Liccardo released an op-ed in the San Jose Spotlight on April 29, reaffirming that "neither [he] nor anyone in [his] campaign has communicated with Padilla or his donors about the recount."[175]
At the conclusion of the recount, in which several ballots not previously counted were deemed admissible, Simitian was ultimately eliminated and Low advanced to the general election by a 5-vote margin.[176]
On May 20, Neighbors for Results, the super PAC supporting Liccardo almost entirely funded by billionaire Michael Bloomberg, disclosed that it paid $102,000 to the group which funded the recount, Count the Vote PAC,[177][178] and local media have noted past connections between Bloomberg and Liccardo, including Bloomberg Philanthropies previously selecting San Jose, which Liccardo was then mayor of, for funding and resources in 2018, later followed by Liccardo endorsing and serving as a state co-chair on his presidential campaign.[179][180]
Personal life
Sam Liccardo married Jessica Garcia-Kohl in 2013.[181] He was named for his paternal grandfather, who owned and operated a neighborhood grocery store in downtown San Jose, the Notre Dame Market. Liccardo is of Sicilian and Irish descent, and also of Mexican and Californio ancestry, tracing his ancestors to the early Mexican settlers of the Bay Area and to more recent Mexican immigrants who worked in the Alamaden mines.[182]
Liccardo made an appearance in Episode 1 of Season 6 of the HBO series Silicon Valley.[183]
San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the largest city in Northern California by both population and area. With a 2022 population of 971,233, it is the most populous city in both the Bay Area and the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Combined Statistical Area—which in 2022 had a population of 7.5 million and 9.0 million respectively—the third-most populous city in California after Los Angeles and San Diego, and the 13th-most populous in the United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay, San Jose covers an area of 179.97 sq mi (466.1 km2). San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County and the main component of the San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area, with an estimated population of around two million residents in 2018.
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Sunnyvale is a city located in the Santa Clara Valley in northwest Santa Clara County in the U.S. state of California.
The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, more commonly known simply as the Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), is a special district responsible for public transit services, congestion management, specific highway improvement projects, and countywide transportation planning for Santa Clara County, California. It serves San Jose, California, and the surrounding Silicon Valley. It is one of the governing parties for the Caltrain commuter rail line that serves the county. In 2023, the VTA's public transportation services had a combined ridership of 26,610,000, or about 94,100 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2024.
Bellarmine College Preparatory is an all-boys, Jesuit, private secondary school located in San Jose, California. Founded on May 8, 1851, it is the oldest Jesuit secondary school in California and the second-oldest west of the Mississippi River.
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David Dominic Cortese is an elected official from San Jose, California. He is currently serving in the California State Senate, representing District 15, which encompasses a majority of Santa Clara County. Before being elected to the California State Senate, Cortese served on the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors for 12 years, as a Councilmember and Vice Mayor for the City of San Jose for eight years, and for eight years as a trustee for the East Side Union High School District in San Jose. Cortese ran for mayor of San Jose and won the primary, losing the general election to District 3 councilmember Sam Liccardo.
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The Silicon Valley BART extension is an ongoing effort to expand the Green and Orange Line service by Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) into Santa Clara County via the East Bay from its former terminus at the Fremont station in Alameda County. Planned since at least 1981, the project has seven stations in three sequential phases.
The 2014 San Jose mayoral election was held on June 3, 2014, to elect the Mayor of San Jose, California. Councilmember Sam Liccardo defeated Santa Clara County Supervisor Dave Cortese in a runoff on November 4, 2014.
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Matthew William Mahan is an American politician and tech entrepreneur who has served as the mayor of San Jose since 2023. He previously served as the District 10 Councilmember representing the Almaden Valley, Blossom Valley, and Vista Park neighborhoods. Mahan also served as the co-founder and CEO of Brigade Media, a tech company focused on civic engagement.
Second Harvest of Silicon Valley is a food bank based in San Jose, California, that serves Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, including Silicon Valley and the San Francisco Peninsula. With $136 million in revenue in 2019, it is the largest food bank in the San Francisco Bay Area and the 12th largest in the United States. As of 2020, it serves about 500,000 people on average per month. It is affiliated with Feeding America, a national network of food banks, as well as the California Association of Food Banks. Leslie Bacho is the organization's chief executive officer.
The 2022 San Jose mayoral election was held on November 8, 2022, to elect the next mayor of San Jose for a two-year term. A top-two primary was held on June 7, 2022, and no candidate received more than 50% in this primary election. Santa Clara County Supervisor Cindy Chavez and San Jose City Councilmember Matt Mahan advanced to a November 8 runoff election. On November 16, Cindy Chavez conceded the race to Matt Mahan.
The 2024 California's 16th congressional district election was held on November 5, 2024, to elect the United States representative for California's 16th congressional district. The election was held concurrently with elections for the other U.S. House districts in California and the rest of the country, as well as the 2024 U.S. Senate race in California, other elections to the United States Senate, and various state and local elections. The primary election was held on March 5, 2024, concurrently with the Super Tuesday presidential primaries.
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