List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate

Last updated March 31, 2024

The president pro tempore of the United States Senate (also president pro tem) is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Article I, Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the vice president of the United States, despite not being a senator, is the president of the Senate. It also establishes that the Senate must choose a president pro tempore to act in the absence of the vice president:^[1]

Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally been chosen to be president pro tempore,^[3] and holds the office continuously until the election of another president pro tempore.^[3] During most of the 62nd Congress, following William Frye's resignation on April 27, 1911, five senators—Augustus Bacon, Charles Curtis, Jacob Gallinger, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Frank Brandegee—alternated as president pro tempore.

Since the office was created in 1789, 92 individuals, from 39 of the 50 states, have served as president pro tempore of the Senate. The current president pro tempore is Patty Murray of Washington, who assumed office on January 3, 2023, at the start of the 118th Congress. In 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus was created, and it has been given to a senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. This title is currently held by Chuck Grassley of Iowa.

Every president pro tempore but one has been a member of a political party or faction; the number affiliated with each is:

Democratic – 32; Republican – 25; Democratic-Republican – 15;^{[lower-alpha 1]}^{[lower-alpha 2]} Federalist – 10; Jacksonian – 3;^{[lower-alpha 2]} Anti-Administration – 2;^{[lower-alpha 1]} National Republican – 2; Pro-Administration – 2; Whig – 2; Independent – 1.

Presidents pro tempore

Name	State		Term	Congress
John Langdon ^{[lower-alpha 3]}	New Hampshire	Pro-Administration	April 6–21, 1789	1st Congress
John Langdon ^{[lower-alpha 3]}	New Hampshire	Pro-Administration	August 7–9, 1789	1st Congress
Richard Henry Lee	Virginia	Anti-Administration	April 18 – October 8, 1792	2nd Congress
John Langdon	New Hampshire	Pro-Administration	November 5 – December 4, 1792
			March 1–3, 1793
			March 4 – December 2, 1793	3rd Congress
Ralph Izard	South Carolina	Pro-Administration	May 31 – November 9, 1794
Henry Tazewell	Virginia	Anti-Administration	February 20, 1795 – June 7, 1795
		Democratic-Republican	February 20, 1795 – June 7, 1795	4th Congress
		Democratic-Republican	December 7–8, 1795
Samuel Livermore	New Hampshire	Federalist	May 6 – December 4, 1796
William Bingham	Pennsylvania	Federalist	February 16 – March 3, 1797
William Bradford	Rhode Island	Federalist	July 6 – October 1797	5th Congress
Jacob Read	South Carolina	Federalist	November 22 – December 12, 1797
Theodore Sedgwick	Massachusetts	Federalist	June 27 – December 5, 1798
John Laurance	New York	Federalist	December 6–27, 1798
James Ross	Pennsylvania	Federalist	March 1 – December 1, 1799
Samuel Livermore	New Hampshire	Federalist	December 2–29, 1799	6th Congress
Uriah Tracy	Connecticut	Federalist	May 14 – November 16, 1800
John E. Howard	Maryland	Federalist	November 21–27, 1800
James Hillhouse	Connecticut	Federalist	February 28 – March 3, 1801
Abraham Baldwin	Georgia	Democratic-Republican	December 7, 1801 – January 14, 1802	7th Congress
Abraham Baldwin	Georgia	Democratic-Republican	April 17 – December 13, 1802
Stephen R. Bradley	Vermont	Democratic-Republican	December 14, 1802 – January 18, 1803
			February 25, 1803
			March 2 – October 16, 1803
John Brown	Kentucky	Democratic-Republican	October 17 – December 6, 1803	8th Congress
John Brown	Kentucky	Democratic-Republican	January 23 – February 26, 1804
Jesse Franklin	North Carolina	Democratic-Republican	March 10 – November 4, 1804
Joseph Anderson	Tennessee	Democratic-Republican	January 15 – February 3, 1805
			February 28 – March 2, 1805
			March 2 – December 1, 1805
Samuel Smith	Maryland	Democratic-Republican	December 2–15, 1805	9th Congress
			March 18 – November 30, 1806
			March 2 – October 25, 1807
			April 16 – November 6, 1808	10th Congress
Stephen R. Bradley	Vermont	Democratic-Republican	December 28, 1808 – January 8, 1809
John Milledge	Georgia	Democratic-Republican	January 30 – March 3, 1809
John Milledge	Georgia	Democratic-Republican	March 4 – May 21, 1809	11th Congress
Andrew Gregg	Pennsylvania	Democratic-Republican	June 26 – December 18, 1809
John Gaillard	South Carolina	Democratic-Republican	February 28 – March 2, 1810
John Gaillard	South Carolina	Democratic-Republican	April 17 – December 11, 1810
John Pope	Kentucky	Democratic-Republican	February 23 – November 3, 1811
William H. Crawford ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	Georgia	Democratic-Republican	March 24, 1812 – March 3, 1813	12th Congress
William H. Crawford ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	Georgia	Democratic-Republican	March 4–23, 1813	13th Congress
Joseph B. Varnum	Massachusetts	Democratic-Republican	December 6, 1813 – February 3, 1814
John Gaillard ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	South Carolina	Democratic-Republican	April 18 – November 25, 1814
			November 25, 1814 – December 3, 1815
			December 4, 1815 – March 3, 1817	14th Congress
			March 4, 1817	15th Congress
			March 6, 1817 – February 18, 1818
			March 31, 1818 – January 5, 1819
James Barbour	Virginia	Democratic-Republican	February 15 – December 5, 1819
James Barbour	Virginia	Democratic-Republican	December 6–26, 1819	16th Congress
John Gaillard	South Carolina	Democratic-Republican	January 25, 1820 – December 2, 1821	16th Congress
			December 3–27, 1821	17th Congress
			February 1 – December 2, 1822
			February 19 – November 30, 1823
			December 1, 1823 – January 20, 1824	18th Congress
			May 21, 1824 – March 3, 1825	18th Congress
			March 9 – December 4, 1825	19th Congress
Nathaniel Macon	North Carolina	Democratic-Republican	May 20 – December 3, 1826
			January 2 – February 13, 1827
			March 2 – December 2, 1827
Samuel Smith	Maryland	Jacksonian	May 15 – December 18, 1828	20th Congress
			March 13 – December 10, 1829	21st Congress
			May 20 – December 31, 1830
			March 1 – December 4, 1831
			December 5–11, 1831	22nd Congress
Littleton Tazewell	Virginia	Jacksonian	July 9–16, 1832
Hugh Lawson White ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	Tennessee	Jacksonian	December 3, 1832 – December 1, 1833
Hugh Lawson White ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	Tennessee	Jacksonian	December 2–15, 1833	23rd Congress
George Poindexter	Mississippi	National Republican	June 28 – November 30, 1834	23rd Congress
John Tyler	Virginia	National Republican	March 3 – December 6, 1835	24th Congress
William R. King	Alabama	Democratic	July 1 – December 4, 1836
			January 28 – March 3, 1837
			March 7 – September 3, 1837	25th Congress
			October 13 – December 3, 1837
			July 2 – December 18, 1838
			February 25 – December 1, 1839
			December 2–26, 1839	26th Congress
			July – December 15, 1840
			March 3, 1841
			March 4, 1841	27th Congress
Samuel Southard ^{[lower-alpha 7]}	New Jersey	Whig	March 11, 1841 – May 31, 1842
Willie P. Mangum ^{[lower-alpha 7]}	North Carolina	Whig	May 31, 1842 – December 3, 1843
			December 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845	28th Congress
			March 4, 1845	29th Congress
Ambrose H. Sevier ^{[lower-alpha 8]}	Arkansas	Democratic	December 27, 1845
David R. Atchison	Missouri	Democratic	August 8 – December 6, 1846
			January 11–13, 1847
			March 3 – December 5, 1847
			February 2–8, 1848	30th Congress
			June 1–14, 1848
			June 26 – July 29, 1848
			July 29 – December 4, 1848
			December 26, 1848 – January 1, 1849
			March 2–4, 1849
			March 5, 1849	31st Congress
			March 16 – December 2, 1849
William R. King ^{[lower-alpha 9]}	Alabama	Democratic	May 6–19, 1850
			July 11, 1850 – March 3, 1851
			March 4, 1851 – December 20, 1852	32nd Congress
David R. Atchison ^{[lower-alpha 9]}^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Missouri	Democratic	December 20, 1852 – March 3, 1853	32nd Congress
David R. Atchison ^{[lower-alpha 9]}^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Missouri	Democratic	March 4, 1853 – December 4, 1854	33rd Congress
Lewis Cass ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Michigan	Democratic	December 4, 1854
Jesse D. Bright ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Indiana	Democratic	December 5, 1854 – December 2, 1855
Jesse D. Bright ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Indiana	Democratic	December 5, 1855 –June 9, 1856	34th Congress
Charles E. Stuart ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Michigan	Democratic	June 9 – June 10, 1856
Jesse D. Bright ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Indiana	Democratic	June 11, 1856 – January 6, 1857
James M. Mason ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Virginia	Democratic	January 6 – March 3, 1857
James M. Mason ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Virginia	Democratic	March 4, 1857	35th Congress
Thomas J. Rusk	Texas	Democratic	March 14 – July 29, 1857
Benjamin Fitzpatrick	Alabama	Democratic	December 7–20, 1857
			March 29 – May 2, 1858
			June 14 – December 5, 1858
			January 19, 1859
			January 25 – February 9, 1859
			March 9 – December 4, 1859	36th Congress
			December 19, 1859 – January 15, 1860
			February 20–26, 1860
Jesse D. Bright	Indiana	Democratic	June 12 – June 26, 1860
Benjamin Fitzpatrick	Alabama	Democratic	June 26 – December 2, 1860
Solomon Foot	Vermont	Republican	February 16–17, 1861
			March 23 – July 3, 1861	37th Congress
			July 18 – December 1, 1861
			January 15, 1862
			March 31 – May 21, 1862
			June 19 – December 12, 1862
			February 18 – March 3, 1863
			March 4 – December 6, 1863	38th Congress
			December 18–20, 1863
			February 23, 1864
			March 11–13, 1864
			April 11–13, 1864
Daniel Clark	New Hampshire	Republican	April 26, 1864 – January 4, 1865
Daniel Clark	New Hampshire	Republican	February 9–19, 1865
Lafayette S. Foster ^{[lower-alpha 11]}	Connecticut	Republican	March 7, 1865 – March 2, 1867	39th Congress
Benjamin F. Wade ^{[lower-alpha 11]}	Ohio	Republican	March 2–3, 1867	39th Congress
Benjamin F. Wade ^{[lower-alpha 11]}	Ohio	Republican	March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1869	40th Congress
Henry B. Anthony	Rhode Island	Republican	March 23–28, 1869	41st Congress
			April 9 – December 5, 1869
			May 28 – June 2, 1870
			July 1–5, 1870
			July 14 – December 4, 1870
			March 10–12, 1871	42nd Congress
			April 17 – May 9, 1871
			May 23 – December 3, 1871
			December 21, 1871 – January 7, 1872
			February 23–25, 1872
			June 8 – December 1, 1872
			December 4–8, 1872
			December 13–15, 1872
			December 20, 1872 – January 5, 1873
			January 24, 1873
Matthew H. Carpenter	Wisconsin	Republican	March 12–13, 1873	43rd Congress
			March 26 – November 30, 1873
			December 11, 1873 – December 6, 1874
			December 23, 1874 – January 4, 1875
Henry B. Anthony	Rhode Island	Republican	January 25–31, 1875
Henry B. Anthony	Rhode Island	Republican	February 15–17, 1875
Thomas W. Ferry ^{[lower-alpha 12]}	Michigan	Republican	March 9–10, 1875	44th Congress
			March 19 – December 20, 1875
			December 20, 1875 – March 4, 1877
			March 5, 1877	45th Congress
			February 26 – March 3, 1878
			April 17 – December 1, 1878
			March 3–17, 1879
Allen G. Thurman	Ohio	Democratic	April 15 – November 30, 1879	46th Congress
			April 7–14, 1880
			May 6 – December 5, 1880
Thomas F. Bayard, Sr. ^{[lower-alpha 13]}	Delaware	Democratic	October 10–13, 1881	47th Congress
David Davis ^{[lower-alpha 13]}	Illinois	Independent	October 13, 1881 – March 3, 1883
George F. Edmunds ^{[lower-alpha 13]}	Vermont	Republican	March 3 – December 2, 1883
			December 3, 1883 – January 14, 1884	48th Congress
			January 14, 1884 – March 3, 1885	48th Congress
John Sherman ^{[lower-alpha 14]}	Ohio	Republican	December 7, 1885 – February 26, 1887	49th Congress
John James Ingalls ^{[lower-alpha 14]}	Kansas	Republican	February 26 – December 4, 1887	49th Congress
			December 5, 1887 – March 3, 1889	50th Congress
			March 7–17, 1889	51st Congress
			April 2 – December 1, 1889
			December 5–10, 1889
			February 28 – March 18, 1890
			April 3, 1890 – March 2, 1891
Charles F. Manderson	Nebraska	Republican	March 2 – December 6, 1891
			December 7, 1891 – March 3, 1893	52nd Congress
			March 4–22, 1893	53rd Congress
Isham G. Harris	Tennessee	Democratic	March 22, 1893 – January 7, 1895
Matt W. Ransom	North Carolina	Democratic	January 7–10, 1895
Isham G. Harris	Tennessee	Democratic	January 10 – March 3, 1895
William P. Frye ^{[lower-alpha 15]}^{[lower-alpha 16]}	Maine	Republican	February 7, 1896 – March 3, 1897	54th Congress
			March 4, 1897 – December 3, 1899	55th Congress
			December 4, 1899 – March 3, 1901	56th Congress
			March 7, 1901 – March 4, 1903	57th Congress
			March 5, 1903 – March 3, 1905	58th Congress
			March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1907	59th Congress
			December 5, 1907 – March 3, 1909	60th Congress
			March 4, 1909 – April 3, 1911	61st Congress
			April 4–27, 1911	62nd Congress
Augustus O. Bacon	Georgia	Democratic	August 14, 1911
Charles Curtis	Kansas	Republican	December 4–12, 1911
Augustus O. Bacon	Georgia	Democratic	January 15–17, 1912
Jacob H. Gallinger	New Hampshire	Republican	February 12–14, 1912
Augustus O. Bacon	Georgia	Democratic	March 11–12, 1912
Frank B. Brandegee	Connecticut	Republican	March 25–26, 1912
Augustus O. Bacon	Georgia	Democratic	April 8, 1912
Jacob H. Gallinger	New Hampshire	Republican	April 26–27, 1912; May 7, 1912
Augustus O. Bacon	Georgia	Democratic	May 10, 1912
Henry Cabot Lodge	Massachusetts	Republican	May 25, 1912
Augustus O. Bacon	Georgia	Democratic	May 30 – June 3, 1912; June 13 – July 5, 1912
Jacob H. Gallinger	New Hampshire	Republican	July 6–31, 1912
Augustus O. Bacon	Georgia	Democratic	August 1–10, 1912
Jacob H. Gallinger	New Hampshire	Republican	August 12–26, 1912
Augustus O. Bacon ^{[lower-alpha 17]}	Georgia	Democratic	August 27 – December 15, 1912
Jacob H. Gallinger ^{[lower-alpha 17]}	New Hampshire	Republican	December 16, 1912, and January 4, 1913
Augustus O. Bacon ^{[lower-alpha 17]}	Georgia	Democratic	January 5–18, 1913
Jacob H. Gallinger ^{[lower-alpha 17]}	New Hampshire	Republican	January 19 – February 1, 1913
Augustus O. Bacon ^{[lower-alpha 17]}	Georgia	Democratic	February 2–15, 1913
Jacob H. Gallinger ^{[lower-alpha 17]}	New Hampshire	Republican	February 16 – March 3, 1913
James Paul Clarke	Arkansas	Democratic	March 13, 1913 – March 3, 1915	63rd Congress
James Paul Clarke	Arkansas	Democratic	December 6, 1915 – October 1, 1916	64th Congress
Willard Saulsbury Jr.	Delaware	Democratic	December 14, 1916 – March 4, 1917	64th Congress
Willard Saulsbury Jr.	Delaware	Democratic	March 5, 1917 – March 3, 1919	65th Congress
Albert B. Cummins ^{[lower-alpha 18]}	Iowa	Republican	May 19, 1919 – March 3, 1921	66th Congress
			March 7, 1921 – December 2, 1923	67th Congress
			December 3, 1923 – March 3, 1925	68th Congress
			March 4–6, 1925	69th Congress
George H. Moses	New Hampshire	Republican	March 6, 1925 – March 4, 1927	69th Congress
			December 15, 1927 – March 3, 1929	70th Congress
			March 4, 1929 – December 6, 1931	71st Congress
			December 7, 1931 – March 3, 1933	72nd Congress
Key Pittman	Nevada	Democratic	March 9, 1933 – January 2, 1935	73rd Congress
			January 7, 1935 – January 4, 1937	74th Congress
			January 5, 1937 – January 2, 1939	75th Congress
			January 3, 1939 – November 10, 1940	76th Congress
William H. King	Utah	Democratic	November 19, 1940 – January 3, 1941	76th Congress
Pat Harrison	Mississippi	Democratic	January 6 – June 22, 1941	77th Congress
Carter Glass	Virginia	Democratic	July 10, 1941 – January 5, 1943	77th Congress
Carter Glass	Virginia	Democratic	January 14, 1943 – January 2, 1945	78th Congress
Kenneth McKellar ^{[lower-alpha 19]}	Tennessee	Democratic	January 6, 1945 – January 2, 1947	79th Congress
Arthur H. Vandenberg ^{[lower-alpha 19]}	Michigan	Republican	January 4, 1947 – January 2, 1949	80th Congress
Kenneth McKellar ^{[lower-alpha 19]}	Tennessee	Democratic	January 3, 1949 – January 2, 1951	81st Congress
Kenneth McKellar ^{[lower-alpha 19]}	Tennessee	Democratic	January 3, 1951 – January 2, 1953	82nd Congress
Styles Bridges	New Hampshire	Republican	January 3, 1953 – January 4, 1955	83rd Congress
Walter F. George	Georgia	Democratic	January 5, 1955 – January 2, 1957	84th Congress
Carl Hayden ^{[lower-alpha 20]}	Arizona	Democratic	January 3, 1957 – January 6, 1959	85th Congress
			January 7, 1959 – January 2, 1961	86th Congress
			January 3, 1961 – January 8, 1963	87th Congress
			January 9, 1963 – January 3, 1965	88th Congress
			January 4, 1965 – January 9, 1967	89th Congress
			January 10, 1967 – January 2, 1969	90th Congress
Richard Russell Jr.	Georgia	Democratic	January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971	91st Congress
Richard Russell Jr.	Georgia	Democratic	January 3, 1971 – January 21, 1971	92nd Congress
Allen J. Ellender	Louisiana	Democratic	January 22, 1971 – July 27, 1972
James Eastland ^{[lower-alpha 21]}^{[lower-alpha 22]}	Mississippi	Democratic	July 28, 1972 – January 2, 1973
			January 3, 1973 – January 13, 1975	93rd Congress
			January 14, 1975 – January 3, 1977	94th Congress
			January 4, 1977 – December 27, 1978	95th Congress
Warren Magnuson	Washington	Democratic	January 15, 1979 – December 4, 1980	96th Congress
Milton Young	North Dakota	Republican	December 5, 1980
Warren Magnuson	Washington	Democratic	December 6, 1980 – January 4, 1981
Strom Thurmond	South Carolina	Republican	January 5, 1981 – January 2, 1983	97th Congress
			January 3, 1983 – January 2, 1985	98th Congress
			January 3, 1985 – January 5, 1987	99th Congress
John C. Stennis	Mississippi	Democratic	January 6, 1987 – January 3, 1989	100th Congress
Robert Byrd	West Virginia	Democratic	January 3, 1989 – January 2, 1991	101st Congress
			January 3, 1991 – January 4, 1993	102nd Congress
			January 5, 1993 – January 3, 1995	103rd Congress
Strom Thurmond	South Carolina	Republican	January 4, 1995 – January 6, 1997	104th Congress
			January 7, 1997 – January 6, 1999	105th Congress
			January 7, 1999 – January 3, 2001	106th Congress
Robert Byrd	West Virginia	Democratic	January 3–20, 2001	107th Congress
Strom Thurmond	South Carolina	Republican	January 20 – June 6, 2001
Robert Byrd	West Virginia	Democratic	June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Ted Stevens	Alaska	Republican	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2005	108th Congress
Ted Stevens	Alaska	Republican	January 3, 2005 – January 4, 2007	109th Congress
Robert Byrd	West Virginia	Democratic	January 4, 2007 – January 3, 2009	110th Congress
Robert Byrd	West Virginia	Democratic	January 3, 2009 – June 28, 2010	111th Congress
Daniel Inouye	Hawaii	Democratic	June 28, 2010 – January 5, 2011	111th Congress
Daniel Inouye	Hawaii	Democratic	January 5, 2011 – December 17, 2012	112th Congress
Patrick Leahy	Vermont	Democratic	December 17, 2012 – January 3, 2013	112th Congress
Patrick Leahy	Vermont	Democratic	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015	113th Congress
Orrin Hatch	Utah	Republican	January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017	114th Congress
Orrin Hatch	Utah	Republican	January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019	115th Congress
Chuck Grassley	Iowa	Republican	January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021	116th Congress
Chuck Grassley	Iowa	Republican	January 3, 2021 – January 20, 2021	117th Congress
Patrick Leahy	Vermont	Democratic	January 20, 2021 – January 3, 2023	117th Congress
Patty Murray	Washington	Democratic	January 3, 2023 – present	118th Congress

Notes

1 2 Henry Tazewell was affiliated with the Anti-Administration bloc prior to formation of the Democratic-Republican Party.
1 2 Samuel Smith was a member of the Democratic–Republican Party until it became fractured, at which time he sided with its pro-Jackson faction.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 6–21, 1789, prior to the inauguration of John Adams.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 20, 1812–March 4, 1813, following the death of George Clinton.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 23, 1814–March 4, 1817, following the death of Elbridge Gerry.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, December 28, 1832–March 4, 1833, following the resignation of John C. Calhoun.
1 2 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 4, 1841–March 4, 1845, after John Tyler succeeded to the presidency.
↑ Ambrose H. Sevier was not elected as president pro tempore in an official manner, but permitted to occupy the chair for the day.
1 2 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, July 9, 1850–March 4, 1853, after Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 18, 1853–March 4, 1857, following the death of William R. King.
1 2 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 15, 1865–March 4, 1869, after Andrew Johnson succeeded to presidency.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 22, 1875–March 4, 1877, following the death of Henry Wilson.
1 2 3 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, September 19, 1881–March 4, 1885, after Chester A. Arthur succeeded to presidency.
1 2 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 25, 1885–March 4, 1889, following the death of Thomas A. Hendricks.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 21, 1899–March 4, 1901, following the death of Garret Hobart.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, September 14, 1901–March 4, 1905, after Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to presidency.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, October 30, 1912–March 4, 1913, following the death of James S. Sherman.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, August 2, 1923–March 4, 1925, after Calvin Coolidge succeeded to presidency.
1 2 3 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 12, 1945–January 20, 1949, after Harry S. Truman succeeded to presidency.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 22, 1963–January 20, 1965, after Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to presidency.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, October 10, 1973–December 6, 1973, following the resignation of Spiro Agnew.
↑ Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, August 9, 1974–December 19, 1974, after Gerald Ford succeeded to presidency.

President pro tempore emeritus

In 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus was created. It has subsequently been bestowed upon a senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore.^[3]

Portrait	Name	State		Term	Congress
	Strom Thurmond	South Carolina	Republican	June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003	107th Congress
	Robert Byrd	West Virginia	Democratic	January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007	108th Congress 109th Congress
	Ted Stevens	Alaska	Republican	January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009	110th Congress
Vacant January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2015 (No senator was eligible for the position.)					111th Congress 112th Congress 113th Congress
	Patrick Leahy	Vermont	Democratic	January 3, 2015 – January 20, 2021	114th Congress 115th Congress 116th Congress 117th Congress
	Chuck Grassley	Iowa	Republican	January 20, 2021 – present	117th Congress 118th Congress

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President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate. It corresponds to the speaker in some other assemblies.

The lieutenant governor of Texas is the second-highest executive office in the government of Texas, a state in the U.S. It is the second most powerful post in Texas government because its occupant controls the work of the Texas Senate and controls the budgeting process as a leader of the Legislative Budget Board.

William Pierce Frye was an American politician from Maine. A member of the Republican Party, Frye spent most of his political career as a legislator, serving in the Maine House of Representatives and then U.S. House of Representatives, before being elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served for 30 years before dying in office. Frye was a member of the Frye political family, and was the grandfather of Wallace H. White Jr., and the son of John March Frye. He was also a prominent member of the Peucinian Society tradition.

The majority leader of the New York State Senate is elected by the majority of the members of the New York State Senate. The position usually coincides with the title of temporary president of the State Senate, who presides over the session of the State Senate if the lieutenant governor of New York is absent. The temporary president of the State Senate becomes acting lieutenant governor for the remainder of the unexpired term in case of a vacancy in the office of lieutenant governor, or until a new lieutenant governor is appointed In case of a vacancy in the offices of both the governor and lieutenant governor at the same time, the temporary president of the State Senate becomes Acting Governor. If the double vacancy occurs until three months before the mid-term state elections, a special election for governor of New York and lieutenant governor is held. If the double vacancy occurs later, the Temporary President of the State Senate acts as governor until the end of the unexpired term. The temporary president of the State Senate retains both majority leadership and a seat in the State Senate while acting as lieutenant governor or governor.

The presiding officer of the United States Senate is the person who presides over the United States Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices, and precedents. Senate presiding officer is a role, not an actual office. The actual role is usually performed by one of three officials: the vice president of the United States; an elected United States senator; or, under certain circumstances, the chief justice of the United States. Outside the constitutionally mandated roles, the actual appointment of a person to do the job of presiding over the Senate as a body is governed by Rule I of the Standing Rules.

The president pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate is the second-highest-ranking official of the Oklahoma Senate and the highest-ranking state senator. The Oklahoma Constitution designates the Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma as the highest-ranking official, serving ex officio as President of the Senate, even though the lieutenant governor only votes in the case of a tie. During the lieutenant governor's absence, the president pro tempore presides over sessions. By longstanding custom, the lieutenant governor presides over sessions devoted to ceremonial purposes, while the bulk of the legislative management and political power is reserved for the president pro tempore, who is elected directly by the Oklahoma Senate.

The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned to multiple committees.

Party divisions of United States Congresses have played a central role on the organization and operations of both chambers of the United States Congress—the Senate and the House of Representatives—since its establishment as the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States in 1789. Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, nor did they exist at the time the first Senate elections and House elections occurred in 1788 and 1789. Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the 1790s, but political factions—from which organized parties evolved—began to appear almost immediately after the 1st Congress convened. Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the Federalist Party, while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic-Republican Party.

The lieutenant governor of Indiana is a constitutional office in the US state of Indiana. Republican Suzanne Crouch, who assumed office January 9, 2017, is the incumbent. The office holder's constitutional roles are to serve as the president of the Indiana Senate, become acting governor during the incapacity of the governor, and become governor should the incumbent governor resign, die in office, or be impeached and removed from office. Lieutenant governors have succeeded ten governors following their deaths or resignations. The lieutenant governor holds statutory positions, serving as the head of the state agricultural and rural affairs bureaus, and as the chairman of several state committees.

David Davis was an American politician and jurist who was a U.S. senator from Illinois and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He also served as Abraham Lincoln's campaign manager at the 1860 Republican National Convention, engineering Lincoln's successful nomination for president by that party.

References

↑ Gill, Kathy. "US Senate Organization". The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 19, 2009– via About.com.
↑ Mount, Steve. "Constitutional Topic: Presidential Line of Succession". USConstitution.net. Steve Mount. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
1 2 3 Davis, Christopher M. (December 20, 2012). The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 23, 2015.

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[AADR-4] 1 2 Henry Tazewell was affiliated with the Anti-Administration bloc prior to formation of the Democratic-Republican Party.

[DRJD-5] 1 2 Samuel Smith was a member of the Democratic–Republican Party until it became fractured, at which time he sided with its pro-Jackson faction.

[Adams-6] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 6–21, 1789, prior to the inauguration of John Adams.

[Clinton-7] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 20, 1812–March 4, 1813, following the death of George Clinton.

[Gerry-8] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 23, 1814–March 4, 1817, following the death of Elbridge Gerry.

[Calhoun-9] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, December 28, 1832–March 4, 1833, following the resignation of John C. Calhoun.

[Tyler-10] 1 2 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 4, 1841–March 4, 1845, after John Tyler succeeded to the presidency.

[Sevier-11] Ambrose H. Sevier was not elected as president pro tempore in an official manner, but permitted to occupy the chair for the day.

[Fillmore-12] 1 2 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, July 9, 1850–March 4, 1853, after Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency.

[King-13] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 18, 1853–March 4, 1857, following the death of William R. King.

[AJohnson-14] 1 2 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 15, 1865–March 4, 1869, after Andrew Johnson succeeded to presidency.

[Wilson-15] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 22, 1875–March 4, 1877, following the death of Henry Wilson.

[Arthur-16] 1 2 3 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, September 19, 1881–March 4, 1885, after Chester A. Arthur succeeded to presidency.

[Hendricks-17] 1 2 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 25, 1885–March 4, 1889, following the death of Thomas A. Hendricks.

[Hobart-18] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 21, 1899–March 4, 1901, following the death of Garret Hobart.

[Roosevelt-19] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, September 14, 1901–March 4, 1905, after Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to presidency.

[Sherman-20] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, October 30, 1912–March 4, 1913, following the death of James S. Sherman.

[Coolidge-21] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, August 2, 1923–March 4, 1925, after Calvin Coolidge succeeded to presidency.

[Truman-22] 1 2 3 Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, April 12, 1945–January 20, 1949, after Harry S. Truman succeeded to presidency.

[LJohnson-23] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, November 22, 1963–January 20, 1965, after Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to presidency.

[Agnew-24] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, October 10, 1973–December 6, 1973, following the resignation of Spiro Agnew.

[Ford-25] Served during a vacancy in the vice presidency, August 9, 1974–December 19, 1974, after Gerald Ford succeeded to presidency.

[1] Gill, Kathy. "US Senate Organization". The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 19, 2009– via About.com.

[pls-2] Mount, Steve. "Constitutional Topic: Presidential Line of Succession". USConstitution.net. Steve Mount. Retrieved October 19, 2009.

[Davis2012-3] 1 2 3 Davis, Christopher M. (December 20, 2012). The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 23, 2015.

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