Ralph Norman

Last updated

Elaine Rice
​
(m. 1974)​
Ralph Norman
Ralph Norman official photo (cropped 3).jpg
Official portrait, 2017
Member of the U.S.HouseofRepresentatives
from South Carolina's 5th district
Assumed office
June 20, 2017
Children4
Education Presbyterian College (BS)
Signature Ralph Norman's signature.jpg
Website House website
Ralph Norman's voice
Ralph Norman honors deceased World War II veteran Grover C. Fewox
Recorded September 27, 2018

Ralph Warren Norman Jr. (born June 20, 1953) is an American real estate developer and politician who has served as the U.S. representative for South Carolina's 5th congressional district since 2017. [1] His district includes most of the South Carolina side of the Charlotte metropolitan area, along with outer portions of the Upstate and Midlands. A member of the Republican Party, Norman served as the South Carolina state representative for the 48th district from 2005 to 2007 and from 2009 to 2017.

Contents

Norman won a special election after Mick Mulvaney vacated his seat in Congress upon being appointed director of the Office of Management and Budget by President Donald Trump. As of 2019, with a net worth of $18.3 million, Norman is the 28th wealthiest member of Congress. [2] Govtrack.us ranked Norman as the most conservative member of the 117th Congress as of February 2023. [3]

He advocated for the implementation of martial law to prevent the peaceful transfer of power to President-elect Joe Biden in January 2021. [4] [5]

Early life and education

Norman was born in York County, South Carolina. He received a bachelor's degree in business from Presbyterian College in 1975.

Career

Norman resides in Rock Hill, where he is a real estate developer at the Warren Norman Company, a business founded by and named after Norman's father.

South Carolina House of Representatives

In 2004, Norman was elected to serve District 48 in the South Carolina House of Representatives, winning a three-way Republican primary outright with 52% of the vote. After one term, Norman chose not to run for reelection so he could become the 2006 Republican candidate for U.S. Congress in South Carolina's 5th congressional district against John Spratt. [6] He lost to Spratt.

On November 3, 2009, Norman defeated Democrat Kathy Cantrell in a special election to reclaim his old seat. [7]

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2017 special election

In December 2016, President Donald Trump nominated Mick Mulvaney for Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). [8] At the time, Mulvaney represented South Carolina's 5th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives. Shortly after the nomination, and in anticipation that Mulvaney's seat in Congress would be vacated once the United States Senate confirmed him, Norman announced his intention to resign from the South Carolina House of Representatives to run for Congress. [9] [10] [11]

On May 16, 2017, Norman won a Republican primary runoff election against Tommy Pope by a margin of 0.6%, triggering an automatic recount per South Carolina state law. [12] [13] Following that recount, the South Carolina State Election Commission certified Norman as the Republican nominee on May 19, 2017. With 35,425 votes cast, Norman received 17,823 to Pope's 17,602, a 221-vote difference. [14]

Having secured the Republican nomination, Norman faced Democratic nominee Sumter attorney Archie Parnell in a special election on June 20. Norman received 51.0% of the vote to Parnell's 47.9%. [15]

Norman was sworn into office on June 26, 2017. [16]

2018

Norman being interviewed in 2019 2018-02-01 - WBTV Interview - congressional capture.jpg
Norman being interviewed in 2019

On March 19, 2018, Norman filed for reelection with the South Carolina Election Commission. [17] Facing no primary challengers, he secured the Republican party nomination after the primary election on June 12. [18]

Meanwhile, Parnell chose to run again for South Carolina's 5th Congressional District seat. [19] He defeated three opponents to win the Democratic nomination, and faced Norman again in the general election. [20]

The general election was on November 6. Norman was reelected with 57.0% of the vote to Parnell's 41.5%. [21] State and national Democrats had distanced themselves from Parnell after news broke that he had abused his first wife. [22]

2020

Norman filed for reelection on March 16, 2020. [23] He secured the Republican nomination after facing no Republican challengers in the primary election on June 12. [24]

Norman went on to defeat Democrat Mauricus "Moe" Brown in the general election on November 3. He received 60.1% of the vote to Brown's 39.9%. [25]

Tenure

As of the 117th Congress, Norman voted with President Joe Biden's stated position 2% of the time according to a FiveThirtyEight analysis. [26]

Kavanaugh hearings joke

On September 20, 2018, at an election debate for the Republican nomination, Norman joked about sexual assault allegations against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh. He kicked off the debate by asking the audience, "Did y'all hear this latest late-breaking news on the Kavanaugh hearings? ... Ruth Bader Ginsburg came out saying she was groped by Abraham Lincoln." [27]

Firearm incident

Norman speaking in Camden, SC at the reburial ceremony of 13 American Revolutionary War soldiers. Ralph Norman speaking in Camden, SC.png
Norman speaking in Camden, SC at the reburial ceremony of 13 American Revolutionary War soldiers.

At a public meeting for constituents on April 6, 2018, Norman engaged in a conversation with representatives from Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America (MDA). [28] During that conversation, he placed his .38-caliber Smith & Wesson handgun on the table to illustrate his belief that "gun violence is a spiritual, mental or people issue, not a gun issue." [28] According to Norman, the loaded firearm was visible for "maybe a minute, or two minutes" and was never pointed at any individual, [29] [30] but MDA representatives who were seated at the table with Norman said the firearm was visible for "five to 10 minutes" and that they felt unsafe. [30] [31] Norman holds a concealed weapons permit issued by South Carolina. [32]

The incident sparked widespread criticism of Norman. [33] On April 9, 2018, South Carolina Democratic Party Chair Trav Robertson wrote the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division a letter requesting felony charges against Norman for his conduct. [34] The case was originally assigned to South Carolina 16th Solicitor Kevin Brackett, but Brackett recused himself, citing a "personal friendship" with Norman. [35] The issue was then forwarded to South Carolina Attorney General Alan Wilson, who declined to press charges, stating that Norman's actions did not "warrant a criminal investigation" or constitute "a prosecutable offense." [36] [37]

Conservative Political Action Conference attendance

In late February 2021, Norman and a dozen other Republican House members skipped votes and enlisted others to vote for them, citing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. But he and the other members were actually attending the Conservative Political Action Conference, which was held at the same time as their slated absences. [38] In response, the Campaign for Accountability, an ethics watchdog group, filed a complaint with the House Committee on Ethics and requested an investigation into Norman and the other lawmakers. [39]

Conservative Opportunity Society

In 2021, Norman was elected chair of the Conservative Opportunity Society. [40]

COVID-19 pandemic

In 2021, Norman violated House rules by not wearing a face mask in the House Chamber and was fined $500 as provided by the rules. Despite committing the infraction, he and two other Republican lawmakers sued Speaker Pelosi over the incident. Norman tested positive for COVID-19 on August 5, 2021, and reported that he had been fully vaccinated and had only mild symptoms. [41]

Federal loans

In August 2022, Norman criticized President Joe Biden for forgiving up to $10,000 of student loan debt for eligible borrowers. Norman was criticized for hypocrisy because he had $306,520 of debt from his PPP loan forgiven. [42]

Biden impeachment inquiry

Norman supported the inquiry into an impeachment of Joe Biden, and said on the House floor that Biden would need to "prove" his innocence:

The evidence, I think, as things come out, will finally show what the trail is, and the fact that there are consequences. You cannot just say you are innocent and not have to prove it. [43]

Political positions

Steve King

In 2019, Norman joined a small group of House Republicans who sought to reinstate Representative Steve King on House committees. [44] King had lost his committee positions due to a series of racist and white nationalist remarks. [45] The group included Louie Gohmert and Paul Gosar. [44] King was not reinstated.

Donald Trump

Norman was described as a Trump ally during Donald Trump's presidency. [46] After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump made claims of election fraud, Norman called for an investigation into fraud. [47]

In December 2020, Norman was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump. [48] The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state. [49] [50] [51]

On October 31, 2019, Norman voted with his fellow Republicans in opposition to a resolution outlining rules for then-ongoing impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. [52] [53] On December 18, 2019, Norman voted against both of the articles of impeachment of the first impeachment of President Trump. [54] [55]

After Trump was impeached for his role in inciting a pro-Trump mob to storm the U.S. Capitol over false claims of election fraud, Norman criticized Representative Liz Cheney for voting to impeach Trump. Norman said he was "bothered by Cheney's attitude". [56] Norman himself voted against the second impeachment of Trump. [57] On January 17, 2021, Norman sent a text message to White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows asking him to urge President Trump to invoke martial law (misspelling it 'Marshall Law') to prevent the inauguration of Joe Biden. [58] [5]

However, Norman endorsed longtime ally Nikki Haley for president over Trump in the 2024 Republican primaries.

Biden administration

Norman is a supporter of efforts to impeach President Biden. During the 117th United States Congress, he co-sponsored two resolutions to impeach Biden. [59] [60] He also co-sponsored resolutions to impeach Vice President Kamala Harris, [61] Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas, [62] and Secretary of State Antony Blinken. [57]

U.S. Capitol Police

In June 2021, Norman was one of 21 House Republicans to vote against a resolution to give the Congressional Gold Medal to police officers who defended the U.S. Capitol on January 6. [63]

Juneteenth

In June 2021, Norman was one of 14 House Republicans to vote against legislation to establish June 19, or Juneteenth, as a federal holiday. [64]

Afghanistan

In July 2021, Norman was one of five House Republicans to vote against a bill that clears $2.1 billion for Afghan visas and Capitol Hill security. [65]

Ukraine

In February 2022, Norman co-sponsored the Secure America's Borders First Act, which would prohibit the expenditure or obligation of military and security assistance to Kyiv over the U.S. border with Mexico. [66]

Syria

In 2023, Norman was among 47 Republicans to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days. [67] [68]

Somalia

In 2023, Norman was among 52 Republicans that voted in favor H.Con.Res. 30, which would remove American troops from Somalia. [69] [70]

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023

Norman was among the 71 Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 in the House. [71]

Committee assignments

Caucus memberships

Personal life

Norman and his wife, Elaine, have four children and 17 grandchildren. [80]

Norman is a Presbyterian. [81]

Electoral history

South Carolina's 5th congressional district special election Republican primary, 2017 [82] [83]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Tommy Pope 11,943 30.4%
Republican Ralph Norman 11,808 30.1%
Republican Tom Mullikin7,75919.8%
Republican Chad Connelly5,54614.1%
Republican Sheri Few1,9304.9%
Republican Kris Wampler1970.5%
Republican Ray Craig870.2%
Total votes39,270 100.0%
Runoff election
Republican Ralph Norman 17,823 50.3%
Republican Tommy Pope17,60249.7%
Total votes35,425 100.0%
South Carolina's 5th congressional district special election, 2017 [84]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Republican Ralph Norman 45,076 51.0% -8.0%
Democratic Archie Parnell 42,34147.9%+9.2%
American Josh Thornton3190.4%-1.7%
Libertarian Victor Kocher2730.3%N/A
Green David Kulma2420.3%N/A
Write-In Write-in650.1%+0.3%
Total votes88,316 100.0%
Republican hold
South Carolina's 5th congressional district, 2018
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Ralph Norman (incumbent) 141,757 57.0
Democratic Archie Parnell 103,12941.5
Constitution Michael Chandler3,4431.4
n/a Write-ins2500.1
Total votes248,579 100.0
Republican hold

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References

  1. ↑ "Bioguide Search". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Ranking the Net Worth of the 115th" . Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Report Cards for 2022 - Ideology Score - All Representatives". GovTrack.us. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  4. ↑ Walker, Hunter; Kovensky, Josh; Yücel, Emine (December 12, 2022). "Mark Meadows Exchanged Texts With 34 Members Of Congress About Plans To Overturn The 2020 Election". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  5. 1 2 Woodward, Alex (December 15, 2022). "White House responds to revelation of text from GOP lawmaker". The Independent . Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  6. ↑ Lyman, Rick (April 14, 2006). "Seeing Plausible Target, Republicans Take Aim at a Democratic Seat in South Carolina". The New York Times.
  7. ↑ "Norman Returned To SC State House | FITSNews". FITSNews. November 4, 2009. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Trump picks US Rep. Mulvaney to head White House budget office". CNBC . Reuters. December 16, 2016. Archived from the original on December 17, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
  9. ↑ Marchant, Bristow (February 2, 2017). "What happens after SC's Mulvaney gets Trump's budget job?". The State. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  10. ↑ "Ralph Norman to run for Congress – if Mick Mulvaney takes Trump budget job". charlotteobserver. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  11. ↑ "SC legislator resigns seat to run for Congress". thestate. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  12. ↑ "SC – Election Results". www.enr-scvotes.org. South Carolina Election Commission. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Recount needed: Norman edges Pope by 203 votes in GOP 5th District runoff". heraldonline. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  14. ↑ "SC – Election Results". www.enr-scvotes.org. South Carolina Election Commission. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  15. ↑ "SC – Election Results". www.enr-scvotes.org. South Carolina Election Commission. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  16. ↑ Dumain, Emma (June 26, 2017). "South Carolina U.S. House Delegation Now Complete with Swearing-In of Republican Ralph Norman". The Post and Courier . Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Candidate Detail". info.scvotes.sc.gov. South Carolina Election Commission. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  18. ↑ "South Carolina's 5th Congressional District election, 2018". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  19. ↑ Kropf, Schuyler (October 9, 2017). "Sumter Democrat Archie Parnell running for Congress again vs. Republican Ralph Norman". The Post and Courier . Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  20. ↑ "Election Night Reporting". www.enr-scvotes.org. South Carolina Election Commission. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  21. ↑ "Election Night Reporting". www.enr-scvotes.org. South Carolina Election Commission. November 27, 2018.
  22. ↑ Andrews, Becca (June 8, 2018). "This South Carolina primary will test whether Democrats are willing to overlook domestic violence". Mother Jones. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  23. ↑ "Candidate Detail". info.scvotes.sc.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  24. ↑ "South Carolina's 5th Congressional District election, 2020 (June 9 Republican primary)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  25. ↑ "South Carolina Election Results: Fifth Congressional District". The New York Times . November 3, 2020. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  26. ↑ Bycoffe, Aaron; Wiederkehr, Anna (April 22, 2021). "Does Your Member Of Congress Vote With Or Against Biden?". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  27. ↑ Thebault, Reis (September 20, 2018). "GOP congressman jokes about Ruth Bader Ginsburg being groped – by Abraham Lincoln". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 24, 2021.
  28. 1 2 Lovegrove, Jamie. "U.S. Rep. Ralph Norman pulls out loaded gun in constituent meeting to make point about safety". The Post and Courier . Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  29. ↑ Smoot, Hannah. "Congressman Ralph Norman pulls out loaded gun at Rock Hill meet-and-greet". The Herald (Rock Hill) . Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  30. 1 2 Stevens, Matt; Caron, Christina (April 8, 2018). "South Carolina Congressman Pulls Out Gun at a Meeting With Voters". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  31. ↑ Grayer, Annie. "Congressman pulls out gun to make point on violence". CNN . Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
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  34. ↑ "Dems seek charges after SC congressman displays handgun". Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  35. ↑ "The Latest: Solicitor recuses self from congressman gun case". The Herald (Rock Hill) . Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  36. ↑ "Top Prosecutor: No Gun-Related Charges for SC Congressman". The New York Times . Associated Press. April 10, 2018. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  37. ↑ Turnage, Jeremy. "AG Alan Wilson will not charge congressman who pulled out gun during constituent meeting" . Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  38. ↑ Bash, Dana; Raju, Manu; Diaz, Daniella; Fox, Lauren; Warren, Michael (February 26, 2021). "More than a dozen Republicans tell House they can't attend votes due to 'public health emergency.' They're slated to be at CPAC". CNN. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  39. ↑ Grayer, Annie; Diaz, Daniella (March 10, 2021). "First on CNN: Watchdog group requests investigation into 13 GOP lawmakers for misusing proxy voting". CNN. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
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  41. ↑ Pedroja, Cammy. "GOP Rep Ralph Norman, Who is Suing Pelosi Over Mask Mandate, Tests Positive for COVID". Newsweek . Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
  42. ↑ "Column: GOP ratchets up the hypocrisy in opposing Biden's student debt plan". Los Angeles Times. August 29, 2022.
  43. ↑ Benen, Steve. "On impeachment, Republican member flubs test on burden of proof". MSNBC. December 14, 2023
  44. 1 2 Zanona, Melanie; Bresnahan, John (June 3, 2019). "Conservatives push to reinstate Steve King on committees despite racist remarks". Politico . Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  45. ↑ Gabriel, Trip (January 10, 2019). "Before Trump, Steve King Set the Agenda for the Wall and Anti-Immigrant Politics (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  46. ↑ "In Ralph Norman, Trump Gets a Strong Ally". Roll Call. June 21, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  47. ↑ "Republicans push back on 2020 election results, despite warning of backlash in GA runoff election turnout". WANE 15. December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  48. ↑ "List: The 126 House members, 19 states and 2 imaginary states that backed Texas' challenge to Trump defeat". The Mercury News. Bay Area News Group. December 15, 2020.
  49. ↑ Liptak, Adam (December 11, 2020). "Supreme Court Rejects Texas Suit Seeking to Subvert Election". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  50. ↑ "Order in Pending Case" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. December 11, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
  51. ↑ Diaz, Daniella. "Brief from 126 Republicans supporting Texas lawsuit in Supreme Court". CNN . Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
  52. ↑ "Roll Call 604 Roll Call 604, Bill Number: H. Res. 660, 116th Congress, 1st Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. October 31, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  53. ↑ Fandos, Nicholas; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (October 31, 2019). "A Divided House Endorses Impeachment Inquiry Into Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  54. ↑ "Roll Call 695 Roll Call 695, Bill Number: H. Res. 755, 116th Congress, 1st Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. December 18, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  55. ↑ "Roll Call 696 Roll Call 696, Bill Number: H. Res. 755, 116th Congress, 1st Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. December 18, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  56. ↑ Draper, Robert (April 22, 2021). "Liz Cheney vs. MAGA". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  57. 1 2 "H.Res.608 - Impeaching Antony John Blinken, Secretary of State, for high crimes and misdemeanors". www.congress.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  58. ↑ Walker, Hunter; Kovensky, Josh; Yücel, Emine (December 12, 2022). "Mark Meadows Exchanged Texts With 34 Members Of Congress About Plans To Overturn The 2020 Election". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  59. ↑ "H.Res.598 - Impeaching Joseph R. Biden, President of the United States, for dereliction of duty by leaving behind thousands of American civilians and Afghan allies, along with numerous taxpayer-financed weapons and military equipment, endangering the lives of the American people and the security of the United States". www.congress.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  60. ↑ "H.Res.680 - Impeaching Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr., President of the United States, for the high crimes and misdemeanors of betrayal of the public trust". www.congress.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  61. ↑ "H.Res.679 - Impeaching Kamala Devi Harris, Vice President of the United States, for the high crimes and misdemeanors of betrayal of the public trust". www.congress.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  62. ↑ "H.Res.582 - Impeaching Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, Secretary of Homeland Security, for high crimes and misdemeanors". www.congress.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  63. ↑ Grayer, Annie; Wilson, Kristin (June 16, 2021). "21 Republicans vote no on bill to award Congressional Gold Medal for January 6 police officers". CNN. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  64. ↑ Grayer, Annie; Diaz, Danielle (June 16, 2021). "Congress passes bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday". CNN. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  65. ↑ "Congress Clears $2.1 Billion for Security, Afghan Visas". Bloomberg.com. July 29, 2021.
  66. ↑ "H.R.6648 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Secure America's Borders First Act". February 8, 2022.
  67. ↑ "H.Con.Res. 21: Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of … -- House Vote #136 -- Mar 8, 2023".
  68. ↑ "House Votes Down Bill Directing Removal of Troops From Syria". US News. March 8, 2023.
  69. ↑ "House rejects Gaetz resolution to remove US troops from Somalia". April 27, 2023.
  70. ↑ "H.Con.Res. 30: Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of … -- House Vote #201 -- Apr 27, 2023".
  71. ↑ Gans, Jared (May 31, 2023). "Republicans and Democrats who bucked party leaders by voting no". The Hill . Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  72. ↑ "Oversight and Reform Members". House Committee on Oversight and Reform. January 28, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  73. ↑ "Membership". House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. January 24, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  74. ↑ "Membership". House Budget Committee Democrats. March 31, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  75. ↑ "Member List". Republican Study Committee. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  76. ↑ Lovegrove, Jamie (July 2, 2018). "Freedom Caucus chairman Mark Meadows to headline South Carolina GOP fundraiser". The Post and Courier . Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  77. ↑ "Creation". Congressional Solar Caucus. March 12, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  78. ↑ "Members". Congressional Western Caucus. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  79. ↑ "Rep. Norman and Rep. Brat Announce Launch of the Congressional Waste-Cutters Caucus". U.S. Representative Ralph Norman. September 6, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  80. ↑ "Biography | U.S. Representative Ralph Norman". norman.house.gov. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  81. ↑ Religious affiliation of members of 118th Congress PEW Research Center
  82. ↑ "South Carolina Election Results: Two Republicans Advance, Democrat Wins in U.S. House Primaries". The New York Times . May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  83. ↑ "Recount 2017 U.S. House District 5 Republican Primary Runoff". South Carolina State Election Commission. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
  84. ↑ "Special Election – U.S. House District 5, State House Districts 48 and 70 – June 20, 2017". South Carolina State Election Commission. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
South Carolina House of Representatives
Preceded by
Becky Richardson
 Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives
from the 48th district
2005–2007		Succeeded by
Carl Gullick
Preceded by
Carl Gullick
 Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives
from the 48th district
2009–2017		Succeeded by
Bruce Bryant
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the  U.S. House of Representatives
from South Carolina's 5th congressional district
2017–present		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by United States representatives by seniority
219th		Succeeded by
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