31st United States Congress

31st United States Congress
30th  ← →  32nd
United States Capitol (1846)
March 4, 1849 – March 4, 1851
Members	62 senators 233 representatives 2 non-voting delegates
Senate majority	Democratic
Senate President	Millard Fillmore (W) [lower-alpha 1] (until July 9, 1850) Vacant (from July 9, 1850)
House majority	Democratic (plurality)
House Speaker	Howell Cobb (CU)
Sessions
Special: March 5, 1849 – March 23, 1849 1st: December 3, 1849 – September 30, 1850 2nd: December 2, 1850 – March 4, 1851

The 31st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1849, to March 4, 1851, during the 16 months of the Zachary Taylor presidency and the first eight months of the administration of Millard Fillmore's. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1840 United States census. The Senate had a Democratic majority, while there was a Democratic plurality in the House.

Major events

See also: 1849 in the United States, 1850 in the United States, and 1851 in the United States

• March 4, 1849: Zachary Taylor became President of the United States
• June, 1849: Relations with France broke down as the French ambassador Guillaume-Tell de La Vallée Poussin engaged in "insulting and confrontational" behavior towards President Taylor, shortly after this a row erupted with France over reparations which France owed the United States. The president of France, Napoleon III, made this worse by making remarks that led to several members of Congress openly condemning him. ^{[lower-alpha 2]}
• December 3–22, 1849: The election for the House speakership takes 63 ballots. ^[6]
• March 7, 1850: Senator Daniel Webster gave his "Seventh of March" speech in which he endorsed the Compromise of 1850 to prevent a possible civil war
• May 22, 1850: Senate votes 42-11 in favor of ratifying the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty after the motion to do so was put forth by William R. King of Alabama. ^[7] The results of the vote were celebrated in Britain. ^[8]
• July 9, 1850: President Taylor died and Vice President Millard Fillmore became President.

Major legislation

Main article: Major legislation: 31st United States Congress

• September 9, 1850: Compromise of 1850, sess. 1, chs. 48-51, 9  Stat.   446 - 9  Stat.   458
• September 18, 1850: Fugitive Slave Act, sess. 1, ch. 60, 9  Stat.   462
• September 20, 1850: "An Act to suppress the Slave Trade in the District of Columbia," sess. 1, ch. 63, 9  Stat.   467
• September 29, 1850: Donation Land Claim Act, sess. 1, ch. 76, 9  Stat.   496

States admitted and territories organized

• September 9, 1850 — As part of the Compromise of 1850:
  • Texas's borders were changed, ch. 49, 9  Stat.   446
  • New Mexico Territory was organized, ch. 49, 9  Stat.   448
  • California was admitted as a state, ch. 50, 9  Stat.   452
  • Utah Territory was organized, ch. 51, 9  Stat.   453

Party summary

Senate

During this Congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of California.

	Party (shading shows control)				Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Free Soil (FS)	Whig (W)	Other
End of previous congress	38	0	21	1	60	0
Begin	33	2	25	0	60	0
End	36		24		62
Final voting share	58.1%	3.2%	38.7%	0.0%
Beginning of next congress	34	2	21	0	57	5

House of Representatives

During this Congress, two House seats were added for the new state of California.

	Party (shading shows control)						Total	Vacant
	Know Nothing (A)	Democratic (D)	Free Soil (FS)	Whig (W)	Independent (I)	Other
End of previous congress	1	111	0	114	1	2	229	1
Begin	1	113	9	107	0	0	230	1
End		114		105	1			3
Final voting share	0.4%	49.6%	3.9%	45.7%	0.4%	0.0%
Beginning of next congress	0	128	3	85	0	17	233	0

Leadership

President of the Senate
Millard Fillmore

Senate

• President: Millard Fillmore (W), until July 9, 1850; vacant thereafter.
• President pro tempore: David Atchison (D), until May 5, 1850
  • William R. King (D), from May 6, 1850

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Howell Cobb (D), elected December 22, 1849, after 63 ballots
• Democratic Caucus Chairman: James Thompson

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 31st Congress in March 1849. The green stripes represent Free Soil. California's senators were not seated until September 10, 1850.

  2 Democrats

  1 Democrat and 1 Whig

  2 Whigs

Senate presidents pro tempore

David R. Atchison (D)
(until December 2, 1849)

William R. King (D)
(from May 6, 1850)

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1850; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1852; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1854.

Alabama ▌2. Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D), until November 30, 1849 ▌ Jeremiah Clemens (D), from November 30, 1849 ▌3. William R. King (D) Arkansas ▌2. William K. Sebastian (D) ▌3. Solon Borland (D) California ▌1. John C. Frémont (D), from September 10, 1850 (newly admitted state) ▌3. William M. Gwin (D), from September 10, 1850 (newly admitted state) Connecticut ▌1. Roger S. Baldwin (W) ▌3. Truman Smith (W) Delaware ▌1. John Wales (W) ▌2. Presley Spruance (W) Florida ▌1. David Levy Yulee (D) ▌3. Jackson Morton (W) Georgia ▌2. John Macpherson Berrien (W) ▌3. William C. Dawson (W) Illinois ▌2. Stephen A. Douglas (D) ▌3. James Shields (D), until March 6, 1849 ▌ James Shields (D), from December 3, 1849 Indiana ▌1. Jesse D. Bright (D) ▌3. James Whitcomb (D) Iowa ▌2. George Wallace Jones (D) ▌3. Augustus C. Dodge (D) Kentucky ▌2. Joseph R. Underwood (W) ▌3. Henry Clay (W) Louisiana ▌2. Solomon W. Downs (D) ▌3. Pierre Soulé (D) Maine ▌1. Hannibal Hamlin (D) ▌2. James W. Bradbury (D) Maryland ▌1. Reverdy Johnson (W), until March 7, 1849 ▌ David Stewart (W), from December 6, 1849, until January 12, 1850 ▌ Thomas Pratt (W), from January 12, 1850 ▌3. James Pearce (W) Massachusetts ▌1. Daniel Webster (W), until July 22, 1850 ▌ Robert C. Winthrop (W), from July 30, 1850, until February 1, 1851 ▌ Robert Rantoul Jr. (D), from February 1, 1851 ▌2. John Davis (W)

Michigan ▌1. Lewis Cass (D) ▌2. Alpheus Felch (D) Mississippi ▌1. Jefferson Davis (D) ▌2. Henry S. Foote (D) Missouri ▌1. Thomas H. Benton (D) ▌3. David R. Atchison (D) New Hampshire ▌2. John P. Hale (FS) ▌3. Moses Norris Jr. (D) New Jersey ▌1. William L. Dayton (W) ▌2. Jacob W. Miller (W) New York ▌1. Daniel S. Dickinson (D) ▌3. William H. Seward (W) North Carolina ▌2. Willie P. Mangum (W) ▌3. George E. Badger (W) Ohio ▌1. Thomas Corwin (W), until July 20, 1850 ▌ Thomas Ewing (W), from July 20, 1850 ▌3. Salmon P. Chase (FS) Pennsylvania ▌1. Daniel Sturgeon (D) ▌3. James Cooper (W) Rhode Island ▌1. Albert C. Greene (W) ▌2. John H. Clarke (W) South Carolina ▌2. John C. Calhoun (D), until March 31, 1850 ▌ Franklin H. Elmore (D), from April 11, 1850, until May 29, 1850 ▌ Robert W. Barnwell (D), from June 4, 1850, until December 18, 1850 ▌ Robert Rhett (D), from December 18, 1850 ▌3. Andrew Butler (D) Tennessee ▌1. Hopkins Lacy Turney (D) ▌2. John Bell (W) Texas ▌1. Thomas J. Rusk (D) ▌2. Samuel Houston (D) Vermont ▌1. Samuel S. Phelps (W) ▌3. William Upham (W) Virginia ▌1. James M. Mason (D) ▌2. Robert M. T. Hunter (D) Wisconsin ▌1. Henry Dodge (D) ▌3. Isaac P. Walker (D)

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama ▌ 1 . William J. Alston (W) ▌ 2 . Henry W. Hilliard (W) ▌ 3 . Sampson W. Harris (D) ▌ 4 . Samuel W. Inge (D) ▌ 5 . David Hubbard (D) ▌ 6 . Williamson R. W. Cobb (D) ▌ 7 . Franklin W. Bowdon (D) Arkansas ▌ At-large . Robert W. Johnson (D) California Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. ▌ At-large . Edward Gilbert (D), from September 11, 1850 (newly admitted state) ▌ At-large . George W. Wright (I), from September 11, 1850 (newly admitted state) Connecticut ▌ 1 . Loren P. Waldo (D) ▌ 2 . Walter Booth (FS) ▌ 3 . Chauncey F. Cleveland (D) ▌ 4 . Thomas B. Butler (W) Delaware ▌ At-large . John W. Houston (W) Florida ▌ At-large . Edward C. Cabell (W) Georgia ▌ 1 . Thomas Butler King (W), until March 3, 1850 ▌ Joseph W. Jackson (D), from March 4, 1850 ▌ 2 . Marshall J. Wellborn (D) ▌ 3 . Allen F. Owen (W) ▌ 4 . Hugh A. Haralson (D) ▌ 5 . Thomas C. Hackett (D) ▌ 6 . Howell Cobb (D) ▌ 7 . Alexander H. Stephens (W) ▌ 8 . Robert A. Toombs (W) Illinois ▌ 1 . William H. Bissell (D) ▌ 2 . John A. McClernand (D) ▌ 3 . Timothy R. Young (D) ▌ 4 . John Wentworth (D) ▌ 5 . William A. Richardson (D) ▌ 6 . Edward D. Baker (W) ▌ 7 . Thomas L. Harris (D) Indiana ▌ 1 . Nathaniel Albertson (D) ▌ 2 . Cyrus L. Dunham (D) ▌ 3 . John L. Robinson (D) ▌ 4 . George W. Julian (FS) ▌ 5 . William J. Brown (D) ▌ 6 . Willis A. Gorman (D) ▌ 7 . Edward W. McGaughey (W) ▌ 8 . Joseph E. McDonald (D) ▌ 9 . Graham N. Fitch (D) ▌ 10 . Andrew J. Harlan (D) Iowa ▌ 1 . William Thompson (D), until June 29, 1850 ▌ Daniel F. Miller (W), from December 20, 1850 ▌ 2 . Shepherd Leffler (D) Kentucky ▌ 1 . Linn Boyd (D) ▌ 2 . James L. Johnson (W) ▌ 3 . Finis E. McLean (W) ▌ 4 . George A. Caldwell (D) ▌ 5 . John B. Thompson (W) ▌ 6 . Daniel Breck (W) ▌ 7 . Humphrey Marshall (W) ▌ 8 . Charles S. Morehead (W) ▌ 9 . John C. Mason (D) ▌ 10 . Richard H. Stanton (D) Louisiana ▌ 1 . Emile La Sére (D) ▌ 2 . Charles M. Conrad (W), until August 17, 1850 ▌ Henry A. Bullard (W), from December 5, 1850 ▌ 3 . John H. Harmanson (D), until October 24, 1850 ▌ Alexander G. Penn (D), from December 30, 1850 ▌ 4 . Isaac E. Morse (D) Maine ▌ 1 . Elbridge Gerry (D) ▌ 2 . Nathaniel Littlefield (D) ▌ 3 . John Otis (W) ▌ 4 . Rufus K. Goodenow (W) ▌ 5 . Cullen Sawtelle (D) ▌ 6 . Charles Stetson (D) ▌ 7 . Thomas J. D. Fuller (D) Maryland ▌ 1 . Richard Bowie (W) ▌ 2 . William T. Hamilton (D) ▌ 3 . Edward Hammond (D) ▌ 4 . Robert M. McLane (D) ▌ 5 . Alexander Evans (W) ▌ 6 . John B. Kerr (W) Massachusetts ▌ 1 . Robert C. Winthrop (W), until July 30, 1850 ▌ Samuel Atkins Eliot (W), from August 22, 1850 ▌ 2 . Daniel P. King (W), until July 25, 1850 ▌ 3 . James H. Duncan (W) ▌ 4 . vacant ▌ 5 . Charles Allen (FS) ▌ 6 . George Ashmun (W) ▌ 7 . Julius Rockwell (W) ▌ 8 . Horace Mann (W) ▌ 9 . Orin Fowler (W) ▌ 10 . Joseph Grinnell (W) Michigan ▌ 1 . Alexander W. Buel (D) ▌ 2 . William Sprague (W) ▌ 3 . Kinsley S. Bingham (D) Mississippi ▌ 1 . Jacob Thompson (D) ▌ 2 . Winfield S. Featherston (D) ▌ 3 . William McWillie (D) ▌ 4 . Albert G. Brown (D) Missouri ▌ 1 . James B. Bowlin (D) ▌ 2 . William V. Bay (D) ▌ 3 . James S. Green (D) ▌ 4 . Willard P. Hall (D) ▌ 5 . John S. Phelps (D) New Hampshire ▌ 1 . Amos Tuck (FS) ▌ 2 . Charles H. Peaslee (D) ▌ 3 . James Wilson (W), until September 9, 1850 ▌ George W. Morrison (D), from October 8, 1850 ▌ 4 . Harry Hibbard (D) New Jersey ▌ 1 . Andrew K. Hay (W) ▌ 2 . William A. Newell (W) ▌ 3 . Isaac Wildrick (D) ▌ 4 . John Van Dyke (W) ▌ 5 . James G. King (W) New York ▌ 1 . John A. King (W) ▌ 2 . David A. Bokee (W) ▌ 3 . J. Phillips Phoenix (W) ▌ 4 . Walter Underhill (W) ▌ 5 . George Briggs (W) ▌ 6 . James Brooks (W) ▌ 7 . William Nelson (W) ▌ 8 . Ransom Halloway (W) ▌ 9 . Thomas McKissock (W) ▌ 10 . Herman D. Gould (W) ▌ 11 . Peter H. Silvester (W) ▌ 12 . Gideon Reynolds (W) ▌ 13 . John L. Schoolcraft (W) ▌ 14 . George R. Andrews (W) ▌ 15 . John R. Thurman (W) ▌ 16 . Hugh White (W) ▌ 17 . Henry P. Alexander (W) ▌ 18 . Preston King (FS) ▌ 19 . Charles E. Clarke (W) ▌ 20 . Orsamus B. Matteson (W) ▌ 21 . Hiram Walden (D) ▌ 22 . Henry Bennett (W) ▌ 23 . William Duer (W) ▌ 24 . Daniel Gott (W) ▌ 25 . Harmon S. Conger (W) ▌ 26 . William T. Jackson (W) ▌ 27 . William A. Sackett (W) ▌ 28 . Abraham M. Schermerhorn (W) ▌ 29 . Robert L. Rose (W) ▌ 30 . David Rumsey Jr. (W) ▌ 31 . Elijah Risley (W) ▌ 32 . Elbridge G. Spaulding (W) ▌ 33 . Harvey Putnam (W) ▌ 34 . Lorenzo Burrows (W)

North Carolina ▌ 1 . Thomas L. Clingman (W) ▌ 2 . Joseph P. Caldwell (W) ▌ 3 . Edmund Deberry (W) ▌ 4 . Augustine H. Shepperd (W) ▌ 5 . Abraham W. Venable (D) ▌ 6 . John R. J. Daniel (D) ▌ 7 . William S. Ashe (D) ▌ 8 . Edward Stanly (W) ▌ 9 . David Outlaw (W) Ohio ▌ 1 . David T. Disney (D) ▌ 2 . Lewis D. Campbell (W) ▌ 3 . Robert C. Schenck (W) ▌ 4 . Moses B. Corwin (W) ▌ 5 . Emery D. Potter (D) ▌ 6 . Rodolphus Dickinson (D), until March 20, 1849 ▌ Amos E. Wood (D), from December 3, 1849, until November 19, 1850 ▌ John Bell (W), from January 7, 1851 ▌ 7 . Jonathan D. Morris (D) ▌ 8 . John L. Taylor (W) ▌ 9 . Edson B. Olds (D) ▌ 10 . Charles Sweetser (D) ▌ 11 . John K. Miller (D) ▌ 12 . Samuel F. Vinton (W) ▌ 13 . William A. Whittlesey (D) ▌ 14 . Nathan Evans (W) ▌ 15 . William F. Hunter (W) ▌ 16 . Moses Hoagland (D) ▌ 17 . Joseph Cable (D) ▌ 18 . David K. Cartter (D) ▌ 19 . John Crowell (W) ▌ 20 . Joshua R. Giddings (FS) ▌ 21 . Joseph M. Root (FS) Pennsylvania ▌ 1 . Lewis C. Levin (A) ▌ 2 . Joseph R. Chandler (W) ▌ 3 . Henry D. Moore (W) ▌ 4 . John Robbins Jr. (D) ▌ 5 . John Freedley (W) ▌ 6 . Thomas Ross (D) ▌ 7 . Jesse C. Dickey (W) ▌ 8 . Thaddeus Stevens (W) ▌ 9 . William Strong (D) ▌ 10 . Milo M. Dimmick (D) ▌ 11 . Chester P. Butler (W), until October 5, 1850 ▌ John Brisbin (D), from November 13, 1850 ▌ 12 . David Wilmot (D) ▌ 13 . Joseph Casey (W) ▌ 14 . Charles W. Pitman (W) ▌ 15 . Henry Nes (W), until September 10, 1850 ▌ Joel B. Danner (D), from December 2, 1850 ▌ 16 . James X. McLanahan (D) ▌ 17 . Samuel Calvin (W) ▌ 18 . Andrew J. Ogle (W) ▌ 19 . Job Mann (D) ▌ 20 . Robert R. Reed (W) ▌ 21 . Moses Hampton (W) ▌ 22 . John W. Howe (FS) ▌ 23 . James Thompson (D) ▌ 24 . Alfred Gilmore (D) Rhode Island ▌ 1 . George G. King (W) ▌ 2 . Nathan F. Dixon Jr. (W) South Carolina ▌ 1 . Daniel Wallace (D) ▌ 2 . James L. Orr (D) ▌ 3 . Joseph A. Woodward (D) ▌ 4 . John McQueen (D) ▌ 5 . Armistead Burt (D) ▌ 6 . Isaac E. Holmes (D) ▌ 7 . William F. Colcock (D) Tennessee ▌ 1 . Andrew Johnson (D) ▌ 2 . Albert G. Watkins (W) ▌ 3 . Josiah M. Anderson (W) ▌ 4 . John H. Savage (D) ▌ 5 . George W. Jones (D) ▌ 6 . James H. Thomas (D) ▌ 7 . Meredith P. Gentry (W) ▌ 8 . Andrew Ewing (D) ▌ 9 . Isham G. Harris (D) ▌ 10 . Frederick P. Stanton (D) ▌ 11 . Christopher H. Williams (W) Texas ▌ 1 . David S. Kaufman (D), until January 31, 1851 ▌ 2 . Volney E. Howard (D) Vermont ▌ 1 . William Henry (W) ▌ 2 . William Hebard (W) ▌ 3 . George P. Marsh (W), until May 29, 1849 ▌ James Meacham (W), from December 3, 1849 ▌ 4 . Lucius B. Peck (D) Virginia ▌ 1 . John S. Millson (D) ▌ 2 . Richard K. Meade (D) ▌ 3 . Thomas H. Averett (D) ▌ 4 . Thomas S. Bocock (D) ▌ 5 . Paulus Powell (D) ▌ 6 . James A. Seddon (D) ▌ 7 . Thomas H. Bayly (D) ▌ 8 . Alexander Holladay (D) ▌ 9 . Jeremiah Morton (W) ▌ 10 . Richard Parker (D) ▌ 11 . James McDowell (D) ▌ 12 . Henry A. Edmundson (D) ▌ 13 . LaFayette McMullen (D) ▌ 14 . James M. H. Beale (D) ▌ 15 . Alexander Newman (D), until September 8, 1849 ▌ Thomas Haymond (W), from November 8, 1849 Wisconsin ▌ 1 . Charles Durkee (FS) ▌ 2 . Orasmus Cole (W) ▌ 3 . James D. Doty (D) Non-voting members ▌ Minnesota Territory . Henry H. Sibley, from July 7, 1849 ▌ Oregon Territory . Samuel Thurston (D)

House seats by party holding plurality in state   80+% to 100% Democratic   Up to 60% Whig   60+% to 80% Democratic   60+% to 80% Whig   Up to 60% Democratic   80+% to 100% Whig   33% Free Soil Party Speaker Howell Cobb

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• Replacements: 5
  • Democrats (D): no net change
  • Whigs (W): no net change
• Deaths: 1
• Resignations: 3
• Seats from newly admitted states: 2
• Interim appointments: 4
• Total seats with changes: 8

See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate

Senate changes

State (class)	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation [lower-alpha 3]
Illinois (3)	James Shields (D)	Senate voided election March 6, 1849, as Sen. Shields was determined not to have been a US citizen for the number of years required by the Constitution. Incumbent was re-elected October 27, 1849, having by then qualified.	James Shields (D)	Seated December 3, 1849
Maryland (1)	Reverdy Johnson (W)	Resigned March 7, 1849, having been appointed United States Attorney General	David Stewart (W)	Appointed December 6, 1849
Alabama (2)	Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D)	Sen. Dixon Lewis successor elected November 30, 1849	Jeremiah Clemens (D)	Elected November 30, 1849
Maryland (1)	David Stewart (W)	Successor elected January 12, 1850	Thomas Pratt (W)	Elected January 12, 1850
South Carolina (2)	John C. Calhoun (D)	Died March 31, 1850	Franklin H. Elmore (D)	Appointed April 11, 1850
South Carolina (2)	Franklin H. Elmore (D)	Died May 29, 1850	Robert W. Barnwell (D)	Appointed June 4, 1850
Ohio (1)	Thomas Corwin (W)	Resigned July 20, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury	Thomas Ewing (W)	Appointed July 20, 1850
Massachusetts (1)	Daniel Webster (W)	Resigned July 22, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of State again.	Robert C. Winthrop (W)	Appointed July 30, 1850
California (1)	New state	California admitted to the Union September 9, 1850. The first Senator was elected September 10, 1850.	John C. Frémont (D)	Elected September 10, 1850
California (3)	New state	California admitted to the Union September 9, 1850. The first Senator was elected September 10, 1850.	William M. Gwin (D)	Elected September 10, 1850
South Carolina (2)	Robert W. Barnwell (D)	Successor elected December 18, 1850	Robert Rhett (D)	Elected December 18, 1850
Massachusetts (1)	Robert C. Winthrop (W)	Successor elected February 1, 1851	Robert Rantoul Jr. (D)	Elected February 1, 1851

House of Representatives

• Replacements: 11
  • Democrats (D): 2 seat net gain
  • Whigs (W): 2 seat net loss
• Deaths: 8
• Resignations: 5
• Contested election:1
• Seats from newly admitted states: 2
• Total seats with changes: 16

Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

House changes

District	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation [lower-alpha 3]
Minnesota Territory At-large	Vacant	Seat remained vacant after territory became organized at end of previous congress	Henry H. Sibley	Seated July 7, 1849
Vermont 3rd	George Perkins Marsh (W)	Resigned some time in 1849	James Meacham (W)	Seated December 3, 1849
Ohio 6th	Rodolphus Dickinson (D)	Died March 20, 1849	Amos E. Wood (D)	Seated December 3, 1849
Virginia 15th	Alexander Newman (D)	Died September 8, 1849	Thomas Haymond (W)	Seated November 8, 1849
Georgia 1st	Thomas B. King (W)	Resigned March 3, 1850	Joseph W. Jackson (D)	Seated March 4, 1850
Massachusetts 2nd	Daniel P. King (W)	Died July 25, 1850	Vacant	Not filled this term
Iowa 1st	William Thompson (D)	Seat declared vacant June 29, 1850, after contested election. House ruled neither candidate entitled to seat and forced special election	Daniel F. Miller (W)	Seated December 20, 1850
Massachusetts 1st	Robert C. Winthrop (W)	Resigned July 30, 1850, after being appointed to the US Senate	Samuel A. Eliot (W)	Seated August 22, 1850
Louisiana 2nd	Charles M. Conrad (W)	Resigned August 17, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of War	Henry A. Bullard (W)	Seated December 5, 1850
New Hampshire 3rd	James Wilson (W)	Resigned September 9, 1850	George W. Morrison (D)	Seated October 8, 1850
California At-large	California admitted into the Union September 9, 1850, and seat remained vacant until September 11, 1850		Edward Gilbert (D)	Seated September 11, 1850
California At-large	California admitted into the Union September 9, 1850, and seat remained vacant until September 11, 1850		George W. Wright (I)	Seated September 11, 1850
Pennsylvania 15th	Henry Nes (W)	Died September 10, 1850	Joel B. Danner (D)	Seated December 2, 1850
Pennsylvania 11th	Chester P. Butler (W)	Died October 5, 1850	John Brisbin (D)	Seated November 13, 1850
Louisiana 3rd	John H. Harmanson (D)	Died October 24, 1850	Alexander G. Penn (D)	Seated December 30, 1850
Ohio 6th	Amos E. Wood (D)	Died November 19, 1850	John Bell (W)	Seated January 7, 1851
Texas 1st	David S. Kaufman (D)	Died January 31, 1851	Vacant	Not filled this term

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate Agriculture (Chairman: Daniel Sturgeon) Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Augustus Dodge) California's Admission to the Union (Select) Claims (Chairman: Moses Norris Jr.) Commerce (Chairman: Clement C. Clay) Disorder in the Senate of April 17, 1850 (Select) Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select) District of Columbia (Chairman: James M. Mason) Eligibility of James Shields (Special) Finance (Chairman: Daniel S. Dickinson then James Pearce) Foreign Relations (Chairman: William R. King then Henry S. Foote) French Spoilations (Select) (Chairman: Truman Smith) Indian Affairs (Chairman: David R. Atchison) Judiciary (Chairman: Andrew P. Butler) Manufactures (Chairman: William K. Sebastian) Mexican Boundary Commission (Select) Military Affairs (Chairman: Jefferson Davis) Militia (Chairman: Sam Houston) Naval Affairs (Chairman: David Levy Yulee) Ordnance and War Ships (Select) Patents and the Patent Office (Chairman: David S. Reid) Pensions (Chairman: George Wallace Jones) Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Thomas J. Rusk) Printing (Chairman: Solon Borland) Private Land Claims (Chairman: Solomon W. Downs) Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Robert M.T. Hunter) Public Lands (Chairman: Alpheus Felch) Retrenchment (Chairman: James W. Bradbury) Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Isaac P. Walker) Roads and Canals (Chairman: Jesse D. Bright) Seventh Census (Select) Settlement of the Slavery Question (Select) Tariff Regulation (Select) Territories (Chairman: Stephen A. Douglas) Whole

House of Representatives Accounts (Chairman: Daniel P. King) Agriculture (Chairman: Nathaniel S. Littlefield) Bounty Land Act of 1850 (Select) Claims (Chairman: John Reeves Jones Daniel) Commerce (Chairman: Robert M. McLane) District of Columbia (Chairman: Albert G. Brown) Elections (Chairman: William Strong) Engraving (Chairman: Edward Hammond) Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Alexander Holladay) Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William Thompson) Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Kingsley S. Bingham) Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: George A. Caldwell) Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: Milo M. Dimmick) Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: James M. H. Beale) Foreign Affairs (Chairman: John A. McClernand) Indian Affairs (Chairman: Robert W. Johnson) Invalid Pensions (Chairman: Shepherd Leffler) Judiciary (Chairman: James Thompson) Manufactures (Chairman: Lucius B. Peck) Mileage (Chairman: Graham N. Fitch) Military Affairs (Chairman: Armistead Burt) Militia (Chairman: Charles H. Peaslee) Naval Affairs (Chairman: Frederick P. Stanton) Patents (Chairman: Hiram Walden) Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Emery D. Potter) Private Land Claims (Chairman: Isaac E. Morse) Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Franklin W. Bowdon) Public Expenditures (Chairman: Andrew Johnson) Public Lands (Chairman: James B. Bowlin) Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Williamson R. W. Cobb) Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Cullen Sawtelle) Revolutionary Pensions (Chairman: Loren P. Waldo) Roads and Canals (Chairman: John L. Robinson) Rules (Chairman: David S. Kaufman) Standards of Official Conduct Territories (Chairman: Linn Boyd) Ways and Means (Chairman: Thomas H. Bayly) Whole

Joint committees

• Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Sen. Thomas J. Rusk then Sen. George Badger)
• The Library (Chairman: N/A)
• The Printing (Chairman: N/A)

Caucuses

• Democratic (House)
• Democratic (Senate)

Employees

• Librarian of Congress: John Silva Meehan

Senate

• Chaplain: Henry Slicer (Methodist), until January 9, 1850
  • Clement M. Butler (Episcopalian), elected January 9, 1850
• Secretary: Asbury Dickins
• Sergeant at Arms: Robert Beale

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: Ralph Gurley (Presbyterian)
• Clerk: Thomas J. Campbell, died April 13, 1850
  • Richard M. Young, elected April 17, 1850
• Doorkeeper: Robert E. Horner
• Postmaster: John M. Johnson
• Reading Clerks: [ data missing ]
• Sergeant at Arms: Nathan Sargent, until January 15, 1850
  • Adam J. Glossbrenner, from January 15, 1850

See also

• 1848 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
  • 1848 United States presidential election
  • 1848–49 United States Senate elections
  • 1848–49 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1850 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
  • 1850–51 United States Senate elections
  • 1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections

Notes

1. U.S. Vice President Millard Filmore's term as President of the Senate ended on July 9, 1850 when ascending to the Presidency, President pro tempore William R. King acted his duties as the President of the Senate.
2. A group of senators consisting of John Macpherson Berrien, William C. Dawson, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, William R. King, James M. Mason, Robert M. T. Hunter, Jesse D. Bright, James Whitcomb, Thomas Corwin, Salmon P. Chase, Joseph R. Underwood and Henry Clay, as well as a group of representatives from the House consisting of Linn Boyd, James L. Johnson, Finis E. McLean, George Caldwell , John B. Thompson, Daniel Breck, Humphrey Marshall, Charles S. Morehead, John C. Mason, Richard H. Stanton, Thomas B. King, Marshall J. Wellborn, Allen F. Owen, Hugh A. Haralson, Thomas C. Hackett, Howell Cobb, Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, John S. Millson, Richard K. Meade, Thomas H. Averett, Thomas S. Bocock, Paulus Powell, James Seddon, Thomas H. Bayly, Alexander Holladay, Jeremiah Morton, Richard Parker, James McDowell, Henry A. Edmundson, LaFayette McMullen, James M. H. Beale, Alexander Newman, Nathaniel Albertson, Cyrus L. Dunham, John L. Robinson, George W. Julian, William J. Brown, Willis A. Gorman, Edward W. McGaughey, Joseph E. McDonald, Graham N. Fitch, Andrew J. Harlan, David T. Disney, Lewis D. Campbell, Robert C. Schenck, Moses B. Corwin, Emery D. Potter, Jonathan D. Morris, John L. Taylor, Edson B. Olds, Charles Sweetser, John K. Miller, Samuel F. Vinton, William A. Whittlesey, Nathan Evans, William F. Hunter, Moses Hoagland, Joseph Cable, David K. Cartter, John Crowell, Joshua R. Giddings and Joseph M. Root all condemned France's President Napoleon III on the floor of the House and Senate, and put in writing that they expressed "solidarity" with President Taylor in his diplomatic clash with the French. This breakdown in relations with France was considered a potential diplomatic disaster in France, and it only calmed down when the French ambassador was removed and replaced by his own government. President Taylor refused to budge, and remained openly hostile to the French. However, Vice President Millard Fillmore was outspokenly sympathetic to the French, causing the French ambassador to remark "we have in this country (the United States) a president who hates France and Vice President who loves France. Our interests are with Fillmore." Before being removed the French ambassador wrote "With this President, this Congress and this Senate, the United States is a hostile country to us." ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}
3. When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.

References

1. John Macpherson Berrien of Georgia (1781-1856): A Political Biography, Royce Coggins McCrary University of Georgia, 1974
2. President Zachary Taylor: The Hero President by Elbert B. Smith
3. Who Were the Southern Whigs? by Charles Grier Sellers
4. A Reappraisal of Franco-American Relations, 1830-1871 by Henry Blumenthal
5. The World: Historical & Actual: What Has Been & what is ... by Frank Gilbert, pg. 681
6. Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Stewart III, Charles (April 2001). Sophisticated Behavior and Speakership Elections: The Elections of 1849 and 1855–56. Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL. p. 29. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
7. "Voteview | Plot Vote: 31st Congress > Senate > 89".
8. Mediation of the Honduran-Guatemalan Boundary Question: Held Under the Good Offices of the Department of State, 1918-1919 ... by United States. Department of State U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919 pg. 211

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
• Congressional Directory for the 31st Congress, 1st Session. Force's Picture of the city of Washington and its vicinity. William Q. Force. 1850.
• Congressional Directory for the 31st Congress, 1st Session (1st Revision). U.S. Govt. Print. Off., etc. 1850.
• Congressional Directory for the 31st Congress, 1st Session (2nd Revision). 1850.