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The 1980 United States Senate election in New York was held on November 4, 1980. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Jacob Javits was defeated in the primary by Al D'Amato. D'Amato went on to win a plurality in the general election over Elizabeth Holtzman and Javits, who remained in the race as the candidate of the Liberal Party of New York.
Even as early as his time in the U.S. House in the 1940s, Jacob Javits had been one of the most liberal members of the Republican Party. [1] However, his electability in an otherwise Democratic-leaning state and considerable influence within the Senate allowed him to maintain strength within the party, [2] and he had been able to win election to four terms in the Senate even as his views became less and less popular among Republican loyalists. By 1979, he had become the longest-serving U.S. Senator in New York state history. [2]
For years, Javits had been considered politically "invincible," but had become vulnerable in 1980 in part due to the rise of the Conservative Party of New York, [2] which had cut into the Republican base. Conservatives argued that no Republican could win a general election without their endorsement. [3] In 1970, liberal Republican Senator Charles Goodell lost re-election to Conservative James L. Buckley. In Javits's prior two re-elections in 1968 and 1974, he had been held to less than a majority by strong Conservative performances.
Javits also faced criticisms from liberals in the state over his tepid opposition to the Vietnam War nearly a decade prior; among other things, he had failed to co-sponsor Goodell's amendment to set a deadline for American withdrawal from Vietnam. [2] Javits had also been outflanked by Buckley in 1974, when the Conservative Senator called for the resignation of Richard Nixon while Javits demurred. [2]
Before 1980, Javits had never faced a primary challenge. However, amid widespread speculation that he would not run, two challengers entered the race: Queens attorney James Eagan, a political unknown, and Hempstead supervisor Al D'Amato. [3] D'Amato, who locked up support from Republican leaders on Long Island and had strong ties to the Conservative Party which would ensure his cross-endorsement, was considered a serious threat. [3] On January 17, former Representative Bruce Caputo announced that he would enter the race for the Conservative and Republican nominations, assuming Javits ran. [4] Both he and D'Amato argued that a Conservative-Republican fusion would be unbeatable if Javits remained on the Liberal ticket. [4]
However, neither Caputo nor D'Amato were the Conservatives' first choice. Most speculation surrounded Representative Jack Kemp, a leading Conservative Party fundraiser and active supporter of Ronald Reagan's campaign for president. [5] Kemp was all but assured of the Conservative nomination if he desired it. [4] He told supporters that he would not challenge Javits, [3] but publicly said there was "a good chance" he would run if Javits retired. [4] The Conservatives withheld their formal endorsement from D'Amato, Caputo, or any other candidate in hopes that Javits would not run and Kemp would. [3]
Javits initially said he would announce his intent before February 12, but delayed that decision two weeks, citing his health. Javits also refused to fundraise before formally announcing his campaign despite changes in the law that would have allowed it. [3] When he did finally announce his re-election bid on February 25, Javits shocked supporters by revealing had been diagnosed with a form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, better known as Lou Gehrig's disease, eighteen months earlier. [6] Javits said his diagnosis was "indolent." Dr. Jerome B. Posner of the Sloan-Kettering Institute confirmed that the disease would not affect Javits's cognition and said he believed Javits could serve out the six-year term. [6] (Javits ultimately died in March 1986, roughly one year before his term would have ended.)
Javits's announcement livened the race, which instantly centered on his long record. [7] Though some continued to urge Kemp to run, he ruled himself out. Thus, the primary campaign essentially became a two-stage contest: between Caputo and D'Amato for the Conservative nomination and then between the Conservative choice and Javits for the Republican nomination, though Caputo pledged he would remain in the race if he lost the Conservative nomination, disputing the assumption that the two would split the anti-Javits vote. [7] Caputo, considered a "handsome, media-wise candidate" with "something of a national reputation," [7] was considered a stronger opponent against Javits but faced an uphill battle against D'Amato, who was considered the more conservative of the two, although unknown outside of Long Island. [7] D'Amato campaigned on Caputo's support for the Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act and opposition to the B-1 bomber. [7]
On March 22, the Conservative state committee gave their informal endorsement to D'Amato, pledging to formalize the nomination in June. There was considerable haggling over whether the committee would weight their votes by party support, which D'Amato favored since most of his strength was in the Conservative base of Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk. The final weighted vote backed D'Amato over Caputo nearly two-to-one. [8]
In preliminary speeches, D'Amato backers stressed his long standing in the Conservative Party and his ability to get on the Republican primary ballot without resorting to an expensive petition drive, since he had the necessary party committee support. [8]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | Al D'Amato | 155,877 | 65.63% | |
| Conservative | Bruce Caputo | 80,587 | 33.93% | |
| Conservative | James Eagan | 1,048 | 0.44% | |
| Total votes | 237,512 | 100.00% | ||
After the announcement, Caputo said he would remain in the race. D'Amato said he would contest the general election even if he lost the primary. [8]
Few initially believed that D'Amato could unseat Javits in the primary. [9]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Al D'Amato | 323,468 | 55.68% | |
| Republican | Jacob Javits (incumbent) | 257,433 | 44.32% | |
| Total votes | 580,901 | 100.00% | ||
The Democratic field included four major candidates. Bess Myerson was the early favorite, having the support of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, New York City mayor Ed Koch, and Governor Hugh Carey. [7] [11] Nevertheless, Myerson's campaign was reliant on her statewide celebrity status as a former Miss America winner and TV personality. If she faltered, most expected Representative Elizabeth Holtzman to take the lead. She had already unseated House dean Emanuel Celler in 1972, and as a member of the House Judiciary Committee, took a leading role in the Nixon impeachment hearings. [7] The third leading candidate, former mayor of New York City John Lindsay, was considered popular with minority voters but struggled to escape his controversial eight-year tenure as mayor, which some city residents blamed for the near-bankruptcy of the city in 1975. [7]
Lindsay claimed that Carey told him that he regretted endorsing Myerson. Carey denied this, but his comment in the same interview that he viewed this senate seat as "a Jewish seat" led to criticism from the Anti-Defamation League and all four candidates. [12]
Holtzman rose quickly in the primary, despite her difficulty expressing criticism of Senator Javits, who remained popular with the same liberal Democrats who supported her campaign. [9] During the campaign, Holtzman boasted that she was "never been hand-picked by the bosses. I have never been hand-picked by anyone.", in a thinly-veiled dig to her opponents. Holtzman touted her legislative record, implicitly criticizing Myerson's lack of actual political experience, [9] and her support for women's rights, having secured an extension for the Equal Rights Amendment's 1979 ratification. [13] Myerson also struggled to define herself ideologically, and by late March Holtzman had already pulled ahead in at least one poll. [9]
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Elizabeth Holtzman | 378,567 | 40.74% | |
| Democratic | Bess Myerson | 292,767 | 31.51% | |
| Democratic | John Lindsay | 146,815 | 15.80% | |
| Democratic | John J. Santucci | 36,770 | 11.96% | |
| Total votes | 854,919 | 100.00% | ||
Although Elizabeth Holtzman sought the Liberal Party nomination, the party stuck with Javits, a decision which was to prove pivotal in the general election.
D'Amato, also running on the Conservative line, proceeded to defeat Democratic U.S. Representative Elizabeth Holtzman and Javits, who ran on the Liberal Party ticket. In the traditionally liberal state of New York, Javits split the Democratic vote with Holtzman, to give D'Amato a close victory. [19]
Javits' campaign did well financially after his defeat in the Republican primary and his contributions exceeded D'Amato. He raised $289,062 between August 21 and September 30, while D'Amato raised $217,969 and Holtzman raised $294,708 in that same period. Gerald Ford and Arthur Goldberg wrote to possible donors on Javits' behalf and U.S. Senator Charles H. Percy hosted a fundraiser for Javits. By this point Javits' campaign spent $697,625, D'Amato spent $867,535, and Holtzman spent $1.3 million. [20]
On October 13, Javits stated that might consider dropping out at a press conference, but stated that he was "in this race to stay" on October 14. [21] Sol Chaikin, president of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, and Victor Gotbaum, president of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees District Council 37, attempted to convince Javits to drop out to prevent him from splitting the vote with Holtzman and allowing D'Amato to win. [22] The New York Times and Constance E. Cook, who previously co-chaired Javits' campaign, also called on him to drop out. [23] On October 31, the New York Daily News reported that Javits stated that he would have dropped out if Holtzman had asked him, but he denied it the next day. [24]
The three candidates participated in a debate hosted by the Buffalo Courier-Express on October 22. [25]
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| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Margin of error | Al D'Amato Republican | Elizabeth Holtzman Democratic | Jacob Javits Liberal | Other / Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York Daily News Richard F. Link and Associates [31] | October 1980 | 2,479 (RV) | 34% | 29% | 23% | 14% | |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Al D'Amato | 2,272,082 | 37.77% | ||
| Conservative | Al D'Amato | 275,100 | 4.57% |  11.36 | |
| Right to Life | Al D'Amato | 152,470 | 2.53% | N/A | |
| Total | Al D'Amato | 2,699,652 | 44.88% | N/A | |
| Democratic | Elizabeth Holtzman | 2,618,661 | 43.54% |  5.31 | |
| Liberal | Jacob Javits (incumbent) | 664,544 | 11.05% | ||
| Libertarian | Richard Savadel | 21,465 | 0.36% | N/A | |
| Communist | William R. Scott | 4,161 | 0.07% | 0.01 | |
| Workers World | Thomas Soto | 3,643 | 0.06% | ||
| Socialist Workers | Victor A. Nieto | 2,715 | 0.05% | 0.10 | |
| Write-in | 73 | 0.00% | |||
| Majority | 80,991 | 1.34% | |||
| Total votes | 6,014,914 | 100.00% | |||
| Republican hold | Swing | ||||
The Liberal Party of New York is a political party in New York. Its platform supports a standard set of socially liberal policies, including abortion rights, increased spending on education, and universal health care.
Alfonse Marcello D'Amato is an American attorney, lobbyist, and politician who served as a United States senator from New York from 1981 to 1999.
The Conservative Party of New York State is an American political party founded in 1962 following conservative dissatisfaction with the Republican Party in New York. Running on the Conservative Party line, James L. Buckley won election to the U.S. Senate in 1970 and served for one term. Since 2010, the party has held "Row C" on New York ballots—the third-place ballot position, directly below the Democratic and Republican parties—because it received the third-highest number of votes of any political party in the 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022 New York gubernatorial elections. The party is known for its strategy of attempting to influence the Republican Party in a more conservative direction.
Jacob Koppel Javits was an American lawyer and politician from New York. During his time in politics, he served in both chambers of the United States Congress, a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1947 to 1954 and a member of the United States Senate from 1957 to 1981. A member of the Republican Party, he also served as Attorney General of New York from 1955 to 1957. Generally considered a liberal Republican, he was often at odds with his own party. A supporter of labor unions, the Great Society, and the civil rights movement, he played a key role in the passing of civil rights legislation. An opponent of the Vietnam War, he drafted the War Powers Resolution in 1973.
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