1948 United States presidential election in Alabama

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1948 United States presidential election in Alabama
Flag of Alabama.svg
  1944 November 2, 1948 1952  
  Strom Thurmond 1948 (cropped).jpg Thomas Dewey (3x4 crop).jpg
Nominee Strom Thurmond Thomas E. Dewey
Party Democratic Republican
Alliance States' Rights Democratic
Home state South Carolina New York
Running mate Fielding L. Wright Earl Warren
Electoral vote110
Popular vote171,44340,930
Percentage79.75%19.04%

Alabama Presidential Election Results 1948.svg
County Results

President before election

Harry S. Truman
Democratic

Elected President

Harry S. Truman
Democratic

The 1948 United States presidential election in Alabama was held on November 2, 1948. Alabama voters sent eleven electors to the Electoral College who voted for President and Vice-President. In Alabama, voters voted for electors individually instead of (as in most other states) as a slate.

Contents

Since the 1890s, Alabama had been effectively a one-party state ruled by the Democratic Party. Disenfranchisement of almost all African-Americans and a large proportion of poor whites via poll taxes, literacy tests [1] and informal harassment had essentially eliminated opposition parties outside of Unionist Winston County and presidential campaigns in a few nearby northern hill counties. The only competitive statewide elections during this period were thus Democratic Party primaries — limited to white voters until the landmark court case of Smith v. Allwright , following which Alabama introduced the Boswell Amendment — ruled unconstitutional in Davis v. Schnell in 1949, [2] although substantial increases in black voter registration would not occur until after the late 1960s Voting Rights Act.

Unlike other Deep South states, soon after black disenfranchisement Alabama’s remaining white Republicans made rapid efforts to expel blacks from the state Republican Party, [3] and under Oscar D. Street, who ironically was appointed state party boss as part of the pro-Taft “black and tan” faction in 1912, [4] the state GOP would permanently turn “lily-white”, with the last black delegates at any Republican National Convention serving in 1920. [3] However, with two exceptions the Republicans were unable to gain from their hard lily-white policy. The first was when they exceeded forty percent in the 1920 House of Representatives races for the 4th, 7th and 10th congressional districts, [5] and the second was 1928 presidential election when Senator James Thomas Heflin embarked on a nationwide speaking tour, partially funded by the Ku Klux Klan, against Roman Catholic Democratic nominee Al Smith and supported Republican Herbert Hoover, [6] who went on to lose the state that year by only seven thousand votes.

In 1946 Alabama’s one-party Democratic rule was severely challenged not merely by the invalidation of its white primary system, but also by the potential effect on the United States' image abroad (and ability to win the Cold War against the radically egalitarian rhetoric of Communism) [7] from the beating and blinding of Isaac Woodard three hours after being discharged from the army. Truman then attempted to launch a Civil Rights bill, involving desegregation of the military. Southern Democrats immediately made such cries as "unconstitutional", "Communist inspired," "a blow to the loyal South and its traditions," "unwarranted and harmful," "not the answer," and "does irreparable harm to interracial relations". [8]

In May of 1948, Alabama’s Democratic presidential elector primary chose electors who were pledged to not vote for incumbent President Truman, [9] and the state Supreme Court ruled that any statute requiring party presidential electors to vote for that party's national nominee was void. [10] Half of Alabama’s delegation then walked out at the party's national convention in Philadelphia because of Truman's endorsement of civil rights for African Americans. [11] This segregationist faction met on July 17, 1948, in Birmingham, nominating South Carolina governor Strom Thurmond as its nominee for president. Mississippi governor Fielding L. Wright was nominated for vice president.

A "Loyalist" group would petition governor "Big Jim" Folsom to allow Truman electors on the ballot alongside the “Democratic” electors pledged to Thurmond, but Senator John Sparkman, fearing popular defeat at the hands of the Dixiecrats and a hostile state legislature, decided against placing Truman electors on the ballot, [12] although a Gallup poll in October showed that about a third of state voters would support Truman if they were able to do so. [lower-alpha 1] In other Southern states where Truman was on the ballot, [lower-alpha 2] Thurmond was forced to run under the label of the States' Rights Democratic Party.

Polls

SourceRankingAs of
The Montgomery Advertiser [14] Certain I (Flip)October 24, 1948
The Miami News [15] Certain I (Flip)October 25, 1948
The Charlotte Observer [16] Certain I (Flip)October 27, 1948
Mount Vernon Argus [17] Certain I (Flip)November 1, 1948
Oakland Tribune [18] Certain I (Flip)November 1, 1948

Results

1948 United States presidential election in Alabama [19]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
Democratic/Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond 171,44379.75%11
Republican Thomas E. Dewey 40,93019.04%0
Progressive Henry A. Wallace 1,5220.71%0
Prohibition Claude A. Watson 1,0850.50%0
Voter turnout (voting age)12.5% [20]

Results by individual elector

General election results [19] [21]
PartyPledged toElectorVotes
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Tom Abernathy171,443
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Ben Bloodworth171,336
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Tully A. Goodwin171,284
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Walter C. Givhan171,279
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Norman W. Harris171,272
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond John A. Lusk, Jr.171,272
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Robert B. Albritton171,264
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Gessner T. McCorvey171,213
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Edmund Blair171,212
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Walter F. Miller171,201
Democratic Party Strom Thurmond Horace C. Walkinson170,825
Republican Party Thomas E. Dewey O. H. Aycock40,930
Republican Party Thomas E. Dewey J. A. Downer40,853
Republican Party Thomas E. Dewey W. H. Gillespie40,842
Republican Party Thomas E. Dewey V. B. Huff40,811
Republican Party Thomas E. Dewey Walter J. Kennamer40,811
Republican Party Thomas E. Dewey L. A. Carroll40,774
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Jesse L. Dansby1,522
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Joe M. Goodwin1,459
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace William A. Upshaw1,426
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Robert D. Morgan1,398
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Ralph Hopkins1,394
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Vivia Thomas1,385
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Herbert P. McDonald1,384
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Frank R. McGhee1,381
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Robert F. Travis, Jr.1,377
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Allison H. Stanton1,366
Progressive Party Henry A. Wallace Johanna Newhouse1,363
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonGlenn V. Tingley1,085
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonEulalia R. Vess1,085
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonJ. B. Lockhart1,055
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonCora McAdory1,043
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonJack Moore1,040
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonL. E. Barton1,038
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonElizabeth Lewis1,036
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonEthel M. Durham1,028
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonH. P. Amos1,026
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonM. E. Poland1,015
Prohibition Party Claude A. WatsonNoble M. Israelson1,001
Total votes214,980

Results by county

County [22] Strom Thurmond
Dixiecrat
Thomas E. Dewey
Republican
Henry A. Wallace
Progressive
Claude A. Watson
Prohibition
MarginTotal votes cast
# %# %# %# %# %
Autauga 1,16090.20%1108.55%20.16%141.09%1,05081.65%1,286
Baldwin 2,57774.80%76722.26%671.94%340.99%1,81052.54%3,445
Barbour 1,67993.90%1015.65%20.11%60.34%1,57888.25%1,788
Bibb 1,18888.46%1239.16%80.60%241.79%1,06579.30%1,343
Blount 1,76868.98%77130.08%20.08%220.86%99738.90%2,563
Bullock 79998.76%101.24%00.00%00.00%78997.52%809
Butler 1,31393.19%916.46%20.14%30.21%1,22286.73%1,409
Calhoun 3,23677.40%85620.47%601.44%290.69%2,38056.93%4,181
Chambers 1,52086.02%21812.34%110.62%181.02%1,30273.68%1,767
Cherokee 1,05581.59%21716.78%30.23%181.39%83864.81%1,293
Chilton 1,96655.09%1,58444.38%50.14%140.39%38210.71%3,569
Choctaw 1,44098.83%161.10%00.00%10.07%1,42497.73%1,457
Clarke 2,05997.58%472.23%00.00%40.19%2,01295.35%2,110
Clay 1,10673.64%38725.77%20.13%70.47%71947.87%1,502
Cleburne 70068.16%31730.87%70.68%30.29%38337.29%1,027
Coffee 2,03194.38%1135.25%70.33%10.05%1,91889.13%2,152
Colbert 2,60983.49%48815.62%140.45%140.45%2,12167.87%3,125
Conecuh 1,33995.03%644.54%20.14%40.28%1,27590.49%1,409
Coosa 84074.73%27524.47%30.27%60.53%56550.26%1,124
Covington 2,76494.14%1545.25%60.20%120.41%2,61088.89%2,936
Crenshaw 1,38696.79%382.65%10.07%70.49%1,34894.14%1,432
Cullman 3,58766.87%1,75532.72%60.11%160.30%1,83234.15%5,364
Dale 1,35284.39%23014.36%70.44%130.81%1,12270.03%1,602
Dallas 2,72094.77%1324.60%90.31%90.31%2,58890.17%2,870
DeKalb 3,57356.42%2,74343.31%70.11%100.16%83013.11%6,333
Elmore 2,38792.88%1676.50%60.23%100.39%2,22086.38%2,570
Escambia 1,68189.32%1889.99%110.58%20.11%1,49379.33%1,882
Etowah 5,89576.95%1,61521.08%1071.40%440.57%4,28055.87%7,661
Fayette 1,02363.07%58035.76%70.43%120.74%44327.31%1,622
Franklin 3,22655.68%2,55544.10%50.09%80.14%67111.58%5,794
Geneva 1,82385.87%28613.47%50.24%90.42%1,53772.40%2,123
Greene 62194.66%314.73%00.00%40.61%59089.93%656
Hale 1,04195.77%433.96%20.18%10.09%99891.81%1,087
Henry 1,04095.59%474.32%00.00%10.09%99391.27%1,088
Houston 2,71585.78%42613.46%180.57%60.19%2,28972.32%3,165
Jackson 1,72673.54%60325.69%30.13%150.64%1,12347.85%2,347
Jefferson 30,04379.35%7,26119.18%3610.95%1960.52%22,78260.17%37,861
Lamar 1,43488.41%18011.10%20.12%60.37%1,25477.31%1,622
Lauderdale 3,25885.24%54614.29%60.16%120.31%2,71270.95%3,822
Lawrence 1,43679.51%35719.77%30.17%100.55%1,07959.74%1,806
Lee 1,73186.25%25812.86%50.25%130.65%1,47373.39%2,007
Limestone 1,85393.49%1125.65%40.20%130.66%1,74187.84%1,982
Lowndes 75294.95%131.64%253.16%20.25%727 [lower-alpha 3] 91.79%792
Macon 1,09890.67%1109.08%30.25%00.00%98881.59%1,211
Madison 2,94783.58%46613.22%391.11%742.10%2,48170.36%3,526
Marengo 1,87396.40%673.45%30.15%00.00%1,80692.95%1,943
Marion 1,64666.48%81332.84%40.16%130.53%83333.64%2,476
Marshall 2,50073.81%87025.69%80.24%90.27%1,63048.12%3,387
Mobile 10,83178.29%2,68519.41%2571.86%620.45%8,14658.88%13,835
Monroe 1,68897.86%311.80%20.12%40.23%1,65796.06%1,725
Montgomery 6,19686.01%80211.13%1462.03%600.83%5,39474.88%7,204
Morgan 3,84187.65%51211.68%90.21%200.46%3,32975.97%4,382
Perry 1,03295.47%302.78%50.46%141.30%1,00292.69%1,081
Pickens 1,42393.37%915.97%50.33%50.33%1,33287.40%1,524
Pike 1,74194.93%874.74%30.16%30.16%1,65490.19%1,834
Randolph 1,24972.20%46927.11%70.40%50.29%78045.09%1,730
Russell 1,66693.81%945.29%110.62%50.28%1,57288.52%1,776
Shelby 1,90363.86%1,06335.67%30.10%110.37%84028.19%2,980
St. Clair 1,87866.60%92132.66%80.28%130.46%95733.94%2,820
Sumter 1,05895.06%524.67%00.00%30.27%1,00690.39%1,113
Talladega 3,07783.05%59316.01%120.32%230.62%2,48467.04%3,705
Tallapoosa 2,30993.33%1566.31%10.04%80.32%2,15387.02%2,474
Tuscaloosa 4,69786.10%65812.06%500.92%500.92%4,03974.04%5,455
Walker 4,00766.47%1,85230.72%1332.21%360.60%2,15535.75%6,028
Washington 1,30497.02%312.31%60.45%30.22%1,27394.71%1,344
Wilcox 1,16298.81%141.19%00.00%00.00%1,14897.62%1,176
Winston 86535.05%1,58864.34%40.16%110.45%-723-29.29%2,468
Totals171,44379.75%40,93019.04%1,5220.71%1,0850.50%130,51360.71%214,980

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Dixiecrat

Analysis

Thurmond overwhelmingly won Alabama by a margin of 60.71 percent, or 130,513 votes, against his closest opponent, Republican New York governor Thomas E. Dewey. [19] This was only a slight decline upon Franklin Roosevelt’s performance in Alabama four years previously, and it is known that many Thurmond voters thought incorrectly that they were actually voting for Truman. Two third-party candidates, Henry A. Wallace of the Progressive Party and Claude A. Watson of the Prohibition Party, appeared on the ballot in Alabama, though neither had any impact. This was the first time ever that a Democrat won the presidency without carrying Alabama, and the first time since 1872 that the state failed to vote for the national Democrats.

84% of white voters supported Thurmond. [23]

See also

Notes

  1. This poll gave Thurmond 43 percent, Dewey 16 percent, Truman 32 percent, and 9 percent for other candidates or undecided. [13] Its results understated actual support for Thurmond in the Deep South by up to 15 percent.
  2. Thurmond was on the ballot in all former Confederate slave states, in the border slave state of Kentucky and the postbellum state of North Dakota, besides receiving a total of 3,769 write-in votes in New Hampshire, New York, Maryland, Missouri and California.
  3. In this county where Wallace ran second ahead of Dewey, margin given is Thurmond vote minus Wallace vote and percentage margin Thurmond percentage minus Wallace percentage.

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References

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  16. Stokes, Thomas (October 27, 1948). "Washington with Thomas Stokes". The Charlotte Observer . Charlotte, North Carolina. p. 6-A.
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  18. Gallup, George (November 1, 1948). "Final Gallup Poll Shows Dewey Winning Election with Wide Electoral Vote Margin". Oakland Tribune . Oakland, California. pp. 1–2.
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Works cited