Syngas,or synthesis gas,is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide,in various ratios. The gas often contains some carbon dioxide and methane. It is principally used for producing ammonia or methanol. Syngas is combustible and can be used as a fuel. Historically,it has been used as a replacement for gasoline,when gasoline supply has been limited;for example,wood gas was used to power cars in Europe during WWII.
Gasification is a process that converts biomass- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into gases,including as the largest fractions:nitrogen (N2),carbon monoxide (CO),hydrogen (H2),and carbon dioxide (CO2). This is achieved by reacting the feedstock material at high temperatures (typically >700 °C),without combustion,via controlling the amount of oxygen and/or steam present in the reaction. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel due to the flammability of the H2 and CO of which the gas is largely composed. Power can be derived from the subsequent combustion of the resultant gas,and is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the gasified compounds were obtained from biomass feedstock.
Mitchell Elias Daniels Jr. is an American academic administrator,businessman,author,and retired politician who served as the 49th governor of Indiana from 2005 to 2013. A Republican,he later served as president of Purdue University from 2013 until the end of 2022.
The Fischer–Tropsch process (FT) is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen,known as syngas,into liquid hydrocarbons. These reactions occur in the presence of metal catalysts,typically at temperatures of 150–300 °C (302–572 °F) and pressures of one to several tens of atmospheres. The Fischer–Tropsch process is an important reaction in both coal liquefaction and gas to liquids technology for producing liquid hydrocarbons.
In industrial chemistry,coal gasification is the process of producing syngas—a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO),hydrogen,carbon dioxide,methane,and water vapour —from coal and water,air and/or oxygen.
Jamesville is a hamlet made up of the outskirts of five towns:DeWitt,LaFayette,Manlius,Pompey and Onondaga. Jamesville is located in Onondaga County,New York,United States,part of the greater Syracuse area.
Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons:liquid fuels and petrochemicals. This process is often known as "Coal to X" or "Carbon to X",where X can be many different hydrocarbon-based products. However,the most common process chain is "Coal to Liquid Fuels" (CTL).
Synthetic fuel or synfuel is a liquid fuel,or sometimes gaseous fuel,obtained from syngas,a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen,in which the syngas was derived from gasification of solid feedstocks such as coal or biomass or by reforming of natural gas.
Jefferies Financial Group Inc. is an American financial services company based in New York City. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is a part of the Fortune 1000.
Gas to liquids (GTL) is a refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons,such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Methane-rich gases are converted into liquid synthetic fuels. Two general strategies exist:(i) direct partial combustion of methane to methanol and (ii) Fischer–Tropsch-like processes that convert carbon monoxide and hydrogen into hydrocarbons. Strategy ii is followed by diverse methods to convert the hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixtures to liquids. Direct partial combustion has been demonstrated in nature but not replicated commercially. Technologies reliant on partial combustion have been commercialized mainly in regions where natural gas is inexpensive.
Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial process which converts coal into product gas. UCG is an in-situ gasification process,carried out in non-mined coal seams using injection of oxidants and steam. The product gas is brought to the surface through production wells drilled from the surface.
An integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a technology using a high pressure gasifier to turn coal and other carbon based fuels into pressurized gas—synthesis gas (syngas). It can then remove impurities from the syngas prior to the electricity generation cycle. Some of these pollutants,such as sulfur,can be turned into re-usable byproducts through the Claus process. This results in lower emissions of sulfur dioxide,particulates,mercury,and in some cases carbon dioxide. With additional process equipment,a water-gas shift reaction can increase gasification efficiency and reduce carbon monoxide emissions by converting it to carbon dioxide. The resulting carbon dioxide from the shift reaction can be separated,compressed,and stored through sequestration. Excess heat from the primary combustion and syngas fired generation is then passed to a steam cycle,similar to a combined cycle gas turbine. This process results in improved thermodynamic efficiency,compared to conventional pulverized coal combustion.
Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a syngas which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas,with slag remaining as a byproduct. It is used commercially as a form of waste treatment,and has been tested for the gasification of refuse-derived fuel,biomass,industrial waste,hazardous waste,and solid hydrocarbons,such as coal,oil sands,petcoke and oil shale.
Edwardsport Power Station is a 618 MW Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) coal based power plant in Vigo Township,Knox County,near the town of Edwardsport,Indiana. The integrated gasification combined cycle power plant construction started in June 2008 by Duke Energy near the site of an older 160 MW coal-fired electrical power plant,which was decommissioned in 2010.
Linc Energy was an Australian energy company that specialised in coal-based synthetic fuel production,as well as conventional oil and gas production. It was engaged in development and commercialisation of proprietary underground coal gasification technology. Produced gas was used for production of synthetic fuel through gas-to-liquid technology,and was also used for power generation. The company had its headquarters in Brisbane,Queensland.
Moreton Resources Limited is an Australian coal mining company. In 2007–2013 it was specialized on underground coal gasification and electric power production by produced syngas. In addition to Australia,the company planned underground coal gasification projects in the United Kingdom,India,Pakistan,China,and Mongolia.
The Kemper Project,also called the Kemper County energy facility or Plant Ratcliffe,is a natural gas-fired electrical generating station currently under construction in Kemper County,Mississippi. Mississippi Power,a subsidiary of Southern Company,began construction of the plant in 2010. The initial,coal-fired project was central to President Obama's Climate Plan,as it was to be based on "clean coal" and was being considered for more support from the Congress and the incoming Trump Administration in late 2016. If it had become operational with coal,the Kemper Project would have been a first-of-its-kind electricity plant to employ gasification and carbon capture technologies at this scale.
Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas,other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels,such as gasoline,diesel fuel or jet fuel,and organic solvents.
Coal gasification is a process whereby a hydrocarbon feedstock (coal) is converted into gaseous components by applying heat under pressure in the presence of steam. Rather than burning,most of the carbon-containing feedstock is broken apart by chemical reactions that produce "syngas." Syngas is primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide,but the exact composition can vary. In Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems,the syngas is cleaned and burned as fuel in a combustion turbine which then drives an electric generator. Exhaust heat from the combustion turbine is recovered and used to create steam for a steam turbine-generator. The use of these two types of turbines in combination is one reason why gasification-based power systems can achieve high power generation efficiencies. Currently,commercially available gasification-based systems can operate at around 40% efficiencies. Syngas,however,emits more greenhouse gases than natural gas,and almost twice as much carbon as a coal plant. Coal gasification is also water-intensive.
Lower-temperature fuel cell types such as the proton exchange membrane fuel cell,phosphoric acid fuel cell,and alkaline fuel cell require pure hydrogen as fuel,typically produced from external reforming of natural gas. However,fuels cells operating at high temperature such as the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are not poisoned by carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide,and in fact can accept hydrogen,carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,steam,and methane mixtures as fuel directly,because of their internal shift and reforming capabilities. This opens up the possibility of efficient fuel cell-based power cycles consuming solid fuels such as coal and biomass,the gasification of which results in syngas containing mostly hydrogen,carbon monoxide and methane which can be cleaned and fed directly to the SOFCs without the added cost and complexity of methane reforming,water gas shifting and hydrogen separation operations which would otherwise be needed to isolate pure hydrogen as fuel. A power cycle based on gasification of solid fuel and SOFCs is called an Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) cycle;the IGFC power plant is analogous to an integrated gasification combined cycle power plant,but with the gas turbine power generation unit replaced with a fuel cell power generation unit. By taking advantage of intrinsically high energy efficiency of SOFCs and process integration,exceptionally high power plant efficiencies are possible. Furthermore,SOFCs in the IGFC cycle can be operated so as to isolate a carbon dioxide-rich anodic exhaust stream,allowing efficient carbon capture to address greenhouse gas emissions concerns of coal-based power generation.
