1953 Virginia gubernatorial election

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1953 Virginia gubernatorial election
Flag of Virginia.svg
  1949 November 3, 1953 1957  
  Thomas Bahnson Stanley (3x4a).jpg Ted Dalton 1956.jpg
Nominee Thomas B. Stanley Ted Dalton
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote226,998183,328
Percentage54.8%44.3%

1953 Virginia gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
County and independent city results
Stanley:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
Dalton:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%

Governor before election

John S. Battle
Democratic

Elected Governor

Thomas B. Stanley
Democratic

In the 1953 Virginia gubernatorial election, incumbent Governor John S. Battle, a Democrat, was unable to seek re-election due to term limits.

Contents

Background

For the previous five decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests. [1] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia's electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders. [1] This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive "antiorganization" factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote. [2] Historical fusion with the “Readjuster” Democrats, [3] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver, [4] and an early move towards a "lily white" Jim Crow party [3] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state. [5]

From the 1940s the state's politics would be transformed by in-migration from the Northeast to Washington suburbs, which the preceding fall allowed the Republicans to win the state with a margin slightly exceeding their national one, and to elect three Congressmen. All this gave expectations of further GOP growth, [6] especially considering the troubles the Organization had in the previous gubernatorial primary. [7] [8] The victory in a special election of loyal Byrd machine leader William M. Tuck produced debate whether that election was merely a repeat of 1928, as argued by The Daily Press in June [9] or whether there was a major danger for the Democratic Party as suggested in April by The Evening Sun. [10] Virginia's Republicans, however, were always hopeful that the election would not repeat that of 1929. [11] After initially declining to run – with Nile Straughan of Fredericksburg the expected nominee [12] State Senator Theodore Roosevelt Dalton was unanimously nominated by the GOP on June 21. [13]

Campaign

Dalton campaigned hard throughout the fall, arguing for such reforms as updated election laws, popular election of school boards, more funds for metal health and greater emphasis upon manufacturing. [14] Dalton was widely questioned by his Byrd opponent on the poll tax issue, [15] but a poll late in September showed that his reforms were widely supported by legislative candidates according to the Virginia League of Women Voters. [16]

The campaign would intensify in the final week of September, as Stanley became increasingly critical of Dalton's proposals. [17] Later in October Senator Byrd would claim Dalton was running on a combination of failed bond plans from the neighbouring states of North Carolina and Maryland. [18]

Democratic primary

Candidates

Results

1953 Virginia Democratic gubernatorial primary [19]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Thomas B. Stanley 150,499 65.95%
Democratic Charles R. Fenwick 77,71534.05%
Majority
Turnout 413,999
Democratic hold Swing

General election

Candidates

Results

1953 Virginia gubernatorial election [20]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Thomas B. Stanley 226,998 54.83% −15.60%
Republican Theodore Roosevelt Dalton 183,32844.28%+16.84%
Independent Howard Carwile 3,6730.89%
Majority 43,67010.55%−32.44%
Turnout 413,999+57.84%
Democratic hold Swing

Results by county or independent city

1953 Virginia gubernatorial election by county or independent city [20]
Thomas Bahnson Stanley
Democratic
Theodore Roosevelt Dalton
Republican
Howard Hearnes Carwile
Independent
MarginTotal votes cast
#%#%#%#%
Accomack County 1,86666.29%92232.75%270.96%94433.53%2,815
Albemarle County 1,52160.50%98339.10%100.40%53821.40%2,514
Alleghany County 55147.50%60752.33%20.17%-56-4.83%1,160
Amelia County 71566.08%36533.73%20.18%35032.35%1,082
Amherst County 1,52770.17%64329.55%60.28%88440.63%2,176
Appomattox County 1,37784.12%25915.82%10.06%1,11868.30%1,637
Arlington County 8,40542.23%10,90354.78%5952.99%-2,498-12.55%19,903
Augusta County 1,82856.86%1,37642.80%110.34%45214.06%3,215
Bath County 49850.15%48648.94%90.91%121.21%993
Bedford County 2,42764.04%1,34735.54%160.42%1,08028.50%3,790
Bland County 75146.30%85852.90%130.80%-107-6.60%1,622
Botetourt County 1,26147.60%1,38052.10%80.30%-119-4.49%2,649
Brunswick County 1,59583.33%31716.56%20.10%1,27866.77%1,914
Buchanan County 2,70755.26%2,12643.40%661.35%58111.86%4,899
Buckingham County 86473.10%31026.23%80.68%55446.87%1,182
Campbell County 1,95066.15%98533.41%130.44%96532.73%2,948
Caroline County 92675.59%28923.59%100.82%63752.00%1,225
Carroll County 1,59734.71%2,99265.03%120.26%-1,395-30.32%4,601
Charles City County 53880.90%11417.14%131.95%42463.76%665
Charlotte County 1,49682.56%31017.11%60.33%1,18665.45%1,812
Chesterfield County 2,41254.99%1,94344.30%310.71%46910.69%4,386
Clarke County 68978.03%19121.63%30.34%49856.40%883
Craig County 42862.76%25136.80%30.44%17725.95%682
Culpeper County 1,10768.84%49430.72%70.44%61338.12%1,608
Cumberland County 58069.88%24329.28%70.84%33740.60%830
Dickenson County 2,77350.27%2,68448.66%591.07%891.61%5,516
Dinwiddie County 1,30283.57%25316.24%30.19%1,04967.33%1,558
Essex County 54272.65%19626.27%81.07%34646.38%746
Fairfax County 5,42544.37%6,65854.45%1441.18%-1,233-10.08%12,227
Fauquier County 1,68675.34%54724.44%50.22%1,13950.89%2,238
Floyd County 57031.05%1,26168.68%50.27%-691-37.64%1,836
Fluvanna County 65468.55%29731.13%30.31%35737.42%954
Franklin County 1,92155.09%1,56044.74%60.17%36110.35%3,487
Frederick County 1,45778.29%38520.69%191.02%1,07257.60%1,861
Giles County 1,59948.43%1,69251.24%110.33%-93-2.82%3,302
Gloucester County 89370.09%37029.04%110.86%52341.05%1,274
Goochland County 73868.33%33831.30%40.37%40037.04%1,080
Grayson County 3,33645.83%3,89353.48%500.69%-557-7.65%7,279
Greene County 23051.00%21948.56%20.44%112.44%451
Greensville County 1,08375.42%33623.40%171.18%74752.02%1,436
Halifax County 2,97982.70%60816.88%150.42%2,37165.82%3,602
Hanover County 1,37356.16%1,05243.03%200.82%32113.13%2,445
Henrico County 4,30145.44%5,11053.98%550.58%-809-8.55%9,466
Henry County 2,13154.91%1,72444.42%260.67%40710.49%3,881
Highland County 47359.42%32140.33%20.25%15219.10%796
Isle of Wight County 1,06665.40%54633.50%181.10%52031.90%1,630
James City County 26348.70%26949.81%81.48%-6-1.11%540
King and Queen County 32672.93%10723.94%143.13%21948.99%447
King George County 50965.34%25732.99%131.67%25232.35%779
King William County 55769.97%22528.27%141.76%33241.71%796
Lancaster County 58052.02%50845.56%272.42%726.46%1,115
Lee County 3,16745.69%3,58751.75%1772.55%-420-6.06%6,931
Loudoun County 1,98672.85%69925.64%411.50%1,28747.21%2,726
Louisa County 1,04666.97%49531.69%211.34%55135.28%1,562
Lunenburg County 1,17577.40%33622.13%70.46%83955.27%1,518
Madison County 57861.82%35037.43%70.75%22824.39%935
Mathews County 51755.18%41444.18%60.64%10310.99%937
Mecklenburg County 2,19977.95%60821.55%140.50%1,59156.40%2,821
Middlesex County 54266.75%26732.88%30.37%27533.87%812
Montgomery County 1,70835.64%3,07464.14%110.23%-1,366-28.50%4,793
Nelson County 79971.98%30527.48%60.54%49444.50%1,110
New Kent County 34364.35%17432.65%163.00%16931.71%533
Norfolk County 4,44257.74%3,20741.69%440.57%1,23516.05%7,693
Northampton County 1,29579.35%32920.16%80.49%96659.19%1,632
Northumberland County 47751.02%44447.49%141.50%333.53%935
Nottoway County 1,43873.59%50325.74%130.67%93547.85%1,954
Orange County 1,03965.43%53733.82%120.76%50231.61%1,588
Page County 1,59361.96%95537.15%230.89%63824.82%2,571
Patrick County 1,72072.30%65327.45%60.25%1,06744.85%2,379
Pittsylvania County 3,78473.86%1,31725.71%220.43%2,46748.16%5,123
Powhatan County 57269.42%24729.98%50.61%32539.44%824
Prince Edward County 1,12071.43%44128.13%70.45%67943.30%1,568
Prince George County 57172.74%20926.62%50.64%36246.11%785
Prince William County 1,38272.51%51727.12%70.37%86545.38%1,906
Princess Anne County 2,20056.77%1,66342.92%120.31%53713.86%3,875
Pulaski County 1,62041.08%2,31658.72%80.20%-696-17.65%3,944
Rappahannock County 61680.10%15319.90%00.00%46360.21%769
Richmond County 36357.80%26041.40%50.80%10316.40%628
Roanoke County 2,18434.71%4,09265.03%160.25%-1,908-30.32%6,292
Rockbridge County 1,16250.02%1,15449.68%70.30%80.34%2,323
Rockingham County 2,56163.87%1,39334.74%561.40%1,16829.13%4,010
Russell County 2,84553.92%2,40645.60%250.47%4398.32%5,276
Scott County 1,89633.70%3,64064.70%901.60%-1,744-31.00%5,626
Shenandoah County 2,07948.79%2,16050.69%220.52%-81-1.90%4,261
Smyth County 2,14743.50%2,74955.69%400.81%-602-12.20%4,936
Southampton County 1,43171.98%54527.41%120.60%88644.57%1,988
Spotsylvania County 87861.40%54037.76%120.84%33823.64%1,430
Stafford County 60948.10%65051.34%70.55%-41-3.24%1,266
Surry County 59681.20%13518.39%30.41%46162.81%734
Sussex County 1,25684.24%22214.89%130.87%1,03469.35%1,491
Tazewell County 2,07251.76%1,90847.66%230.57%1644.10%4,003
Warren County 1,16365.04%61434.34%110.62%54930.70%1,788
Warwick County 1,63148.15%1,72350.87%330.97%-92-2.72%3,387
Washington County 2,23750.98%2,11848.27%330.75%1192.71%4,388
Westmoreland County 65061.15%41038.57%30.28%24022.58%1,063
Wise County 4,87662.05%2,92837.26%540.69%1,94824.79%7,858
Wythe County 2,58643.38%3,35056.20%250.42%-764-12.82%5,961
York County 74951.91%66746.22%271.87%825.68%1,443
Alexandria City 4,71654.19%3,89944.81%871.00%8179.39%8,702
Bristol City 1,12964.26%62635.63%20.11%50328.63%1,757
Buena Vista City 40657.18%29541.55%91.27%11115.63%710
Charlottesville City 1,97153.11%1,73146.65%90.24%2406.47%3,711
Clifton Forge City 76151.25%71948.42%50.34%422.83%1,485
Colonial Heights City 71468.13%32531.01%90.86%38937.12%1,048
Covington City 88447.15%98552.53%60.32%-101-5.39%1,875
Danville City 3,57069.97%1,48429.09%480.94%2,08640.89%5,102
Falls Church City 59741.49%80956.22%332.29%-212-14.73%1,439
Fredericksburg City 1,01660.87%64638.71%70.42%37022.17%1,669
Hampton City 2,90550.42%2,80848.73%490.85%971.68%5,762
Harrisonburg City 1,38060.71%86938.23%241.06%51122.48%2,273
Hopewell City 1,13056.27%86643.13%120.60%26413.15%2,008
Lynchburg City 3,38161.07%2,13838.62%170.31%1,24322.45%5,536
Martinsville City 1,56852.08%1,42447.29%190.63%1444.78%3,011
Newport News City 2,26456.29%1,72142.79%370.92%54313.50%4,022
Norfolk City 7,18146.80%8,07552.62%890.58%-894-5.83%15,345
Petersburg City 2,22570.46%90328.59%300.95%1,32241.86%3,158
Portsmouth City 4,39761.57%2,67237.41%731.02%1,72524.15%7,142
Radford City 73627.44%1,93972.30%70.26%-1,203-44.85%2,682
Richmond City 16,40954.33%13,27843.96%5171.71%3,13110.37%30,204
Roanoke City 6,46940.32%9,53859.44%390.24%-3,069-19.13%16,046
South Norfolk City 1,31557.65%92340.46%431.89%39217.19%2,281
Staunton City 1,40548.50%1,48251.16%100.35%-77-2.66%2,897
Suffolk City 1,01859.53%68139.82%110.64%33719.71%1,710
Virginia Beach City 84758.74%59341.12%20.14%25417.61%1,442
Warwick City 1,63148.15%1,72350.87%330.97%-92-2.72%3,387
Waynesboro City 91648.01%98051.36%120.63%-64-3.35%1,908
Winchester City 1,75880.02%43419.75%50.23%1,32460.26%2,197
Totals226,99854.83%183,32844.28%3,6800.89%43,67010.55%414,006

Analysis

No polls were taken despite the expectations of Republican gains related to the previous year's presidential election. However, in a record gubernatorial vote [21] — though still less than two-thirds that polled at the previous year's presidential election – Stanley won comfortably by just over ten percentage points. This was nonetheless the best Republican gubernatorial performance in Virginia since 1885 when most blacks and poor whites remained enfranchised.

As of 2021, this is the last time that the city of Norfolk voted Republican for Governor.

References

  1. 1 2 Kousser, J. Morgan (1974). The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN   0-300-01696-4.
  2. Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
  3. 1 2 Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (March 19, 2020). Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–221. ISBN   978-1107158436.
  4. Moger, Allen (1938). "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History . 4 (3): 295–317. doi:10.2307/2191291. JSTOR   2191291.
  5. Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. Arlington House. pp. 193, 219. ISBN   0870000586.
  6. Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the rise of Two-Party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 78–79. ISBN   9780742552081.
  7. Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation (1st ed.). New York City: A.A. Knopf. pp. 34–35.
  8. Atkinson (2006). The Dynamic Dominion. pp. 35–36.
  9. "Transitory Heresy Only". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. June 19, 1953. p. 4.
  10. "Virginia's Election". The Evening Sun . Baltimore, Maryland. April 15, 1953. p. 38.
  11. Heinemann, Ronald L. (1982). "Thomas B. Stanley: Reluctant Resister". In Younger, Edward; Moore, James Tice (eds.). The Governors of Virginia, 1860–1978. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. pp. 337–338. ISBN   0813909201.
  12. "Nile Straughan Blasts Party". Covington Virginian. Covington, Virginia. May 8, 1953. p. 10.
  13. "Dalton Meets G.O.P. Leaders at Richmond – Party Finances Seen Principle Topic in Mapping Drive". Evening Star. Baltimore. Associated Press. June 22, 1953. p. B1.
  14. Bass, Jack; De Vries, Walter (1995). The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequence Since 1945. University of Georgia Press. p. 345. ISBN   9780820317281.
  15. "Dalton Raps Foe's Stand on Poll Tax: 'Talked So Much, Said So Little'". Richmond Times-Dispatch . September 5, 1953. p. 2.
  16. Friddell, Guy (September 28, 1953). "Tax Credit Change Supported: 37 Candidates Give Views in Poll". The Richmond News Leader . p. 1.
  17. Latimer, James (October 4, 1953). "Stanley Hits 'Asinine' Plans of GOP: Dalton Proposes 'Open Door' on State Affairs". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. 1-B.
  18. "Byrd Group Spurs Race; Dalton Raps Government". Suffolk News-Herald. Suffolk, Virginia. October 30, 1953. p. 1.
  19. "VA Governor D Primary – Jul 14, 1953". Our Campaigns.
  20. 1 2 "VA Governor Race – Nov 03, 1953". Our Campaigns.
  21. Latimer, James (November 4, 1953). "Total Vote Sets Record for Contest; Stephens, Almond Also Are Victors". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. 1.