1956 United States presidential election in Virginia

Main article: 1956 United States presidential election

1956 United States presidential election in Virginia

←  1952 November 6, 1956 1960  →

Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson T. Coleman Andrews Party Republican Democratic Dixiecrat Home state Pennsylvania [lower-alpha 1] [1] Illinois Virginia Running mate Richard Nixon Estes Kefauver Thomas H. Werdel Electoral vote 12 0 0 Popular vote 386,459 267,760 42,964 Percentage 55.37% 38.36% 6.16%

County Results Eisenhower   40–50%   50–60%   60–70%   70–80% Stevenson   30–40%   40–50%   50–60% Andrews   50–60%

President before election Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican Elected President Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican

The 1956 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 6, 1956. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. For the previous five decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests. ^[2] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia's electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders. ^[2]

This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive "antiorganization" factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote. ^[3] Historical fusion with the "Readjuster" Democrats, ^[4] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver, ^[5] and an early move towards a "lily white" Jim Crow party ^[4] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state. ^[6]

In 1928, the GOP did carry the state's presidential electoral votes due to anti-Catholicism against Al Smith, but it was 1952 before any real changes occurred. In-migration from the traditionally Republican Northeast ^[7] turned growing Washington, D.C., and Richmond suburbs Republican not just in presidential elections but in congressional ones as well, ^[8] although the Republicans made no gains in the state legislature where all their few seats remained in the rural west.

1954 saw Virginia's politics severely jolted by Brown v. Board of Education —one of whose component cases Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , originated from a student protest in the state. Despite calls by Governor Thomas B. Stanley for a "calm" and "dispassionate" response, the Byrd machine recognised that segregation could unite most of Virginia's electorate behind it and avert criticism of its other policies. ^[9] State representative Howard W. Smith played a major role drafting the "Southern Manifesto", ^[10] which was signed by Virginia's entire congressional delegation, including its two GOP representatives. Although Eisenhower refused to publicly endorse Brown, the fact that he had appointed Brown author Earl Warren meant that there was substantial anger in the Southside, and as in 1948 a "states' rights" ticket, ^[11] this time headed by Virginian former Commissioner of Internal Revenue T. Coleman Andrews, was filled and placed on the Virginia ballot in mid-September, ^[12] when a poll said that 28 percent of likely voters would back a states' rights candidate if on the ballot. ^[13]

Predictions

Source	Ranking	As of
Richmond Times-Dispatch [13]	Tossup	September 16, 1956
The World-News [14]	Likely R	October 12, 1956
The Raleigh Register [15]	Likely R	October 12, 1956
The Philadelphia Inquirer [16]	Likely R	October 26, 1956
The Sunday Star [17]	Tilt D	October 28, 1956
Fort Worth Star-Telegram [18]	Tilt D	November 2, 1956
Corpus Christi Times [19]	Tossup	November 3, 1956

Results

1956 United States presidential election in Virginia [20]
Party		Candidate	Votes	Percentage	Electoral votes
	Republican	Dwight Eisenhower (inc.)	386,459	55.37%	12
	Democratic	Adlai Stevenson	267,760	38.36%	0
	States' Rights	T. Coleman Andrews	42,964	6.16%	0
	Social Democratic	Darlington Hoopes	444	0.06%	0
	Socialist Labor	Eric Hass	351	0.05%	0
Totals			697,978	100.00%	12

Results by county or independent city

1956 United States presidential election in Virginia by county or independent city [21]
	Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican		Adlai Stevenson II Democratic		T. Coleman Andrews States' Rights		Various candidates Other parties		Margin		Total votes cast
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Accomack County	2,823	54.25%	2,213	42.52%	162	3.11%	6	0.12%	610	11.72%	5,204
Albemarle County	2,508	57.18%	1,412	32.19%	466	10.62%	0	0.00%	1,096	24.99%	4,386
Alleghany County	1,135	55.26%	822	40.02%	97	4.72%	0	0.00%	313	15.24%	2,054
Amelia County	745	43.11%	403	23.32%	571	33.04%	9	0.52%	174 [lower-alpha 2]	10.07%	1,728
Amherst County	1,529	42.59%	1,933	53.84%	124	3.45%	4	0.11%	-404	-11.25%	3,590
Appomattox County	853	40.89%	1,079	51.73%	153	7.33%	1	0.05%	-226	-10.83%	2,086
Arlington County	21,868	55.05%	16,674	41.97%	1,151	2.90%	32	0.08%	5,194	13.07%	39,725
Augusta County	3,466	68.07%	1,484	29.14%	139	2.73%	3	0.06%	1,982	38.92%	5,092
Bath County	739	58.47%	479	37.90%	45	3.56%	1	0.08%	260	20.57%	1,264
Bedford County	3,148	52.07%	2,649	43.81%	241	3.99%	8	0.13%	499	8.25%	6,046
Bland County	1,113	57.16%	813	41.76%	20	1.03%	1	0.05%	300	15.41%	1,947
Botetourt County	2,280	60.67%	1,377	36.64%	101	2.69%	0	0.00%	903	24.03%	3,758
Brunswick County	799	25.28%	1,357	42.94%	996	31.52%	8	0.25%	361 [lower-alpha 3]	11.42%	3,160
Buchanan County	3,191	46.71%	3,616	52.94%	21	0.31%	3	0.04%	-425	-6.22%	6,831
Buckingham County	751	43.64%	648	37.65%	312	18.13%	10	0.58%	103	5.98%	1,721
Campbell County	2,827	47.79%	2,674	45.20%	401	6.78%	14	0.24%	153	2.59%	5,916
Caroline County	907	46.06%	853	43.32%	202	10.26%	7	0.36%	54	2.74%	1,969
Carroll County	4,060	69.66%	1,739	29.84%	24	0.41%	5	0.09%	2,321	39.82%	5,828
Charles City County	661	72.08%	174	18.97%	79	8.62%	3	0.33%	487	53.11%	917
Charlotte County	791	27.86%	1,431	50.41%	605	21.31%	12	0.42%	-640	-22.54%	2,839
Chesterfield County	5,787	53.12%	3,306	30.35%	1,791	16.44%	10	0.09%	2,481	22.77%	10,894
Clarke County	785	48.91%	725	45.17%	95	5.92%	0	0.00%	60	3.74%	1,605
Craig County	485	48.84%	501	50.45%	7	0.70%	0	0.00%	-16	-1.61%	993
Culpeper County	1,502	56.44%	966	36.30%	188	7.07%	5	0.19%	536	20.14%	2,661
Cumberland County	566	42.91%	331	25.09%	416	31.54%	6	0.45%	150 [lower-alpha 2]	11.37%	1,319
Dickenson County	3,444	48.15%	3,695	51.66%	8	0.11%	6	0.08%	-251	-3.51%	7,153
Dinwiddie County	807	30.71%	1,282	48.78%	524	19.94%	15	0.57%	-475	-18.07%	2,628
Essex County	597	55.48%	328	30.48%	149	13.85%	2	0.19%	269	25.00%	1,076
Fairfax County	20,761	55.71%	15,633	41.95%	862	2.31%	11	0.03%	5,128	13.76%	37,267
Fauquier County	2,112	55.55%	1,567	41.22%	122	3.21%	1	0.03%	545	14.33%	3,802
Floyd County	1,970	70.46%	799	28.58%	25	0.89%	2	0.07%	1,171	41.88%	2,796
Fluvanna County	734	53.85%	417	30.59%	208	15.26%	4	0.29%	317	23.26%	1,363
Franklin County	2,125	48.81%	2,142	49.20%	84	1.93%	3	0.07%	-17	-0.39%	4,354
Frederick County	1,882	56.01%	1,405	41.82%	71	2.11%	2	0.06%	477	14.20%	3,360
Giles County	2,270	51.84%	2,016	46.04%	81	1.85%	12	0.27%	254	5.80%	4,379
Gloucester County	1,319	57.95%	723	31.77%	223	9.80%	11	0.48%	596	26.19%	2,276
Goochland County	748	50.10%	508	34.03%	233	15.61%	4	0.27%	240	16.08%	1,493
Grayson County	4,039	62.18%	2,426	37.35%	26	0.40%	5	0.08%	1,613	24.83%	6,496
Greene County	539	63.49%	246	28.98%	63	7.42%	1	0.12%	293	34.51%	849
Greensville County	724	29.08%	994	39.92%	760	30.52%	12	0.48%	234 [lower-alpha 3]	9.40%	2,490
Halifax County	1,782	30.73%	2,470	42.59%	1,513	26.09%	34	0.59%	-688	-11.86%	5,799
Hanover County	2,272	54.07%	1,109	26.39%	813	19.35%	8	0.19%	1,163	27.68%	4,202
Henrico County	12,702	60.20%	5,032	23.85%	3,354	15.89%	13	0.06%	7,670	36.35%	21,101
Henry County	2,436	47.75%	2,582	50.61%	75	1.47%	9	0.18%	-146	-2.86%	5,102
Highland County	633	58.02%	432	39.60%	23	2.11%	3	0.27%	201	18.42%	1,091
Isle of Wight County	1,298	47.08%	1,324	48.02%	131	4.75%	4	0.15%	-26	-0.94%	2,757
James City County	728	62.54%	312	26.80%	122	10.48%	2	0.17%	416	35.74%	1,164
King and Queen County	495	54.64%	289	31.90%	116	12.80%	6	0.66%	206	22.74%	906
King George County	655	51.70%	563	44.44%	47	3.71%	2	0.16%	92	7.26%	1,267
King William County	887	62.16%	357	25.02%	180	12.61%	3	0.21%	530	37.14%	1,427
Lancaster County	1,380	70.66%	373	19.10%	192	9.83%	8	0.41%	1,007	51.56%	1,953
Lee County	4,548	54.77%	3,714	44.73%	30	0.36%	12	0.14%	834	10.04%	8,304
Loudoun County	2,489	53.41%	1,960	42.06%	205	4.40%	6	0.13%	529	11.35%	4,660
Louisa County	1,152	47.43%	795	32.73%	472	19.43%	10	0.41%	357	14.70%	2,429
Lunenburg County	580	24.80%	1,111	47.50%	641	27.40%	7	0.30%	470 [lower-alpha 3]	20.09%	2,339
Madison County	850	56.86%	533	35.65%	111	7.42%	1	0.07%	317	21.20%	1,495
Mathews County	1,018	65.42%	406	26.09%	132	8.48%	0	0.00%	612	39.33%	1,556
Mecklenburg County	1,498	33.78%	2,004	45.20%	920	20.75%	12	0.27%	-506	-11.41%	4,434
Middlesex County	721	58.00%	338	27.19%	180	14.48%	4	0.32%	383	30.81%	1,243
Montgomery County	4,598	70.10%	1,848	28.18%	106	1.62%	7	0.11%	2,750	41.93%	6,559
Nansemond County	1,753	40.21%	2,492	57.16%	98	2.25%	17	0.39%	-739	-16.95%	4,360
Nelson County	764	37.20%	1,215	59.15%	73	3.55%	2	0.10%	-451	-21.96%	2,054
New Kent County	510	57.95%	178	20.23%	189	21.48%	3	0.34%	321 [lower-alpha 2]	36.48%	880
Norfolk County	4,558	41.74%	6,026	55.18%	332	3.04%	4	0.04%	-1,468	-13.44%	10,920
Northampton County	1,264	51.03%	1,132	45.70%	78	3.15%	3	0.12%	132	5.33%	2,477
Northumberland County	1,191	62.68%	428	22.53%	277	14.58%	4	0.21%	763	40.16%	1,900
Nottoway County	1,124	33.76%	1,242	37.31%	961	28.87%	2	0.06%	-118	-3.54%	3,329
Orange County	1,344	53.55%	794	31.63%	363	14.46%	9	0.36%	550	21.91%	2,510
Page County	2,372	62.73%	1,358	35.92%	49	1.30%	2	0.05%	1,014	26.82%	3,781
Patrick County	1,345	43.93%	1,677	54.77%	38	1.24%	2	0.07%	-332	-10.84%	3,062
Pittsylvania County	2,870	36.82%	4,136	53.07%	767	9.84%	21	0.27%	-1,266	-16.24%	7,794
Powhatan County	729	54.08%	297	22.03%	314	23.29%	8	0.59%	415 [lower-alpha 2]	30.79%	1,348
Prince Edward County	932	31.43%	437	14.74%	1,588	53.56%	8	0.27%	-656 [lower-alpha 2]	-22.12%	2,965
Prince George County	689	46.24%	642	43.09%	149	10.00%	10	0.67%	47	3.15%	1,490
Princess Anne County	4,675	50.52%	4,342	46.93%	227	2.45%	9	0.10%	333	3.60%	9,253
Prince William County	2,023	50.96%	1,851	46.62%	95	2.39%	1	0.03%	172	4.33%	3,970
Pulaski County	3,517	63.05%	1,994	35.75%	65	1.17%	2	0.04%	1,523	27.30%	5,578
Rappahannock County	514	47.81%	523	48.65%	35	3.26%	3	0.28%	-9	-0.84%	1,075
Richmond County	761	67.89%	274	24.44%	85	7.58%	1	0.09%	487	43.44%	1,121
Roanoke County	7,509	69.83%	2,899	26.96%	342	3.18%	3	0.03%	4,610	42.87%	10,753
Rockbridge County	2,273	66.50%	1,039	30.40%	106	3.10%	0	0.00%	1,234	36.10%	3,418
Rockingham County	4,324	71.74%	1,605	26.63%	93	1.54%	5	0.08%	2,719	45.11%	6,027
Russell County	3,550	49.14%	3,641	50.40%	25	0.35%	8	0.11%	-91	-1.26%	7,224
Scott County	5,116	58.44%	3,595	41.07%	36	0.41%	7	0.08%	1,521	17.37%	8,754
Shenandoah County	4,164	69.18%	1,769	29.39%	84	1.40%	2	0.03%	2,395	39.79%	6,019
Smyth County	4,771	66.23%	2,374	32.95%	56	0.78%	3	0.04%	2,397	33.27%	7,204
Southampton County	1,290	35.29%	2,039	55.79%	317	8.67%	9	0.25%	-749	-20.49%	3,655
Spotsylvania County	1,244	51.94%	993	41.46%	154	6.43%	4	0.17%	251	10.48%	2,395
Stafford County	1,563	58.94%	978	36.88%	109	4.11%	2	0.08%	585	22.06%	2,652
Surry County	425	32.52%	616	47.13%	259	19.82%	7	0.54%	-191	-14.61%	1,307
Sussex County	785	39.31%	851	42.61%	357	17.88%	4	0.20%	-66	-3.30%	1,997
Tazewell County	3,960	52.55%	3,495	46.38%	75	1.00%	5	0.07%	465	6.17%	7,535
Warren County	2,003	58.83%	1,322	38.83%	77	2.26%	3	0.09%	681	20.00%	3,405
Washington County	4,651	56.38%	3,547	42.99%	45	0.55%	7	0.08%	1,104	13.38%	8,250
Westmoreland County	1,033	54.45%	695	36.64%	167	8.80%	2	0.11%	338	17.82%	1,897
Wise County	4,871	46.41%	5,567	53.04%	51	0.49%	6	0.06%	-696	-6.63%	10,495
Wythe County	3,484	65.65%	1,766	33.28%	56	1.06%	1	0.02%	1,718	32.37%	5,307
York County	1,759	60.10%	1,064	36.35%	100	3.42%	4	0.14%	695	23.74%	2,927
Alexandria City	8,633	52.48%	7,451	45.30%	357	2.17%	8	0.05%	1,182	7.19%	16,449
Bristol City	1,794	51.89%	1,645	47.58%	17	0.49%	1	0.03%	149	4.31%	3,457
Buena Vista City	545	60.76%	326	36.34%	24	2.68%	2	0.22%	219	24.41%	897
Charlottesville City	3,746	62.19%	1,783	29.60%	490	8.14%	4	0.07%	1,963	32.59%	6,023
Clifton Forge City	1,125	61.48%	633	34.59%	71	3.88%	1	0.05%	492	26.89%	1,830
Colonial Heights City	1,037	47.74%	956	44.01%	177	8.15%	2	0.09%	81	3.73%	2,172
Covington City	1,639	56.34%	1,189	40.87%	79	2.72%	2	0.07%	450	15.47%	2,909
Danville City	4,561	59.03%	2,409	31.18%	740	9.58%	16	0.21%	2,152	27.85%	7,726
Falls Church City	1,462	53.13%	1,233	44.80%	55	2.00%	2	0.07%	229	8.32%	2,752
Fredericksburg City	1,672	60.25%	934	33.66%	168	6.05%	1	0.04%	738	26.59%	2,775
Galax City	761	68.31%	346	31.06%	7	0.63%	0	0.00%	415	37.25%	1,114
Hampton City	7,432	57.24%	5,108	39.34%	421	3.24%	22	0.17%	2,324	17.90%	12,983
Harrisonburg City	2,265	78.29%	571	19.74%	56	1.94%	1	0.03%	1,694	58.56%	2,893
Hopewell City	1,908	53.91%	1,388	39.22%	235	6.64%	8	0.23%	520	14.69%	3,539
Lynchburg City	6,806	64.81%	3,362	32.01%	329	3.13%	5	0.05%	3,444	32.79%	10,502
Martinsville City	2,125	59.67%	1,368	38.42%	65	1.83%	3	0.08%	757	21.26%	3,561
Newport News City	3,779	53.26%	3,069	43.26%	237	3.34%	10	0.14%	710	10.01%	7,095
Norfolk City	18,650	54.02%	14,571	42.20%	1,285	3.72%	19	0.06%	4,079	11.81%	34,525
Norton City	684	55.12%	552	44.48%	4	0.32%	1	0.08%	132	10.64%	1,241
Petersburg City	3,166	58.10%	1,882	34.54%	395	7.25%	6	0.11%	1,284	23.56%	5,449
Portsmouth City	5,390	47.13%	5,683	49.69%	348	3.04%	15	0.13%	-293	-2.56%	11,436
Radford City	1,910	62.46%	1,118	36.56%	28	0.92%	2	0.07%	792	25.90%	3,058
Richmond City	27,367	61.79%	10,758	24.29%	6,136	13.85%	30	0.07%	16,609	37.50%	44,291
Roanoke City	16,708	69.38%	6,751	28.03%	611	2.54%	12	0.05%	9,957	41.35%	24,082
South Norfolk City	1,521	42.14%	1,871	51.84%	212	5.87%	5	0.14%	-350	-9.70%	3,609
Staunton City	2,908	74.93%	843	21.72%	129	3.32%	1	0.03%	2,065	53.21%	3,881
Suffolk City	1,617	57.50%	1,103	39.22%	88	3.13%	4	0.14%	514	18.28%	2,812
Virginia Beach City	1,355	53.28%	1,111	43.69%	63	2.48%	14	0.55%	244	9.59%	2,543
Warwick City	4,872	56.39%	3,406	39.42%	352	4.07%	10	0.12%	1,466	16.97%	8,640
Waynesboro City	2,049	71.00%	748	25.92%	89	3.08%	0	0.00%	1,301	45.08%	2,886
Williamsburg City	775	62.60%	362	29.24%	99	8.00%	2	0.16%	413	33.36%	1,238
Winchester City	2,375	69.46%	945	27.64%	96	2.81%	3	0.09%	1,430	41.83%	3,419
Totals	386,459	55.37%	267,760	38.36%	42,964	6.16%	795	0.11%	118,699	17.01%	697,978

Analysis

Despite the doubts of the Sunday Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Virginia voted for the Republican nominee, incumbent President Dwight Eisenhower, over the Democratic nominee, former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson and States' Rights Party nominee Andrews. Eisenhower ultimately won the national election with 57.37 percent of the vote.

Although Andrews cut into support for both candidates, Eisenhower improved upon his 1952 margin over Stevenson, although the state was marginally less Republican relative to the nation than in 1952. Andrews' support was centered in the Southside, and he won an absolute majority in Prince Edward County, the epicenter of "Massive Resistance" to school integration and the home of his state chairman Robert B. Crawford. ^[22] Andrews was nonetheless a weak candidate and poor campaigner, limiting severely his ability to attract segregationists dissatisfied with both major parties. ^[11]

The major change from 1952 was a rapid trend of the modest but growing black electorate towards Eisenhower: whereas in 1952 he had won less than a quarter of black voters in Richmond and Norfolk, it is believed he won over three-quarters in 1956. ^[11] As of the 2020 presidential election ^[update] , this is the last election when majority-black Charles City County has voted for a Republican presidential candidate. ^[23]

This was the first time that a Republican carried Virginia twice. Goochland County voted Republican for the first time since 1888. Prince George County since 1892, and Prince William County for the first time ever. ^[24]

This election marks the most recent time Virginia voted to the left of Maryland, ^{[25] [26]} New York ^[27] or Massachusetts ^[28] (by margin of victory).

Notes

1. Although he was born in Texas and grew up in Kansas before his military career, at the time of the 1952 election Eisenhower was president of Columbia University and was, officially, a resident of New York. During his first term as president, he moved his private residence to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and officially changed his residency to Pennsylvania.
2. In this county or city where Stevenson ran third behind Andrews, margin given is Eisenhower vote minus Andrews vote and percentage given Eisenhower percentage minus Andrews percentage.
3. In this county or city where Eisenhower ran third behind Andrews, margin given is Stevenson vote minus Andrews vote and percentage margin Stevenson percentage minus Andrews percentage

References

1. Leip, David. "The Presidents" . Retrieved September 27, 2017. Eisenhower's home state for the 1956 Election was Pennsylvania
2. Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN   0-300-01696-4.
3. Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
4. Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865–1968. pp. 217–221. ISBN   1107158435.
5. Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History . 4 (3): 295–317.
6. Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 210, 242 ISBN   978-0-691-16324-6
7. Heinemann, Ronald L. (2008). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 357. ISBN   0813927692.
8. Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-party Competition in Virginia, 1945–1980. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   9780742552098.
9. Klarman, Michael (1976). "Why Massive Resistance?". In Webb, Clive (ed.). Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 21–38. ISBN   080181667X.
10. Dierenfield, Bruce J. (1987). Keeper of the rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. p. 148. ISBN   0813910684.
11. Bartley, Numan V. (1976). Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 87–91.
12. "State Slate to be Field for Andrews". Richmond Times-Dispatch . Richmond, Virginia. September 16, 1956. p. 1.
13. Latimer, James (September 16, 1956). "Poll Shows Undecided Voters May Swing Virginia Election". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. p. 1.
14. "Polls Say Adlai Cuts Ike's Lead of 1952 — New Readers Still Strong Back President; Andrews Scores in Va". The World-News. Roanoke, Virginia. The Associated Press. October 12, 1952. p. 1.
15. "Eisenhower Leading Presidential Polls by Smaller Margins". The Raleigh Register . Beckley, West Virginia.
16. Shoemaker, Whitney (October 26, 1956). "The Political Scene: Virginia — Andrews' Third-Party Pictured as 2-Edged Knife". The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia. p. 3.
17. Latimer, James (October 28, 1956). "Virginia". The Sunday Star . Washington, D.C. p. A-31.
18. "Final Babson Poll Shows Eisenhower Winning Easily". Fort Worth Star-Telegram . CTS. November 2, 1956. p. 22.
19. Trohan, Walter (November 3, 1956). "Hour of Decision Near: Eisenhower Lead Increasing Daily". Corpus Christi Times . Chicago Tribune Service. p. 4.
20. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 6, 1956" (PDF). Clerk of the House of Representatives. p. 44.
21. "Presidential election of 1956 Popular Vote". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)
22. "Stevenson Takes Lead in Southside Virginia". Richmond Times-Dispatch. November 7, 1956. p. 2.
23. Sullivan, Robert David (June 29, 2016). "How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century". The National Catholic Review (America Magazine ed.).
24. Menendez, Albert J. (2005). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868–2004. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 323–327. ISBN   0786422173.
25. "Virginia Voting Results and Participants". CountingTheVotes.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
26. "Maryland Voting Results and Participants". CountingTheVotes.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
27. "New York Voting Results and Participants". CountingTheVotes.com. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
28. "Massachusetts Voting Results and Participants". CountingTheVotes.com. Retrieved May 26, 2023.