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This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Andrew Humphreys | |
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Member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana's 2nd congressional district | |
In office December 5, 1876 –March 3, 1877 | |
Preceded by | James D. Williams |
Succeeded by | Thomas R. Cobb |
Member of the Indiana Senate | |
In office 1896-1900 1878-1882 1874-1876 | |
Member of the Indiana House of Representatives | |
In office 1857 1849-1852 | |
Personal details | |
Born | near Knoxville,Tennessee | March 30,1821
Died | June 14,1904 83) Linton,Indiana | (aged
Resting place | Moss Cemetery Linton,Indiana |
Nationality | American |
Political party | Democratic |
Profession | Politician farmer |
Andrew Humphreys (March 30,1821 –June 14,1904) was a U.S. Representative from Bloomfield,Greene County,Indiana,who served in the Forty-fourth Congress. Prior to the American Civil War,Humphreys was as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives (1849 to 1852,and January 8 to March 9,1857),and an Indian agent for Utah. In 1864 Humphreys was a defendant in a controversial trial by a military commission that convened on October 21 at Indianapolis,where he and three others were convicted of treason. Humphreys was sentenced to hard labor for the remainder of the war,but the sentence was modified three weeks later to allow for his release (Humphreys was required to remain within two specific townships in Greene County,and could not participate in any acts that opposed the war). At the end of the war,Humphreys resumed a career in politics,which included terms in Forty-fourth Congress (December 5,1876 to March 3,1877) and the Indiana Senate (1874 to 1876,1878 to 1882,and 1896 to 1900).
Born near Knoxville,Tennessee,Humphreys moved with his parents to Owen County,Indiana,in 1829. Afterwards,the family relocated to Putnam County,near Manhattan,where Humphreys attended the common schools. He moved to Greene County in 1842. [1]
Humphreys,who was a Democrat,settled in Bloomfield,Greene County,Indiana, [2] and served as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives from 1849 to 1852,and from January 8 to March 9,1857. He was appointed Indian agent for Utah by President Buchanan in 1857. [1]
During the American Civil War,Humphreys was critical of Indiana's Republican governor,Oliver P. Morton,and President Abraham Lincoln's conduct of the war. Harrison H. Dodd,"grand commander" of the Sons of Liberty in Indiana,chose Humphreys as one of his major generals in a secret society who opposed the war. [3]
On September 17,1864,General Alvin Peterson Hovey,commander of the Military District of Indiana,authorized a military commission to meet on September 19 at Indianapolis,Indiana,to begin trials of Dodd and others placed under military arrest. [4] On October 7,1864,Humphreys was arrested and imprisoned in the Federal Building at Indianapolis,where he became one of the defendants in the Indianapolis treason trials before the military commission. [5] Among the other men accused of treason were Democrats Lambdin P. Milligan,a lawyer living in Huntington,Indiana;William A. Bowles of French Lick,Indiana;and Stephen Horsey of Martin County,Indiana. [6]
The military commission for the trial of Humphreys,Milligan,Horsey,and Bowles convened at Indianapolis on October 21,1864,to consider five charges against the men:conspiracy against the U.S. government;offering aid and comfort to the Confederates;inciting insurrections;"disloyal practices";and "violation of the laws of war." [7] [8] The defendants were alleged to have established a secret organization that planned to liberate Confederates from Union prisoner-of-war camps in Illinois,Indiana,and Ohio;seize an arsenal to provide the freed prisoners with arms;raise an armed force to incite a general insurrection;join with the Confederates to invade Indiana,Illinois,and Kentucky;and make war on the U.S. government. [7] [8] [9]
Democrats charged that the arrests and trials by military commission were politically motivated amid a climate of bitter political disputes between Democrats and Republicans about the conduct of the war. Scholars who studied the trials,which were highly publicized in the press,have proposed that they were prompted by partisan politics,convened before commission of biased military officers,failed to follow the rules of evidence,and used questionable informers as witnesses. [10] The controversial proceedings led to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case known as Ex parte Milligan . The Court ruled the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional. [11]
On December 10,1864,the commission found Humphreys,Milligan,Horsey,and Bowles guilty on all charges. Humphreys was sentenced to hard labor for the remainder of the war. [12] Compared to the others accused as co-conspirators,the case against Humphreys was weaker and his sentence was less severe. (Milligan,Bowles,and Horsey were sentenced to hang,but the sentences were commuted to life imprisonment in May,1865.) Three weeks after his conviction,and with President Lincoln's support,General Hovey modified Humphreys's sentence,allowing his release. Humphreys was required to remain within two specific townships in Greene County and could not participate in any acts that opposed the war. [13] After the U.S. Supreme Court handed down their ruling in Ex parte Milligan on April 3,1866,the men were released from custody. [12] [14]
Humphreys was the first of the defendants from the Indianapolis treason trials to turn to the civilian courts seeking damages from his arrest,trial,and confinement. On February 1,1866,he filed a complaint in a circuit court in Sullivan County,Indiana,against Samuel McCormick,the U.S. Army captain who arrested him. [15] Humphrey won the suit and was awarded $25,000 in damages,but the case bogged down during its appeal and he never collected the funds. After Congress amended the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act of March 3,1863,ending further suits in the civil courts from those who had been arbitrarily arrested during the war,Humphreys returned to a career in politics. Although he lost his bid to win a seat in the Indiana General Assembly by a narrow margin in 1868, [16] Humphreys remained active in politics. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1872 and 1888. [1]
Humphreys was elected to the Indiana Senate three times,serving from 1874 to 1876,from 1878 to 1882,and from 1896 to 1900. [1] Humphreys began his first term in the Indiana Senate in 1874,but resigned in 1876 to run for a seat in the U.S Congress. [16] Humphreys was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James D. Williams and served from December 5,1876,to March 3,1877. [1] Humphreys returned to the Indiana Senate in 1878 and became chairman of its ways and means committee. [16] In 1896,at the age of seventy-four,the Democrats drafted Humphreys to run for another term in the Indiana Senate. Humphreys won the election and served until 1900. [17]
Although Humphreys continued agricultural pursuits in Greene County,Indiana,he remained active in politics. Humphreys attended nearly every Democratic State convention during his political life. [1] [16]
Humphreys died at Linton,Indiana,on June 14,1904,and is interred in Moss Cemetery. [1] [17]
Ex parte Merryman,17 F. Cas. 144 (No. 9487),was a controversial U.S. federal court case that arose out of the American Civil War. It was a test of the authority of the President to suspend "the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus" under the Constitution's Suspension Clause,when Congress was in recess and therefore unavailable to do so itself. More generally,the case raised questions about the ability of the executive branch to decline to enforce judicial decisions when the executive believes them to be erroneous and harmful to its own legal powers.
Ex parte Milligan,71 U.S. 2 (1866),is a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that ruled that the use of military tribunals to try civilians when civil courts are operating is unconstitutional. In this particular case,the Court was unwilling to give former President Abraham Lincoln's administration the power of military commission jurisdiction,part of the administration's controversial plan to deal with Union dissenters during the American Civil War. Justice David Davis,who delivered the majority opinion,stated that "martial rule can never exist when the courts are open" and confined martial law to areas of "military operations,where war really prevails",and when it was a necessity to provide a substitute for a civil authority that had been overthrown. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase and three associate justices filed a separate opinion concurring with the majority in the judgment,but asserting that Congress had the power to authorize a military commission,although it had not done so in Milligan's case.
In the 1860s,the Copperheads,also known as Peace Democrats,were a faction of the Democratic Party in the Union who opposed the American Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates.
Clement Laird Vallandigham was an American lawyer and politician who served as the leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War.
Military tribunals in the United States are military courts designed to judicially try members of enemy forces during wartime,operating outside the scope of conventional criminal and civil proceedings. The judges are military officers and fulfill the role of jurors. Military tribunals are distinct from courts-martial.
A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined. The purpose of holding a show trial is to present both accusation and verdict to the public,serving as an example and a warning to other would-be dissidents or transgressors.
Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton,commonly known as Oliver P. Morton,was a U.S. Republican Party politician from Indiana. He served as the 14th governor of Indiana during the American Civil War,and was a stalwart ally of President Abraham Lincoln. Morton worked hard to maximize Indiana's contribution to the war effort and marginalize the obstructionists. He was a principled and effective leader who fought for equality and nationalism through the use of governmental power. His forceful pursuit of civil rights and prosecution of Copperheads and white supremacists gained him lasting enemies among the antiwar elements. Morton thwarted and neutralized the Democratic-controlled Indiana General Assembly. He exceeded his constitutional authority by calling out the militia without approval,and during the period of legislative suppression he privately financed the state government through unapproved federal and private loans. He was criticized for arresting and detaining political enemies and suspected southern sympathizers. As one of President Lincoln's "war governors",Morton made significant contributions to the war effort,more than any other man in the state,and earned the lifelong gratitude of former Union soldiers for his support.
Alvin Peterson Hovey was a Union general during the American Civil War,an Indiana Supreme Court justice,congressman,and the 21st governor of Indiana from 1889 to 1891. During the war he played an important role in the Western theatre,earning high approval from General Ulysses Grant,and uncovered a secret plot for an uprising in Indiana. As governor,he launched several legal challenges to the Indiana General Assembly's removal of his powers,but was mostly unsuccessful. He successfully advocated election reform before he died in office.
Albert Gallatin Porter was an American politician who served as the 19th governor of Indiana from 1881 to 1885 and as a United States Congressman from 1859 to 1863. Originally a Democrat,he joined the Republican Party in 1856 after being expelled by the pro-slavery faction of the Democratic Party. Only the second person born in Indiana to become the state's governor,he reluctantly accepted his party's nomination to run. His term saw the start of Indiana's industrialization that continued for several decades. During the second half of his term a strong Democratic majority took control of the Indiana General Assembly and revoked all of the governor's appointment powers and other authorities,weakening the position to its lowest level in the history of the state.
Lambdin Purdy Milligan was an American lawyer and farmer who was the subject of Ex parte Milligan 71 U.S. 2 (1866),a landmark case by the Supreme Court of the United States. He was known for his extreme opinions on states' rights and his opposition to the Lincoln administration's conduct of the American Civil War.
Alexander Long was a Democratic United States Congressman who served in Congress from March 4,1863,to March 3,1865.
John Hanna was a United States Representative and United States Attorney from Indiana.
Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd president of the United States,serving from 1889 to 1893. He was a member of the Harrison family of Virginia—a grandson of the ninth president,William Henry Harrison,and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V,a Founding Father. A Union Army veteran and a Republican,he defeated incumbent Grover Cleveland to win the presidency in 1888 and was defeated for a second term by Cleveland in 1892.
In United States law,habeas corpus is a recourse challenging the reasons or conditions of a person's confinement under color of law. A petition for habeas corpus is filed with a court that has jurisdiction over the custodian,and if granted,a writ is issued directing the custodian to bring the confined person before the court for examination into those reasons or conditions. The Suspension Clause of the United States Constitution specifically included the English common law procedure in Article One,Section 9,clause 2,which demands that "The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it."
During the American Civil War,Indianapolis,the state capital of Indiana,was a major base of supplies for the Union. Governor Oliver P. Morton,a major supporter of President Abraham Lincoln,quickly made Indianapolis a gathering place to organize and train troops for the Union army. The city became a major railroad hub for troop transport to Confederate lands,and therefore had military importance. Twenty-four military camps were established in the vicinity of Indianapolis. Camp Morton,the initial mustering ground to organize and train the state's Union volunteers in 1861,was designated as a major prisoner-of-war camp for captured Confederate soldiers in 1862. In addition to military camps,a state-owned arsenal was established in the city in 1861,and a federal arsenal in 1862. A Soldiers' Home and a Ladies' Home were established in Indianapolis to house and feed Union soldiers and their families as they passed through the city. Indianapolis residents also supported the Union cause by providing soldiers with food,clothing,equipment,and supplies,despite rising prices and wartime hardships,such as food and clothing shortages. Local doctors aided the sick,some area women provided nursing care,and Indianapolis City Hospital tended to wounded soldiers. Indianapolis sent an estimated 4,000 men into military service;an estimated 700 died during the war. Indianapolis's Crown Hill National Cemetery was established as one of two national military cemeteries established in Indiana in 1866.
William Augustus Bowles was a physician,landowner,and politician from French Lick,Orange County,Indiana. He is best remembered for establishing the first French Lick Springs Hotel,a mineral springs resort hotel in the 1840s,and platting the town of French Lick,Indiana,in 1857. Bowles,a Democrat,served two terms in the Indiana state legislature. During the Mexican–American War he became a colonel in the 2nd Indiana Volunteer Regiment and joined in the Battle of Buena Vista (1847). An outspoken advocate of slavery as an institution,Bowles was sympathetic to the South during the American Civil War. In 1863 Harrison H. Dodd,leader of the Order of Sons of Liberty (OSL) in Indiana,named Bowles a major general for one of four military districts in the state's secret society that opposed the war. Bowles also played a role in the Indianapolis treason trials in 1864,when he and three others were convicted of plotting to overthrow the federal government. Following his release from prison in 1866,Bowles returned to Orange County,Indiana,where his failing health continued to decline in the years prior to his death.
Harrison Horton Dodd was a founder of the 1860s-era OSL,a paramilitary oath bound secret society which was a radicalized dissident splinter group of the KGC. The basic goal of members of the OSL was to thwart the war efforts of the Union military forces,while remaining citizens of the United States.
Ex parte Vallandigham,68 U.S. 243 (1864),is a United States Supreme Court case,involving a former congressman Clement Vallandigham of Ohio,who had violated an Army order against the public expression of sympathy for the Confederate States and their cause. Vallandigham was tried before a military tribunal by Major General Ambrose E. Burnside for treason after he delivered an incendiary speech at Mount Vernon;he then appealed the tribunal's verdict to the Supreme Court,arguing that he as a civilian could not be tried before a military tribunal.
The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act,12 Stat. 755 (1863),entitled An Act relating to Habeas Corpus,and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, was an Act of Congress that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the right of habeas corpus in response to the American Civil War and provided for the release of political prisoners. It began in the House of Representatives as an indemnity bill,introduced on December 5,1862,releasing the president and his subordinates from any liability for having suspended habeas corpus without congressional approval. The Senate amended the House's bill,and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority. Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3,1863,and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was partially lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson,and the Act became inoperative with the end of the Civil War. The exceptions to Johnson's Proclamation 148 were the States of Virginia,Kentucky,Tennessee,North Carolina,South Carolina,Georgia,Florida,Alabama,Mississippi,Louisiana,Arkansas,and Texas,the District of Columbia,and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona.
Charles H. Constable was an American attorney,Illinois State Senator,judge,and real estate entrepreneur. He was raised in Maryland and graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in Law. After settling in Illinois,he married the oldest daughter of Thomas S. Hinde,a pioneer and real estate developer. Initially,he practiced law in Mount Carmel,Illinois,the town founded by Hinde. He managed the business and real estate affairs of his father-in-law until Hinde died in 1846.