In the 1965 Virginia gubernatorial election, incumbent Governor Albertis Harrison, a Democrat, was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. For the first time in many decades there was an uncontested Democratic primary, in which incumbent Lieutenant GovernorMills Godwin was unopposed.[1]Linwood Holton, an attorney from Roanoke, was nominated by the Republican Party, whilst the newly formed Virginia Conservative Party nominated William J. Story Jr. of Chesapeake.
For the previous six decades Virginia had had the most restricted electorate in the nation due to a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests completely disenfranchising most blacks and poorer whites.[2] This allowed for state politics to be dominated by the conservative Democratic "Byrd Organization", as "antiorganization" factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote.[2] Things would be substantially changed in the previous year's presidential election, as strong registration drives would almost double black voter registration from around 110,000 to 200,000 in a few years.[3]
Incumbent lieutenant governor Mills E. Godwin was viewed as the leading Democratic candidate for Governor from the time of the previous year's elections,[4] especially after Harry Byrd Jr. chose not to run in December.[5] Godwin was a product of the Byrd Organization but not shackled to its traditional thinking:[6] he sought alliances with unions, urban whites and the growing black electorate as well as Byrd stalwarts.[7]
Right-wing challenges to the Byrd Democrats
Opposition to Holton's new strategies within the organization led to the formation of firstly the Conservative Council and then a "Conservative Party" led by John Birch Society member William Story.[8] The Conservatives believed that the pay-as-you-go political system must be reinforced and federal control eliminated throughout the state.[9] The Conservatives attacked Godwin as
Lyndon [Johnson]'s fair-headed boy backed by welfare payments funded by hardworking taxpayers.[8]
Besides Story and his Conservatives, George Lincoln Rockwell, an avowed white supremacist and founder/leader of the American Nazi Party, ran as an independent candidate. Rockwell planned his run at least a year in advance, telling an associate that such a campaign would be useful to inflame the reaction of the Jewish population.[10][11] He filed for governor as an independent on April 20[12] with a campaign that promoted white schools, law and order, taxes and welfare, anti-subversive commission, and relocation benefits.[13] At the close of the campaign, Rockwell said that he would end NAACP meetings in the state.[14]
Godwin won the election with a plurality over Holton and Story. Story's strength – around four points greater than expected in pre-election polls[19] that gave him nine percent of the total[20] – mainly came at the expense of the Democrats as counties in the Piedmont that had been won by Democrats with over seventy percent shrank to forty percent or less. Godwin did best in the Tidewater Region, while Holton ran best in the traditionally Republican Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia. Increased turnout due to the Twenty-fourth Amendment helped Godwin. Whereas previous Republican gubernatorial candidates had typically won majorities of a limited black vote[21] reaching up to ninety percent,[22] Godwin is thought to have won seventy-five percent of a black vote estimated at seventy thousand.[c][21] Despite the fact that Holton had opposed Massive Resistance, the association of the Republicans with Barry Goldwater was fatal for his chances of winning the newly enfranchised African-Americans.[22]
Godwin's success was based on a very unlikely coalition of liberals and conservatives: he would even get people of radically different ideologies to work for him in different localities – Armistead Boothe in Arlington and William Tuck in Danville.[23]
Rockwell received 5,730 votes,[24] slightly less than 1% of the total.[24] While he was initially disappointed and shocked by his showing, only weeks later at a speech he spun it as a positive result, saying that
with a budget of $15,000, with a total press blackout, and with a 'Kosher conservative' [splitting the vote] ... I got 7,000 people to vote for a Nazi.[24][25]
1 2 3 In this county or city where Godwin ran third behind both Holton and Story, margin given is Holton vote minus Story vote and percentage margin Holton percentage minus Story percentage.
↑ This is less than half the estimated black vote in the state in the 1964 presidential election, more than ninety-five percent of which went to Democrat Lyndon Johnson.[3]
1 2 Davidson, Chandler; Grofman, Bernard (1994). Quiet Revolution in the South: the Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965-1990. pp.275–276. ISBN0691032475.
↑ Holton, Abner Linwood (2008). Opportunity time. University of Virginia Press. p.57. ISBN9780813927206.
1 2 Pope, Michael Lee (2022). The Byrd Machine in Virginia: The Rise and Fall of a Conservative Political Organization. History Press. p.140. ISBN9781467139205.
↑ Cox, Charles (November 1, 1965). "Nazi Is Fined for Creating Disorder at NAACP Session". The World-News. Roanoke, Virginia. p.13.
↑ "Voters of Area, State Decide Races Tomorrow: Both Parties Make Final Voter Pleas". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. November 1, 1965. p.1.
↑ "GOP Senses Upset in Virginia Election". Press of Atlantic City. Associated Press. November 2, 1965. p.2.
1 2 Topping, John C. (1966). Southern Republicanism and the New South. pp.122–127.
1 2 Kabaservice, Geoffrey (January 2, 2012). Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party. Oxford University Press. p.158. ISBN9780199921133.
↑ Pope (2022). The Byrd Machine in Virginia. pp.142–143.
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