1956 United States presidential election in Mississippi

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1956 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Flag of Mississippi (1894-1996).svg
  1952 November 6, 1956 1960  
  CAC CC 001 18 6 0000 0519.jpg Dwight David Eisenhower 1952 crop.jpg 3x4.svg
Nominee Adlai Stevenson Dwight D. Eisenhower Unpledged electors
Party Democratic Republican Dixiecrat
Alliance Black and Tan Grand Old Party
Home state Illinois Pennsylvania [lower-alpha 1] [1]
Running mate Estes Kefauver Richard Nixon
Electoral vote800
Popular vote144,45360,68542,966
Percentage58.22%24.46%17.32%

Mississippi Presidential Election Results 1956.svg
County Results

President before election

Dwight Eisenhower
Republican

Elected President

Dwight Eisenhower
Republican

The 1956 United States presidential election in Mississippi was held on November 6, 1956. Mississippi voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Contents

Ever since the end of Reconstruction, Mississippi had been a one-party state dominated by the Democratic Party. The Republican Party was virtually nonexistent as a result of disenfranchisement among African Americans and poor whites, including voter intimidation against those who refused to vote Democratic.

From the time of Henry A. Wallace's appointment as Vice-President and the 1943 Detroit race riots, [2] however, the northern left wing of the Democratic Party became committed to restoring black political rights, [3] a policy vehemently opposed by all Southern Democrats as an infringement upon "states' rights". Consequently, the four states with the highest proportions of (disenfranchised) African-Americans in the populations listed South Carolina Governor James Strom Thurmond instead of national Democratic nominee Harry S. Truman as the "Democratic" nominee in the 1948 Presidential election. Although Thurmond easily carried South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana, Truman won the election.

Nevertheless, demands for civil rights legislation continued to intensify during the following eight years, although the pressing issue of the Korean War meant that Southern Democrats did not run a third-party ticket in 1952; [4] however dissatisfaction with Democrat Adlai Stevenson on civil rights meant Dwight Eisenhower (listed as an "Independent" on the 1952 Mississippi ballot) [5] gained considerable support from the exclusively white electorate of black belt counties, [6] despite having a virtually identical position on civil rights. [4]

After the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954, however, Mississippi's rulers realized they could not rely on either major party to enforce segregation and white supremacy. The Citizens' Councils sought to map a regional caucus to deal with this issue, but it feared a split as had occurred in 1948. [7] Nevertheless, the Citizens' Councils did place a slate of unpledged electors on the ballot alongside Eisenhower and Stevenson electors, although state officials, especially incumbent Governor James P. Coleman, strongly opposed them. [8]

Polls

SourceRankingAs of
Fort Worth Star-Telegram [9] Safe DNovember 2, 1956
The Clarion-Ledger [10] Safe DNovember 4, 1956
The Daily Herald [11] Safe DNovember 5, 1956

Results

1956 United States presidential election in Mississippi [12]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
Democrat Adlai Stevenson II 144,49858.23%8
Mississippi Republican/Black and Tan GOP Dwight D. Eisenhower (incumbent)60,685 [lower-alpha 2] 24.46%0
Dixiecrat Unpledged electors 42,96617.31%0
Totals248,149100.00%8

Results by county

1956 United States presidential election in Mississippi by county [14]
CountyAdlai Stevenson II
Democratic
Dwight David Eisenhower
Mississippi Republican/
Black and Tan GOP
Unpledged Electors
States’ Rights
MarginTotal votes cast
# %# %# %# %
Adams 1,27931.24%1,66440.64%1,15128.11%-385-9.40%4,094
Alcorn 3,14377.19%82720.31%1022.50%2,31656.88%4,072
Amite 80246.74%25514.86%65938.40%143 [lower-alpha 3] 8.34%1,716
Attala 1,79367.46%44516.74%42015.80%1,34850.72%2,658
Benton 78683.26%10811.44%505.30%67871.82%944
Bolivar 1,17633.49%75421.48%1,58145.03%-405 [lower-alpha 3] -11.54%3,511
Calhoun 1,76379.52%30113.58%1536.90%1,46265.94%2,217
Carroll 1,08069.63%23415.09%23715.28%843 [lower-alpha 3] 54.35%1,551
Chickasaw 1,65080.25%23111.24%1758.51%1,41969.01%2,056
Choctaw 1,11779.56%22115.74%664.70%89663.82%1,404
Claiborne 33941.24%19123.24%29235.52%47 [lower-alpha 3] 5.72%822
Clarke 1,76373.24%50020.77%1445.98%1,26352.47%2,407
Clay 1,22554.52%41018.25%61227.24%613 [lower-alpha 3] 27.28%2,247
Coahoma 1,67750.83%1,08232.80%54016.37%59518.03%3,299
Copiah 1,27055.12%38716.80%64728.08%623 [lower-alpha 3] 27.04%2,304
Covington 1,38267.38%38618.82%28313.80%99648.56%2,051
DeSoto 1,23666.96%39821.56%21211.48%83845.40%1,846
Forrest 1,92832.06%2,25637.52%1,82930.42%-328-5.46%6,013
Franklin 86255.83%17711.46%50532.71%357 [lower-alpha 3] 23.12%1,544
George 1,15069.24%40324.26%1086.50%74744.98%1,661
Greene 73459.72%35128.56%14411.72%38331.16%1,229
Grenada 94943.37%40718.60%83238.03%117 [lower-alpha 3] 5.34%2,188
Hancock 1,17944.09%1,42153.14%742.77%-242-9.05%2,674
Harrison 6,54950.37%5,74244.17%7105.46%8076.20%13,001
Hinds 7,10435.03%7,01534.59%6,15930.37%890.44%20,278
Holmes 87240.77%21510.05%1,05249.18%-180 [lower-alpha 3] -8.41%2,139
Humphreys 57644.51%1279.81%59145.67%-15 [lower-alpha 3] -1.16%1,294
Issaquena 17259.52%4214.53%7525.95%97 [lower-alpha 3] 33.57%289
Itawamba 2,31086.68%29811.18%572.14%2,01275.50%2,665
Jackson 3,88256.21%2,69238.98%3324.81%1,19017.23%6,906
Jasper 1,95880.08%28711.74%2008.18%1,67168.34%2,445
Jefferson 44045.74%18919.65%33334.62%107 [lower-alpha 3] 11.12%962
Jefferson Davis 1,04973.41%15610.92%22415.68%825 [lower-alpha 3] 57.73%1,429
Jones 5,13762.17%2,46329.81%6638.02%2,67432.36%8,263
Kemper 1,58687.00%1739.49%643.51%1,41377.51%1,823
Lafayette 1,96872.86%57521.29%1585.85%1,39351.57%2,701
Lamar 80546.86%42924.97%48428.17%321 [lower-alpha 3] 18.69%1,718
Lauderdale 5,41459.32%2,81730.86%8969.82%2,59728.46%9,127
Lawrence 1,02567.48%27618.17%21814.35%74949.31%1,519
Leake 2,47582.53%2207.34%30410.14%2,171 [lower-alpha 3] 72.39%2,999
Lee 3,88375.30%92918.01%3456.69%2,95457.29%5,157
Leflore 1,76949.30%88724.72%93225.98%837 [lower-alpha 3] 23.32%3,588
Lincoln 1,94251.47%84822.48%98326.05%959 [lower-alpha 3] 25.42%3,773
Lowndes 2,30855.94%1,20529.21%61314.86%1,10326.73%4,126
Madison 99641.59%37715.74%1,02242.67%-26 [lower-alpha 3] -1.08%2,395
Marion 1,75157.75%61120.15%67022.10%1,081 [lower-alpha 3] 35.65%3,032
Marshall 1,19270.37%28716.94%21512.69%90553.43%1,694
Monroe 3,63078.50%70515.25%2896.25%2,92563.25%4,624
Montgomery 1,13463.74%27815.63%36720.63%767 [lower-alpha 3] 43.11%1,779
Neshoba 2,82777.90%50213.83%3008.27%2,32564.07%3,629
Newton 2,35975.46%36011.52%40713.02%1,952 [lower-alpha 3] 62.44%3,126
Noxubee 69052.27%25719.47%37328.26%317 [lower-alpha 3] 24.01%1,320
Oktibbeha 1,55258.79%70226.59%38614.62%85032.20%2,640
Panola 1,74166.17%51919.73%37114.10%1,22246.44%2,631
Pearl River 1,27444.73%1,12939.64%44515.63%1455.09%2,848
Perry 58152.82%34731.55%17215.64%23421.27%1,100
Pike 1,71441.74%1,21029.47%1,18228.79%50412.27%4,106
Pontotoc 2,32082.50%33511.91%1575.58%1,98570.59%2,812
Prentiss 1,94280.95%38315.96%743.08%1,55964.99%2,399
Quitman 95463.64%27618.41%26917.95%67845.23%1,499
Rankin 1,53749.76%55618.00%99632.24%541 [lower-alpha 3] 17.52%3,089
Scott 2,07765.50%50315.86%59118.64%1,486 [lower-alpha 3] 46.86%3,171
Sharkey 30837.02%21125.36%31337.62%-5 [lower-alpha 3] -0.60%832
Simpson 2,14067.11%46714.64%58218.25%1,558 [lower-alpha 3] 48.86%3,189
Smith 2,05580.81%27710.89%2118.30%1,77869.92%2,543
Stone 76165.15%29325.09%1149.76%46840.06%1,168
Sunflower 1,58550.80%52016.67%1,01532.53%570 [lower-alpha 3] 18.27%3,120
Tallahatchie 1,96973.28%34112.69%37714.03%1,592 [lower-alpha 3] 59.25%2,687
Tate 1,41480.85%1719.78%1649.38%1,24371.07%1,749
Tippah 2,56986.94%2879.71%993.35%2,28277.23%2,955
Tishomingo 1,57772.67%51623.78%773.55%1,06148.89%2,170
Tunica 47056.22%20023.92%16619.86%27032.30%836
Union 2,88282.48%42712.22%1855.29%2,45570.26%3,494
Walthall 1,14366.26%30617.74%27616.00%83748.52%1,725
Warren 1,85734.85%2,41945.40%1,05219.74%-562-10.55%5,328
Washington 2,72249.58%1,97335.94%79514.48%74913.64%5,490
Wayne 1,49370.13%37317.52%26312.35%1,12052.61%2,129
Webster 1,41280.92%18810.77%1458.31%1,22470.15%1,745
Wilkinson 26030.55%24028.20%35141.25%-91 [lower-alpha 3] -10.70%851
Winston 2,13278.82%36113.35%2127.84%1,77165.47%2,705
Yalobusha 1,01559.85%41424.41%26715.74%60135.44%1,696
Yazoo 91129.50%37011.98%1,80758.52%-896 [lower-alpha 3] -29.02%3,088
Totals144,45358.22%60,68524.46%42,96617.32%83,76833.76%248,104

Analysis

Ultimately Mississippi was to vote for Stevenson by a convincing margin of 33.76 points, as the 1952 Eisenhower vote in the black belt was substantially turned over to the unpledged slate, whilst Stevenson held almost all of the vote he received in 1952. Mississippi was Stevenson’s second-strongest state behind Georgia and in terms of popular vote Eisenhower's weakest.

As of the 2020 presidential election , 1956 would nonetheless remain the last election where a Democrat has gained a majority of the vote in Mississippi. The party's increasing embrace of civil rights for blacks would turn the state over to another unpledged slate in 1960, then overwhelmingly to the Republican nominee Barry Goldwater in 1964, who had been one of only six Republicans to vote against the Civil Rights Act. [15] With the enfranchisement of the state’s blacks via the Voting Rights Act, the majority white population would overwhelmingly move toward the Republican Party. [16] Since 1964 only Jimmy Carter in 1976 has carried Mississippi for the Democratic Party — and even Southern evangelical Carter's performance was his third-weakest in the extended South [lower-alpha 4] behind his narrow losses in Virginia and Oklahoma.

Hancock County voted Republican in this election for the first time since 1872, [17] reflecting its powerful ties to French Catholic Acadiana, [18] which showed a very strong pro-Eisenhower trend at this election. [19]

No Democratic presidential nominee has carried the following counties since Stevenson did so in this election: Lamar, Lauderdale, Lincoln, Lowndes, Newton, Rankin, Scott and Simpson. [17] Stevenson is also the last Democrat to carry Clarke County outright, but Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan tied there with 3,303 votes apiece in 1980. [20] Oktibbeha County would not vote Democratic again until Barack Obama carried it in 2008. This is also the last election in which the Democratic nominee carried Mississippi without winning the presidency or that a Republican won two terms without ever winning the state.

Notes

  1. Although he was born in Texas and grew up in Kansas before his military career, at the time of his election Eisenhower was president of Columbia University and was, officially, a resident of New York. During his first term as president, he moved his private residence to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and officially changed his residency to Pennsylvania.
  2. Eisenhower vote is a fusion of 56,372 Mississippi Republican Party votes and 4,313 Mississippi Black and Tan Grand Old Party votes. The two slates had different electors so their votes did not constitute a true fusion. [13]
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 In this county where Eisenhower ran third behind both Stevenson and the unpledged slate, margin given is Stevenson vote minus unpledged vote and percentage margin Stevenson percentage minus unpledged percentage.
  4. "Extended South" includes all the former Confederate States, the five border slave states, and Oklahoma, which gained statehood only in 1907 but which had practiced slavery before the Civil War.

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References

  1. "The Presidents". David Leip. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Eisenhower's home state for the 1956 Election was Pennsylvania
  2. Scher, Richard K. Politics in the New South: Republicanism, Race and Leadership in the Twentieth Century. p. 95. ISBN   1563248484.
  3. Frederickson, Karl A. The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968. p. 39. ISBN   0807849103.
  4. 1 2 McAdam, Doug; Karina, Kloos. Deeply Divided: Racial Politics and Social Movements in Post-War America. pp. 76–77. ISBN   0199937869.
  5. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1952 Presidential General Election Results – Mississippi
  6. Ward, Jason Morgan. Defending White Democracy: The Making of a Segregationist Movement and the Remaking of Racial Politics, 1936-1965. p. 156. ISBN   0807869228.
  7. McMillen, Neil R. The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-64. p. 317. ISBN   0252064410.
  8. "Coleman Opposes SR Electors on Mississippi Ballot". The Clarion-Ledger . Jackson, Mississippi. September 21, 1956. pp. 1, 12.
  9. "Final Babson Poll Shows Eisenhower Winning Easily". Fort Worth Star-Telegram . CTS. November 2, 1956. p. 22.
  10. Worth, Gene (November 4, 1956). "State Will Give Nod to Demos, but Reluctantly; Four Slates of Electors Offered for Unenthusiastic Balloters". The Clarion-Ledger . Jackson, Mississippi. p. 1.
  11. "Stevenson Given Strong Chance to Sweep Mississippi: Little Hope for Ike Supporters, States Righters". The Daily Herald . Biloxi, Mississippi. November 5, 1956. p. 1.
  12. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1956 Presidential General Election Results – Mississippi
  13. "MS US President Race, November 06, 1956". Our Campaigns.
  14. Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920-1964; pp. 251-252 ISBN   0405077114
  15. Thernstrom, Stephan; Thernstrom, Abigail. America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. p. 151. ISBN   1439129096.
  16. See Black, Earl (2021). "Competing Responses to the New Southern Politics: Republican and Democratic Southern Strategies, 1964-76". In Reed, John Shelton; Black, Merle (eds.). Perspectives on the American South: An Annual Review of Society, Politics, and Culture. ISBN   9781136764882.
  17. 1 2 Menendez, Albert J. (2005). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. pp. 236–238. ISBN   0786422173.
  18. Menendez. The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, p. 82
  19. Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. p. 221. ISBN   0870000586.
  20. "1980 Presidential General Election Data Graphs — Mississippi". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.