1952 United States presidential election in Virginia

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1952 United States presidential election in Virginia
Flag of Virginia.svg
  1948 November 4, 1952 1956  
  Dwight David Eisenhower 1952 crop.jpg Adlai Stevenson close-up.jpg
Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson
Party Republican Democratic
Home state New York [1] Illinois
Running mate Richard Nixon John Sparkman
Electoral vote120
Popular vote349,037268,677
Percentage56.32%43.36%

Virginia Presidential Election Results 1952.svg
County Results

President before election

Harry S. Truman
Democratic

Elected President

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican

The 1952 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1952. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Contents

For the previous five decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests. [2] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia's electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders. [2]

This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive “antiorganization” factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote. [3] Historical fusion with the “Readjuster” Democrats, [4] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver, [5] and an early move towards a “lily white” Jim Crow party [4] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state. [6] In 1928 a combination of growing middle-class Republicanism in the cities and anti-Catholicism against Al Smith in the Tidewater [7] allowed the GOP to carry Virginia and elect three Congressmen, including one representing the local district of emerging machine leader Byrd. [8] However, from 1932 with the state severely affected by the Depression, Republican strength declined below its low pre-1928 level, although Byrd himself became highly critical of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies as early as 1940. [9]

Largely because of fear of losing several seats in the House to resurgent Republicans, Virginia's federal officeholders, although all firmly opposed to Harry S. Truman’s civil rights bills, did not endorse Strom Thurmond in 1948. [10] However, Byrd became almost completely opposed to the Truman administration’s policies during the ensuing presidential term, [11] and after initially preferred nominee Richard Russell Jr. called for repealing the Taft–Hartley Act, the Byrd Organization refused to endorse any Democratic nominee, [11] explicitly rejecting eventual nominees Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson II and Alabama Senator John Sparkman. [12]

Background

Following the end of Reconstruction Virginia voted for every Democratic presidential nominee except for Al Smith in the 1928 election. [13]

Campaign

U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd opposed President Harry S. Truman's support for civil rights and chose to remain neutral in presidential elections. This allowed his political machine to support Republican presidential candidates while voting for Democratic candidates down ballot. [13]

Following this election Virginia would support every Republican presidential nominee from 1952-2008 except for the victory of Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 election. In 2008, the state voted for Democrat Barack Obama and has since remained a Democratic-leaning state, largely due to the huge growth of Northern Virginia and the D.C. suburbs. [14] By 2020, Joe Biden became the first Democrat to post a double-digit victory since Roosevelt himself in 1944. Virginia was the only southern state that Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter failed to win in the 1976 election. [15]

Polls

SourceRatingAs of
Lansing State Journal [16] TossupSeptember 17, 1952
The Salt Lake Tribune [17] Tilt DOctober 24, 1952
Lubbock Morning Avalanche [18] TossupOctober 24, 1952
The Greeneville Sun [19] Lean DOctober 25, 1952
The New York Times [20] Lean R (flip)October 25, 1952
The Modesto Bee [21] Lean R (flip)October 27, 1952
The New York Times [22] Lean DOctober 27, 1952

Results

Despite polls being uncertain, Virginia would be comfortably won by Republican nominees, Columbia University President Dwight D. Eisenhower, running with California Senator Richard Nixon.

1952 United States presidential election in Virginia [23]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
Republican Dwight Eisenhower 349,03756.32%12
Democratic Adlai Stevenson 268,67743.36%0
Socialist Labor Eric Hass 1,1600.19%0
Social Democrat Darlington Hoopes 5040.08%0
Progressive Vincent Hallinan 3110.05%0
Totals619,689100.00%12

Results by county or independent city

County/City [24] Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican
Adlai Stevenson
Democratic
Eric Hass
Socialist Labor
Darlington Hoopes
Social Democrat
Vincent Hallinan
Progressive
MarginTotal votes cast
# %# %# %# %# %# %
Accomack 2,62653.99%2,22045.64%120.25%40.08%20.04%4068.35%4,864
Albemarle 2,52360.32%1,64239.25%80.19%80.19%20.05%88121.07%4,183
Alexandria 8,57956.92%6,47142.93%80.15%30.06%10.02%2,10813.99%15,072
Alleghany 2,56452.88%2,27446.90%70.14%20.04%20.04%2905.98%4,849
Amelia 83253.64%70345.33%80.52%50.32%30.19%1298.31%1,551
Amherst 1,40740.20%2,07859.37%110.31%30.09%10.03%-671-19.17%3,500
Appomattox 92949.13%95750.61%30.16%20.11%00.00%-28-1.48%1,891
Arlington 22,15860.91%14,03238.57%1570.43%50.01%280.08%8,12622.34%36,380
Augusta 3,41469.97%1,45329.78%60.15%20.05%40.10%1,96140.19%4,879
Bath 76562.65%45136.94%20.16%30.25%00.00%31425.71%1,221
Bedford 2,91654.47%2,42645.32%40.07%50.09%20.04%4909.15%5,353
Bland 1,00057.21%74342.51%20.11%10.06%20.11%25714.70%1,748
Botetourt 2,02161.50%1,26438.47%10.03%00.00%00.00%75723.03%3,286
Bristol 1,57452.31%1,43247.59%120.45%80.30%00.00%1424.72%3,009
Brunswick 1,09839.97%1,63559.52%50.18%90.33%00.00%-537-19.55%2,747
Buchanan 2,33038.65%3,61359.93%691.14%110.18%60.10%-1,283-21.28%6,029
Buckingham 81146.58%91952.79%50.29%40.23%20.11%-108-6.21%1,741
Buena Vista 51356.62%39243.27%90.06%70.05%60.04%12113.35%906
Campbell 2,44747.26%2,71352.39%140.27%20.04%20.04%-266-5.13%5,178
Caroline 85847.01%95452.27%120.66%10.05%00.00%-96-5.26%1,825
Carroll 3,77468.68%1,71131.14%70.13%10.02%20.04%2,06337.54%5,495
Charles City 34240.24%49257.88%80.94%50.59%30.35%-150-17.64%850
Charlotte 94936.56%1,63062.79%80.31%70.27%20.08%-681-26.23%2,596
Charlottesville 3,29260.14%2,17439.72%10.03%20.07%00.00%1,11820.42%5,474
Chesterfield 4,48255.70%3,54644.07%90.11%50.06%40.05%93611.63%8,046
Clarke 80952.88%71646.80%40.26%10.07%00.00%936.08%1,530
Clifton Forge 93653.46%81146.32%10.11%00.00%00.00%1257.14%1,751
Colonial Heights 89651.73%83548.21%20.04%50.09%10.02%613.52%1,732
Craig 42546.45%49053.55%00.00%00.00%00.00%-65-7.10%915
Culpeper 1,50760.33%98739.51%10.04%20.08%10.04%52020.82%2,498
Cumberland 69554.42%57444.95%30.23%50.39%00.00%1219.47%1,277
Danville 4,76558.49%3,32340.79%30.17%10.06%00.00%1,44217.70%8,146
Dickenson 2,91347.41%3,21052.25%170.28%30.05%10.02%-297-4.84%6,144
Dinwiddie 98339.77%1,46259.14%110.44%110.44%50.20%-479-19.37%2,472
Essex 61052.45%54546.86%60.52%20.17%00.00%655.59%1,163
Fairfax 13,02060.90%8,32938.96%70.03%70.03%160.07%4,69121.94%21,379
Falls Church 1,38659.82%93040.14%10.06%00.00%00.00%45619.68%2,317
Fauquier 2,06856.27%1,59743.46%80.22%20.05%00.00%47112.81%3,675
Floyd 1,62671.69%61927.29%170.75%20.09%40.18%1,00744.40%2,268
Fluvanna 72457.74%51941.39%50.40%50.40%10.08%20516.35%1,254
Franklin 1,97649.08%2,01249.98%130.32%200.50%50.12%-36-0.90%4,026
Frederick 1,80357.53%1,32642.31%40.13%10.03%00.00%47715.22%3,134
Fredericksburg 1,53661.20%97038.65%260.32%260.32%60.07%56622.55%2,510
Giles 1,93552.94%1,71746.98%30.08%00.00%00.00%2185.96%3,655
Gloucester 1,07352.44%96146.97%60.29%40.20%20.10%1125.47%2,046
Goochland 71446.12%82052.97%100.65%40.26%00.00%-106-6.85%1,548
Grayson 4,44961.78%2,73437.97%100.14%50.07%30.04%1,71523.81%7,201
Greene 53767.80%25031.57%30.38%20.25%00.00%28736.23%792
Greensville 98843.47%1,25955.39%150.66%60.26%50.22%-271-11.92%2,273
Halifax 2,27440.70%3,29658.99%100.18%60.11%10.02%-1,022-18.29%5,587
Hampton 5,50552.52%4,94647.19%10.04%00.00%00.00%5595.33%10,481
Hanover 2,25759.76%1,51840.19%20.05%00.00%00.00%73919.57%3,777
Harrisonburg 2,23877.82%63522.08%20.08%20.08%00.00%1,60355.74%2,876
Henrico 10,68266.62%5,33933.30%40.02%70.04%30.02%5,34333.32%16,035
Henry 1,87144.34%2,32355.05%170.40%80.19%10.02%-452-10.71%4,220
Highland 69662.25%41937.48%20.18%10.09%00.00%27724.77%1,118
Hopewell 1,64049.58%1,65750.09%150.14%90.09%60.06%-17-0.51%3,308
Isle of Wight 99644.52%1,22754.85%90.40%40.18%10.04%-231-10.33%2,237
James City 52760.23%34639.54%20.23%00.00%00.00%18120.69%875
King and Queen 41551.23%38747.78%30.37%30.37%20.25%283.45%810
King George 57752.94%50346.15%50.46%30.28%20.18%746.79%1,090
King William 73057.39%53341.90%70.55%20.16%00.00%19715.49%1,272
Lancaster 1,22861.49%75337.71%100.50%60.30%00.00%47523.78%1,997
Lee 4,62251.99%4,24247.71%160.18%40.04%70.08%3804.28%8,891
Loudoun 2,54054.86%2,07544.82%90.19%30.06%30.06%46510.04%4,630
Louisa 1,13552.26%1,02547.19%60.28%40.18%20.09%1105.07%2,172
Lunenburg 83735.27%1,52864.39%40.17%30.13%10.04%-691-29.12%2,373
Lynchburg 7,09064.75%3,84835.14%20.07%10.03%00.00%3,24229.61%10,949
Madison 1,01264.96%54034.66%30.19%10.06%20.13%47230.30%1,558
Martinsville 1,77255.83%1,39143.82%50.15%30.09%30.09%38112.01%3,174
Mathews 95163.87%53335.80%40.27%10.07%00.00%41828.07%1,489
Mecklenburg 1,89142.46%2,52556.69%200.45%150.34%30.07%-634-14.23%4,454
Middlesex 70557.74%50741.52%50.41%30.25%10.08%19816.22%1,221
Montgomery 3,88170.68%1,60029.14%70.13%20.04%10.02%2,28141.54%5,491
Nansemond 1,16832.87%2,36066.42%120.34%120.34%10.03%-1,192-33.55%3,553
Nelson 74037.56%1,22262.03%50.25%20.10%10.05%-482-24.47%1,970
New Kent 45552.78%40046.40%50.58%10.12%10.12%556.38%862
Newport News 2,76940.46%4,05159.20%60.05%20.02%30.03%-1,282-18.74%6,843
Norfolk 5,61445.30%6,76654.60%80.06%30.02%10.01%-1,152-9.30%12,392
Norfolk City 14,16654.33%11,86245.49%60.19%30.09%20.06%2,3048.84%26,074
Northampton 1,30750.12%1,28949.42%60.23%60.23%00.00%180.70%2,608
Northumberland 1,23068.11%57331.73%10.06%10.06%10.06%65736.38%1,806
Nottoway 1,45451.02%1,38148.46%70.25%40.14%40.14%732.56%2,850
Orange 1,52562.17%91637.34%50.20%50.20%20.08%60924.83%2,453
Page 2,64964.59%1,44135.14%100.24%10.02%00.00%1,20829.45%4,101
Patrick 1,31445.75%1,55454.11%40.14%00.00%00.00%-240-8.36%2,872
Petersburg 2,82254.49%2,34245.22%120.18%50.07%60.09%4809.27%5,179
Pittsylvania 2,89341.93%3,97657.62%160.23%100.14%50.07%-1,083-15.69%6,900
Portsmouth 3,62136.74%6,18862.79%160.06%130.05%170.07%-2,567-26.05%9,855
Powhatan 55852.49%49846.85%290.29%100.10%70.07%605.64%1,063
Prince Edward 1,35959.34%92640.44%40.38%10.09%20.19%43318.90%2,290
Prince George 54146.40%61252.49%20.09%20.09%10.04%-71-6.09%1,166
Prince William 1,61949.14%1,65350.17%110.94%20.17%00.00%-34-1.03%3,295
Princess Anne 3,18051.04%3,03748.75%140.42%30.09%60.18%1432.29%6,230
Pulaski 2,81562.03%1,71537.79%40.06%50.08%40.06%1,10024.24%4,538
Radford 1,52357.73%1,10842.00%90.17%50.10%10.02%41515.73%2,638
Rappahannock 61954.35%51845.48%60.13%10.02%10.02%1018.87%1,139
Richmond 72768.91%32630.90%20.18%00.00%00.00%40138.01%1,055
Richmond City 29,30060.28%19,23539.57%10.04%40.15%20.08%10,06520.71%48,610
Roanoke 6,01768.95%2,68930.82%10.09%10.09%00.00%3,32838.13%8,726
Roanoke City 15,67366.00%8,04233.87%310.06%220.05%220.05%7,63132.13%23,747
Rockbridge 2,06865.90%1,05933.75%90.10%50.06%60.07%1,00932.15%3,138
Rockingham 4,35073.11%1,59126.74%90.29%10.03%10.03%2,75946.37%5,950
Russell 2,93747.33%3,25352.42%40.07%30.05%20.03%-316-5.09%6,206
Scott 4,70361.13%2,99038.87%110.18%30.05%20.03%1,71322.26%7,693
Shenandoah 4,28471.12%1,73428.78%00.00%00.00%00.00%2,55042.34%6,024
Smyth 3,69464.98%1,97234.69%30.05%20.03%10.02%1,72230.29%5,685
South Norfolk 1,09837.90%1,78261.51%140.06%70.03%110.05%-684-23.61%2,897
Southampton 1,16636.70%2,00062.95%150.26%20.04%20.04%-834-26.25%3,177
Spotsylvania 1,17448.98%1,19449.81%110.38%30.10%30.10%-20-0.83%2,397
Stafford 1,41156.35%1,07743.01%50.16%40.13%20.06%33413.34%2,504
Staunton 2,57873.07%94526.79%40.11%10.03%00.00%1,63346.28%3,528
Suffolk 1,62257.17%1,20942.62%20.07%30.11%10.04%41314.55%2,837
Surry 41441.15%57256.86%210.88%50.21%30.13%-158-15.71%1,006
Sussex 88847.97%95651.65%90.36%40.16%30.12%-68-3.68%1,851
Tazewell 3,23255.83%2,52743.65%90.89%111.09%00.00%70512.18%5,789
Virginia Beach 1,31059.79%88140.21%00.00%00.00%00.00%42919.58%2,191
Warren 1,88857.90%1,36241.77%50.27%10.05%10.05%52616.13%3,261
Warwick 3,30754.00%2,80645.82%30.05%50.08%30.05%5018.18%6,124
Washington 3,81057.74%2,77842.10%220.38%30.05%50.09%1,03215.64%6,599
Waynesboro 1,68069.62%73030.25%20.08%10.04%00.00%95039.37%2,413
Westmoreland 1,11759.51%75440.17%80.25%30.09%00.00%36319.34%1,877
Williamsburg 79762.12%48337.65%10.08%20.16%00.00%31424.47%1,283
Winchester 2,37569.20%1,05530.74%10.03%10.03%00.00%1,32038.46%3,432
Wise 3,91145.16%4,72954.61%100.15%10.02%00.00%-818-9.45%8,660
Wythe 3,58068.24%1,65431.53%40.21%20.11%00.00%1,92636.71%5,246
York 1,33550.53%1,28748.71%140.16%40.05%20.02%481.82%2,642
Totals349,03756.32%268,67743.36%1,1600.19%5040.08%3110.05%80,36012.96%619,689

Analysis

Eisenhower won Virginia by a 12.97 point margin, making this the first time Virginia voted for a Republican since it was won by Herbert Hoover in 1928, and the best Republican performance in Virginia to this point. Virginia was Eisenhower's strongest state in the old Confederacy, marking a shift from Virginia being previously regarded as a safe blue state to more of a red state. Eisenhower ultimately won the national election with 55.18 percent of the vote, making Virginia two points more Republican than the nation at-large. This was the first occasion any Confederate State voted more Republican than the nation since Virginia itself in 1888 voted 0.30 points more Republican while its blacks remained enfranchised and large numbers of white Readjusters had joined the GOP. [4]

The key to Eisenhower's win was gains from the large in-migration to Northern Virginia, where the many new voters were not tied to the Democratic Party as Virginia's older generation was, with the result that Eisenhower gained four-fifths of approximately two hundred thousand new voters since 1948. [12] Like the rest of the former Confederacy, Eisenhower also gained from transfer of 1948 Thurmond votes and from increasing upper-class Republican voting in cites such as Richmond. [25] Nevertheless, the basis of Republican strength remained the old Readjuster and pro-gold standard regions of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia. [25]

This was also the first election after Colonial Heights was incorporated as an independent city. Eisenhower won Colonial Heights by a close margin of roughly three points. In the decades since, Colonial Heights has established itself as one of the most Republican leaning independent cities in Virginia, and has yet to be won by a Democratic presidential candidate. Eisenhower's 1952 and 1956 victories in Colonial Heights of three points and four points remain the two lowest margins of victory for a Republican presidential candidate as of the 2020 election .

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The 1956 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 6, 1956, as part of the 1956 United States presidential election. Alabama voters chose eleven representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. In Alabama, voters voted for electors individually instead of as a slate, as in the other states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1952 United States presidential election in Alabama</span>

The 1952 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 4, 1952, as part of the 1952 United States presidential election. Alabama voters chose eleven representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. In Alabama, voters voted for electors individually instead of as a slate, as in the other states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1952 United States presidential election in South Carolina</span>

The 1952 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 4, 1952, as part of the 1952 United States presidential election. South Carolina voters chose 8 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1952 United States presidential election in North Carolina</span>

The 1952 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 4, 1952, as part of the 1952 United States presidential election. North Carolina voters chose 14 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

References

  1. "U.S. presidential election, 1952". Facts on File. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013. Eisenhower, born in Texas, considered a resident of New York, and headquartered at the time in Paris, finally decided to run for the Republican nomination
  2. 1 2 Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN   0-300-01696-4.
  3. Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
  4. 1 2 3 Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. pp. 217–221. ISBN   1107158435.
  5. Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History . 4 (3): 295–317.
  6. Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. pp. 193, 219. ISBN   0870000586.
  7. Phillips. The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 195
  8. Hawkes (junior), Robert T. (July 1974). "The Emergence of a Leader: Harry Flood Byrd, Governor of Virginia, 1926-1930". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 82 (3): 259–281.
  9. Davidson, Chandler; Grofman, Bernard (1994). Quiet revolution in the South: the impact of the Voting rights act, 1965-1990. pp. 275–276. ISBN   0691032475.
  10. Guthrie, Paul Daniel (1955). The Dixiecrat Movement of 1948 (Thesis). Bowling Green State University. pp. 179–181. Docket 144207.
  11. 1 2 Sweeney, J.R. (1978). "Revolt in Virginia: Harry Byrd and the 1952 presidential election". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 86 (2). Old Dominion University: 180–195.
  12. 1 2 Grant Jr., Philip A. (Spring 1990). "Eisenhower and the 1952 Republican Invasion of the South: The Case of Virginia". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 20 (2) (Eisenhower Centennial Issue ed.): 285–293.
  13. 1 2 Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 236.
  14. Skelley, Geoffrey (July 13, 2017). "The New Dominion: Virginia's Ever-Changing Electoral Map". Sabato's Crystal Ball. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  15. Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 235-236.
  16. Cornell, Douglas B. (September 17, 1952). "Ike Given 50–50 Chance To Break into Solid South". Lansing State Journal . Lansing, Michigan. pp. 7, 16.
  17. Cornell, Douglas B. (October 24, 1952). "Journalists Bet 50–50 Ike Will Dent South". The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City. pp. 1–2.
  18. Cornell, Douglas B. (October 24, 1952). "Most Southern States Continue to Back Demos Despite Sizeable Republican Inroads — GOP Has Even Chance to Carry Virginia, Texas, Florida". Lubbock Morning Avalanche . Lubbock, Texas. p. 11.
  19. "US Poll Shows — Eisenhower Leading Stevenson in Electoral Votes, but Governor Has More States in His Column". The Greeneville Sun . Greeneville, Tennessee. Princeton Research Service. October 25, 1952. pp. 1, 8.
  20. White, William S. (October 25, 1952). "Eisenhower Edge Seen in Virginia, With Allegiance to Byrd Big Factor". The New York Times (Special to the New York Times ed.). pp. 1, 64.
  21. "NY Times Survey Indicates Close Election Tuesday". The Modesto Bee . Modesto, California. October 27, 1952. p. 8.
  22. White, William S. (October 27, 1952). "Stevenson Likely To Win in Virginia: Second Survey Finds States' Rights Bloc and Powell's Activity Hurt G.O.P. — Farmers Are Angry; Negro Votes Switching; Incident Widely Used A Subway in Jersey". The New York Times (Special to the New York Times ed.). pp. 1, 13.
  23. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 1952" (PDF). Clerk of the House of Representatives. p. 45.
  24. "VA US President Race, November 04, 1952". Our Campaigns.
  25. 1 2 Strong, Donald S. (August 1955). "The Presidential Election in the South, 1952". The Journal of Politics. 17 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 343–389.

Works cited