1968 United States presidential election in Alabama

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1968 United States presidential election in Alabama
Flag of Alabama.svg
  1964 November 5, 1968 1972  

All 10 Alabama electoral votes to the Electoral College
  George Wallace (D-AL) (3x4).jpg Hubert Humphrey in New York, 1968 (3x4 crop).jpg Nixon 30-0316a (cropped).jpg
Nominee George Wallace Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon
Party Democratic (Alabama) Democratic Republican
Alliance American Independent National Democratic (Alabama)
Home state Alabama Minnesota New York [lower-alpha 1]
Running mate Curtis LeMay Edmund Muskie Spiro Agnew
Electoral vote1000
Popular vote691,425196,579146,923
Percentage65.86%18.72%13.99%

Alabama Presidential Election Results 1968.svg
County Results

President before election

Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic

Elected President

Richard Nixon
Republican

The 1968 United States presidential election in Alabama was held on November 5, 1968. In Alabama, voters voted for electors individually instead of as a slate, as in the other 49 states.

Contents

The 1960s had seen Alabama as the epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement, highlighted by numerous bombings by the Ku Klux Klan in "Bombingham", [1] Birmingham police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor's use of attack dogs against civil rights protesters, attacks on the Freedom Riders and Selma to Montgomery marchers, and first-term Governor George Wallace's "stand in the door" against the desegregation of the University of Alabama. [2] The state Democratic Party, which had remained closed to African-Americans two decades after Smith v. Allwright outlawed the white primary, [3] had by a five-to-one margin refused to pledge its 1964 electors to incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson, [4] and no attempt was made to challenge this Wallace-sponsored Democratic slate with one loyal to the national party. [5] Despite sponsoring the state Democratic slate, in the 1964 general election Wallace would back Republican nominee Barry Goldwater, [6] who won almost seventy percent of Alabama's ballots against the state Democratic electors, for his opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

George Wallace would build a third party candidacy with his right-wing populist American Independent Party during the following two years, campaigning on opposition to desegregation, race riots, and the counterculture. However, with the state Democratic Party still refusing to integrate, [3] the national party made efforts to place its own electors on the Alabama ballot in 1967. [7] As expected, Wallace won the state Democratic primary in May, and was listed as the “Democratic” candidate on the Alabama ballot. [8] National Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey was able, [9] unlike Harry S. Truman and outgoing President Johnson, to gain ballot access on a fusion of the "Alabama Independent Democrat" and National Democratic lines. [10] 78% of white voters supported Wallace, 16% supported Nixon, and 4% supported Humphrey. [11] [12] [13]

Predictions

SourceRatingAs ofNote
Lebanon Daily News [14] Safe I (Flip)September 17, 1968 [lower-alpha 2]
Daily Press [15] Certain I (Flip)October 11, 1968
The Charlotte News [16] Certain I (Flip)October 12, 1968
The Record [17] Likely I (Flip)October 21, 1968
Shreveport Times [18] Safe I (Flip)November 3, 1968
The Selma Times-Journal [19] Safe I (Flip)November 3, 1968

Results

1968 United States presidential election in Alabama [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic George Wallace 691,425 65.86% +65.86%
National Democratic (Ala.) Hubert Humphrey 196,59718.72%+18.72%
Republican Richard Nixon 146,92313.99%−55.51%
American Independent No Candidate10,9601.04%+1.04%
Prohibition E. Harold Munn4,0020.38%+0.38%
Write-in 80.00%+0.00%
Total votes1,049,915 100.00%

Results by presidential elector

General election results [20]
PartyPledged toElectorVotes
Democratic Party George Wallace Albert Brewer 691,425
Democratic Party George Wallace MacDonald Gallion691,318
Democratic Party George Wallace Jim Allen689,262
Democratic Party George Wallace Armistead Selden689,009
Democratic Party George Wallace Agnes Baggett687,876
Democratic Party George Wallace Frank Mizell687,699
Democratic Party George Wallace Earl Morgan687,664
Democratic Party George Wallace Richard "Dick" Beard686,685
Democratic Party George Wallace Mabel S. Amos686,667
Democratic Party George Wallace Ernest Stone685,499
Republican Party Richard Nixon William H. Graham146,923
Republican Party Richard Nixon Paul Lowery146,876
Republican Party Richard Nixon James C. Van Antwerp, Jr.146,717
Republican Party Richard Nixon George Howard Young146,628
Republican Party Richard Nixon Huit Sullivan146,613
Republican Party Richard Nixon M. J. Lyons, Jr.146,591
Republican Party Richard Nixon Lee Clyde Traylor146,368
Republican Party Richard Nixon Robert H. Maxwell146,311
Republican Party Richard Nixon J. Smith Lanier, II145,970
Republican Party Richard Nixon Robert D. Wilkinson, Jr.145,694
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey Dot Little142,435
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey Ben F. Ray142,218
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey Lafayette Patterson141,199
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey Roy D. McCord141,124
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey Charles A. Bentley, Jr.140,728
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey Isom Clemon140,387
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey Coleman A. Lollar, Jr.140,386
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey J. E. Brantley140,342
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey James McArthur Reed140,218
Alabama Independent Democratic Party Hubert Humphrey Joe L. Reed140,093
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey William McKinley Branch54,144
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey E. D. Bouier53,700
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey Robert Schwenn53,666
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey J. H. Davis53,622
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey R. E. Cordray53,264
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey Billy Joe Robinson53,226
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey Jack Drake53,068
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey Virginia Durr53,015
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey George DeBoer52,909
National Democratic Party of Alabama Hubert Humphrey James Williams52,464
American Independent Party George Wallace Steve E. Nation10,960
American Independent Party George Wallace Aaron C. Edwards10,518
American Independent Party George Wallace Ronald L. Pankey10,437
American Independent Party George Wallace Bernice H. Morrison10,365
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnD. N. Stephenson4,022
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnPhoebe Cary Shoemaker3,814
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnJ. E. Dillard3,770
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnOgburn A. Gardner3,661
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnBertha Wallis Lee3,638
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnBeulah K. Gray3,615
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnJerome B. Couch3,589
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnFred M. Burns3,578
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnLois Goodwin3,523
Prohibition Party E. Harold MunnDaisy Williams3,420
Total votes1,049,909

Results by county

CountyGeorge Wallace
American Independent
Hubert Humphrey
Democratic
Richard Nixon
Republican
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal votes cast
# %# %# %# %# %
Autauga 5,52371.03%1,55319.97%6067.79%941.21%3,97051.06%7,776
Baldwin 14,16776.98%1,8219.89%2,15411.70%2621.42%12,013 [lower-alpha 3] 65.28%18,404
Barbour 5,49169.10%1,89823.89%3864.86%1712.15%3,59345.21%7,946
Bibb 3,74680.16%65213.95%2635.63%120.26%3,09466.21%4,673
Blount 6,53671.93%3313.64%2,01322.15%2062.27%4,523 [lower-alpha 3] 49.78%9,086
Bullock 2,16149.71%1,96445.18%1904.37%320.74%1974.53%4,347
Butler 5,60176.09%1,24016.85%5006.79%200.27%4,36159.24%7,361
Calhoun 19,21171.75%4,14615.48%3,06111.43%3571.33%15,06556.27%26,775
Chambers 7,88574.14%1,35812.77%1,08210.17%3112.92%6,52761.37%10,636
Cherokee 4,77383.96%4628.13%3436.03%1071.88%4,31175.83%5,685
Chilton 6,61174.26%5666.36%1,60218.00%1231.38%5,009 [lower-alpha 3] 56.26%8,902
Choctaw 4,25069.75%1,64126.93%1762.89%260.43%2,60942.82%6,093
Clarke 6,16871.50%1,71719.90%4885.66%2532.93%4,45151.60%8,626
Clay 4,04880.25%2565.08%70614.00%340.67%3,342 [lower-alpha 3] 66.25%5,044
Cleburne 3,31482.95%1604.01%48512.14%360.90%2,829 [lower-alpha 3] 70.81%3,995
Coffee 8,88582.53%1,0719.95%6826.33%1281.19%7,81472.58%10,766
Colbert 11,34172.60%2,29114.67%1,72711.06%2621.68%9,05057.93%15,621
Conecuh 3,82871.60%1,15121.53%1863.48%1813.39%2,67750.07%5,346
Coosa 2,83074.26%62316.35%3308.66%280.73%2,20757.91%3,811
Covington 11,41986.98%7916.03%8316.33%870.66%10,588 [lower-alpha 3] 80.65%13,128
Crenshaw 4,51382.35%72613.25%2093.81%320.58%3,78769.10%5,480
Cullman 11,06364.08%1,1156.46%4,96428.75%1230.71%6,099 [lower-alpha 3] 35.33%17,265
Dale 8,10983.55%8628.88%6076.25%1271.31%7,24774.67%9,705
Dallas 8,79852.89%6,51639.17%1,2467.49%760.46%2,28213.72%16,636
DeKalb 8,14454.81%1,2748.57%5,31435.76%1270.85%2,830 [lower-alpha 3] 19.05%14,859
Elmore 9,03876.52%1,74514.77%8016.78%2281.93%7,29361.75%11,812
Escambia 8,47478.72%1,49213.86%6806.32%1191.11%6,98264.86%10,765
Etowah 21,41668.67%4,61314.79%4,35113.95%8062.58%16,80353.88%31,186
Fayette 4,68375.07%67610.84%82713.26%520.83%3,856 [lower-alpha 3] 61.81%6,238
Franklin 5,90964.96%5886.46%2,52427.75%750.82%3,385 [lower-alpha 3] 37.21%9,096
Geneva 7,87191.73%3804.43%2843.31%460.54%7,49187.30%8,581
Greene 1,55539.18%2,22956.16%1804.54%50.13%-674-16.98%3,969
Hale 2,93455.78%2,00338.08%2665.06%571.08%93117.70%5,260
Henry 4,23379.99%95518.05%841.59%200.38%3,27861.94%5,292
Houston 13,87283.89%1,4889.00%9745.89%2021.22%12,38474.89%16,536
Jackson 8,50477.96%1,0229.37%1,19110.92%1911.75%7,313 [lower-alpha 3] 67.04%10,908
Jefferson 106,23351.81%55,84527.24%39,75219.39%3,2031.56%50,38824.57%205,033
Lamar 5,22988.25%3025.10%3646.14%300.51%4,865 [lower-alpha 3] 82.11%5,925
Lauderdale 13,46771.32%2,16611.47%2,95215.63%2981.58%10,515 [lower-alpha 3] 55.69%18,883
Lawrence 6,25383.05%6508.63%5807.70%460.61%5,60374.42%7,529
Lee 7,72158.78%2,80321.34%2,36618.01%2461.87%4,91837.44%13,136
Limestone 8,43081.25%8898.57%8708.39%1861.79%7,54172.68%10,375
Lowndes 1,82255.84%1,12734.54%2347.17%802.45%69521.30%3,263
Macon 1,61925.37%4,45069.74%2574.03%550.86%-2,831-44.37%6,381
Madison 29,82357.40%8,00415.41%13,21325.43%9131.76%16,610 [lower-alpha 3] 31.97%51,953
Marengo 5,18556.64%3,47938.01%4574.99%330.36%1,70618.63%9,154
Marion 6,41576.34%3654.34%1,49217.76%1311.56%4,923 [lower-alpha 3] 58.58%8,403
Marshall 12,74276.39%9555.73%2,72516.34%2581.55%10,017 [lower-alpha 3] 60.05%16,680
Mobile 61,67367.08%18,61520.25%10,50911.43%1,1391.24%43,05846.83%91,936
Monroe 5,21771.23%1,67322.84%3755.12%590.81%3,54448.39%7,324
Montgomery 27,20258.47%12,08825.98%6,74614.50%4891.05%15,11432.49%46,525
Morgan 16,84175.60%1,8788.43%3,04313.66%5152.31%13,798 [lower-alpha 3] 61.94%22,277
Perry 2,76849.85%2,45744.25%3085.55%200.36%3115.60%5,553
Pickens 4,54971.89%1,43422.66%3215.07%240.38%3,11549.23%6,328
Pike 6,03872.39%1,56518.76%6587.89%800.96%4,47353.63%8,341
Randolph 5,10375.00%6669.79%83912.33%1962.88%4,264 [lower-alpha 3] 62.67%6,804
Russell 7,58467.44%2,70724.07%7046.26%2502.22%4,87743.37%11,245
St. Clair 7,05072.70%8698.96%1,63516.86%1431.47%5,415 [lower-alpha 3] 55.84%9,697
Shelby 7,73671.83%1,10510.26%1,70615.84%2232.07%6,030 [lower-alpha 3] 55.99%10,770
Sumter 2,15844.89%2,33648.60%3036.30%100.21%-178-3.71%4,807
Talladega 13,50572.00%3,09916.52%1,93510.32%2171.16%10,40655.48%18,756
Tallapoosa 9,04376.50%1,33111.26%1,20510.19%2422.05%7,71265.24%11,821
Tuscaloosa 18,61165.60%5,55619.58%3,82213.47%3821.35%13,05546.02%28,371
Walker 14,41674.37%1,97110.17%2,62813.56%3701.91%11,788 [lower-alpha 3] 60.81%19,385
Washington 4,54579.98%90215.87%2003.52%360.63%3,64364.11%5,683
Wilcox 2,51156.62%1,65837.38%2375.34%290.65%85319.24%4,435
Winston 3,03254.86%2584.67%2,17439.33%631.14%858 [lower-alpha 3] 15.53%5,527
Totals691,42565.86%196,57918.72%146,92313.99%14,9901.42%494,84647.14%1,049,917

Counties that flipped from Republican to American Independent

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

Counties that flipped from Unpledged to Democratic

Counties that flipped from Unpledged to American Independent

Results by congressional district

This table shows the results by congressional district in Alabama. The candidate who was the winning candidate is listed first. George Wallace won all 8 congressional districts in Alabama. [21]

District [22] NixonHumphreyWallace
1st9.8%21.4%68.8%
2nd10.4%18.8%70.8%
3rd7.7%18.6%73.7%
4th11%16.6%72.4%
5th10.3%27.9%61.8%
6th23.5%28.6%48%
7th20.2%8.8%71%
8th17.4%12.5%70%

Analysis

Wallace won his home state in a landslide, receiving 65.86 percent of the vote to Democrat Hubert Humphrey's 18.72 percent, a 47.13-point margin. Republican Richard Nixon, while winning the election nationally, finished a distant third in Alabama with only 13.99 percent, gaining significant support only in a few northern counties with historical Unionist sympathies and higher-income urban areas. [23] Wallace's 65.86 percent of the popular vote would make Alabama not only his best-performing state in the 1968 election, but the strongest-performing state out of any candidate, with only Humphrey's performance in Washington D.C. being stronger. [24]

Wallace won 64 of the state's 67 counties. As African-Americans in the South were slowly gaining the right to vote as a result of federal civil rights legislation passed in 1964 and 1965, Wallace's weakest region was the Black Belt, where he won most counties with narrow majorities or pluralities. [25]

As of the 2020 presidential election , this is the last election in which Mobile County, Shelby County, Baldwin County, Lee County, and Houston County were not carried by the Republican candidate, [26] the last election in which the Republican candidate won the election without Alabama, and the last election in which Wilcox County, Lowndes County, and Bullock County were not carried by the national Democratic candidate. [26]

See also

Notes

  1. Although he was born in California and he served as a U.S. Senator from California, in 1968 Richard Nixon's official state of residence was New York, because he moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. During his first term as president, Nixon re-established his residency in California. Consequently, most reliable reference books list Nixon's home state as New York in the 1968 election and his home state as California in the 1972 (and 1960) election.
  2. “I” refers to Wallace's national status as the candidate of the American Independent Party, although the Alabama Democratic Party had him listed on the state ballot as the “Democratic” candidate
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 In this county where Nixon rather than Humphrey ran second behind Wallace, margin given is Wallace vote minus Nixon vote and percentage margin Wallace percentage minus Nixon percentage.

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References

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  2. Bullock, Charles S.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith. The Triumph of Voting Rights in the South. pp. 41–42. ISBN   0806185309..
  3. 1 2 Walton, Hanes (1972). Black Political Parties: An Historical and Political Analysis. New York Free Press. p. 149.
  4. McDannald, Alexander Hopkins (1965). Yearbook of the Encyclopedia Americana (Report). p. 63.
  5. Cleghorn, Reece (August 13, 1964). "Who Speaks for Mississippi". The Reporter. pp. 31–33.
  6. Grimes, Roy (October 11, 1964). "Look Away, Look Away…". The Victoria Advocate . p. 4A.
  7. Bennett, James (January 1, 1968). "State Politics Will Heat Up". Birmingham Post-Herald . p. 2.
  8. "Alabama in Bewildering Political State". The Columbus Ledger . Columbus, Georgia. May 11, 1968. p. A-2.
  9. Bennett, James (August 26, 1968). "Most State Delegates To Sign Loyalty Oath". Birmingham Post-Herald . pp. 1, 2.
  10. 1 2 "1968 Presidential General Election Results — Alabama". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  11. Black & Black 1992, p. 147.
  12. Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
  13. Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
  14. "Politics…in County, State and Nation". Lebanon Daily News . Lebanon, Pennsylvania. September 17, 1968. p. 4.
  15. Murray, David. "Wallace Might Take 6 Southern States". Daily Press . Newport News, Virginia. p. 51.
  16. "In South It's Nixon vs. Wallace". The Charlotte News . Charlotte, North Carolina. October 12, 1968. pp. 1, 3.
  17. "Nixon Leads in 26 States: Wallace Will Run Strong: AP". The Record . Hackensack, New Jersey. Associated Press. October 21, 1968. p. 3.
  18. Broder, David S. (November 3, 1968). "After Hoopla Finished, Nixon Still Winning, Survey Shows". Shreveport Times . p. 4-B.
  19. "Summary of 50 States on Coming Election". The Selma Times-Journal . Selma, Alabama. November 3, 1968. p. 5.
  20. Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1971. 1971. pp. 396–410.
  21. Park-Egan, Kiernan. "1968 United States Presidential Election, Results by Congressional District". U.S. Presidential Election Results by Congressional District, 1952 to 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  22. Park-Egan, Kiernan. "1968 United States Presidential Election, Results by Congressional District". U.S. Presidential Election Results by Congressional District, 1952 to 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  23. Phillips, Kevin P. The Emerging Republican Majority. p. 227. ISBN   9780691163246..
  24. "1968 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  25. Phillips. The Emerging Republican Majority; p. 258
  26. 1 2 Menendez, Albert J. The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. pp. 146–147. ISBN   0786422173..

Works cited