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John Hans Krebs | |
---|---|
![]() Krebs, c. 1975 | |
Member of the U.S.HouseofRepresentatives from California's 17th district | |
In office January 3, 1975 –January 3, 1979 | |
Preceded by | Bob Mathias |
Succeeded by | Charles Pashayan,Jr. |
Personal details | |
Born | John Hans Krebs December 17,1926 Berlin,Weimar Republic (now Germany) |
Died | November 10,2014 87) Fresno,California,U.S. | (aged
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | Hanna Krebs |
Education | University of California at Berkeley (AB) University of California,Hastings (JD) |
Profession | Attorney |
Military service | |
Allegiance | ![]() ![]() |
Branch/service | ![]() Haganah |
Years of service | 1945 (Haganah) 1952 – 1954 (U.S. Army) |
Rank | Corporal (U.S. Army) |
John Hans Krebs (December 17,1926 –November 10,2014) was an Israeli-American politician and attorney who served two terms as a U.S. Representative for California's 17th congressional district from 1975 to 1979.
Born in 1926 in Berlin,then in the Weimar Republic (now Germany),Krebs moved to British-mandated Palestine in 1933 and attended Balfour School (elementary),1937. He graduated from Ben Yehuda College in 1945. As a young man,he volunteered for Haganah,a Jewish paramilitary group that supported the creation of an Israeli state. Afterward,he immigrated to America in 1946 and obtained United States citizenship in 1954. He earned an A.B.,University of California at Berkeley in 1950 and an LL.B. from the University of California,Hastings College of the Law in 1957.
He was admitted to the California bar in 1957 and commenced practice in Fresno in 1958. He served in United States Army from 1952 to 1954 and was a translator stationed in Germany. While in the army,he was a corporal in the infantry. [1] Krebs served as a member of the Fresno County Planning Commission from 1965 to 1969 and on the Fresno County Board of Supervisors from 1970 to 1974. He served as delegate,California State Democratic convention,1966.
Krebs was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-fourth Congress,defeating four-term Republican Bob Mathias by a 52% to 48% margin. He served in the Ninety-fourth and Ninety-fifth Congresses (January 3,1975 –January 3,1979). Because he grew up in the British League of Nations Mandate of Palestine (known as Mandatory Palestine) and held a passport from Mandatory Palestine before emigrating to the United States,Krebs is considered by The Jewish Press to have been the first Palestinian American to serve in Congress. [2] However,other sources,including Haaretz,consider John E. Sununu to have been the first Palestinian American to have served in Congress. [3]
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978 to the Ninety-sixth Congress,losing to Charles Pashayan,Jr.
He was a resident of Fresno,California.
Krebs died on November 10,2014,in Fresno,California. [4] The John Krebs Wilderness in Sequoia National Park was named after him in 2009. [5]
Palestinians are an Arab ethnonational group native to the region of Palestine.
The history of the State of Palestine describes the creation and evolution of the State of Palestine in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. During the British mandate period,numerous plans of partition of Palestine were proposed but without the agreement of all parties. In 1947,the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was voted for. The leaders of the Jewish Agency for Palestine accepted parts of the plan,while Arab leaders refused it. This triggered the 1947–1949 Palestine war and led,in 1948,to the establishment of the state of Israel on a part of Mandate Palestine as the Mandate came to an end.
The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations to partition Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. Drafted by the U.N. Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) on 3 September 1947,the Plan was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 29 November 1947 as Resolution 181 (II). The resolution recommended the creation of independent but economically linked Arab and Jewish States and an extraterritorial "Special International Regime" for the city of Jerusalem and its surroundings.
A homeland for the Jewish people is an idea rooted in Jewish history,religion,and culture. The Jewish aspiration to return to Zion,generally associated with divine redemption,has suffused Jewish religious thought since the destruction of the First Temple and the Babylonian exile.
The one-state solution is a proposed approach to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. It stipulates the establishment of a single state within the boundaries of what was Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948,today consisting of the combined territory of Israel and the State of Palestine. The term one-state reality describes the belief that the current situation of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict on the ground is that of one de facto country. The one-state solution is sometimes referred to as the bi-national state,owing to the hope that it would successfully deliver self-determination to Israelis and Palestinians in one country,thus granting both peoples independence as well as absolute access to all of the land.
The Jewish National Fund is a non-profit organization founded in 1901 to buy land and encourage Jewish resettlement in Ottoman Syria for Jewish settlement. By 2007,it owned 13% of the total land in Israel. Since its inception,the JNF has planted over 240 million trees in Israel. It has also built 180 dams and reservoirs,developed 250,000 acres (1,000 km2) of land and established more than 1,000 parks.
The Jordanian administration of the West Bank officially began on 24 April 1950,and ended with the decision to sever ties on 31 July 1988. The period started during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War,when Jordan occupied and subsequently annexed the portion of Mandatory Palestine that became known as the West Bank,including East Jerusalem. The territory remained under Jordanian control until it was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six Day War and eventually Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in 1988.
The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members:Egypt,Iraq,Transjordan,Lebanon,Saudi Arabia,and Syria. Yemen joined on 5 May 1945. Since its formation the Arab League has promoted the Palestinian Arab cause in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict,including by imposing the Arab League boycott of Israel. The Arab League opposed the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947. On 15 May 1948,the then seven Arab League members coordinated an invasion of what was by then the former British Mandate,marking the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
The Green Line,or 1949 Armistice border,is the demarcation line set out in the 1949 Armistice Agreements between the armies of Israel and those of its neighbors after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It served as the de facto borders of the State of Israel from 1949 until the Six-Day War in 1967,and continues to represent Israel's internationally recognized borders with the two Palestinian territories:the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
The Arab–Israeli conflict began in the 20th century,evolving from earlier Intercommunal violence in Mandatory Palestine. The conflict became a major international issue with the birth of Israel in 1948. The Arab–Israeli conflict has resulted in at least five major wars and a number of minor conflicts. It has also been the source of two major Palestinian uprisings (intifadas).
The Arab–Israeli conflict is the phenomenon involving political tension,military conflicts,and other disputes between various Arab countries and Israel,which escalated during the 20th century. The roots of the Arab–Israeli conflict have been attributed to the support by Arab League member countries for the Palestinians,a fellow League member,in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict;this in turn has been attributed to the simultaneous rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 19th century,though the two national movements had not clashed until the 1920s.
The Palestinian right of return is the political position or principle that Palestinian refugees,both first-generation refugees and their descendants,have a right to return and a right to the property they themselves or their forebears left behind or were forced to leave in what is now Israel and the Palestinian territories during the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight and the 1967 Six-Day War.
Issues relating to the State of Palestine and aspects of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict occupy continuous debates,resolutions,and resources at the United Nations. Since its founding in 1948,the United Nations Security Council,as of January 2010,has adopted 79 resolutions directly related to the Arab–Israeli conflict.
The Palestinian people are an ethnonational group with family origins in the region of Palestine. Since 1964,they have been referred to as Palestinians,but before that they were usually referred to as Palestinian Arabs. During the period of the British Mandate,the term Palestinian was also used to describe the Jewish community living in Palestine.
In the 1948 Palestine war,more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs –about half of Mandatory Palestine's predominantly Arab population –were expelled or fled from their homes,at first by Zionist paramilitaries,and after the establishment of Israel,by its military. The expulsion and flight was a central component of the fracturing,dispossession,and displacement of Palestinian society,known as the Nakba. Dozens of massacres targeting Arabs were conducted by Israeli military forces and between 400 and 600 Palestinian villages were destroyed. Village wells were poisoned in a biological warfare programme and properties were looted to prevent Palestinian refugees from returning. Other sites were subject to Hebraization of Palestinian place names.
Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.
The two-state solution is a proposed approach to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict,by creating two states on the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine. It is often contrasted with the one-state solution,which is the establishment a single state in former Mandatory Palestine with equal rights for all its inhabitants. The two-state solution is supported by many countries,and the Palestinian Authority. Israel currently does not support the idea,though it has in the past.
The 1948 Palestine war was fought in the territory of what had been,at the start of the war,British-ruled Mandatory Palestine. During the war,the British withdrew from Palestine,Zionist forces conquered territory and established the State of Israel,and over 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled. It was the first war of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the broader Arab–Israeli conflict.
Palestinian nationalism is the national movement of the Palestinian people that espouses self-determination and sovereignty over the region of Palestine. Originally formed in the early 20th century in opposition to Zionism,Palestinian nationalism later internationalized and attached itself to other ideologies;it has thus rejected the occupation of the Palestinian territories by the government of Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War. Palestinian nationalists often draw upon broader political traditions in their ideology,such as Arab socialism and ethnic nationalism in the context of Muslim religious nationalism. Related beliefs have shaped the government of Palestine and continue to do so.
The American Muslims for Palestine (AMP) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 2006.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress