1968 United States presidential election in Mississippi

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1968 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Flag of Mississippi (1894-1996).svg
  1964 November 5, 1968 1972  
  George Wallace (D-AL) (3x4).jpg Senator Hubert Humphrey at the Capitol (cropped).jpg Nixon 30-0316a (cropped).jpg
Nominee George Wallace Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon
Party Independent Democratic Republican
Alliance American Independent
Home state Alabama Minnesota New York [lower-alpha 1]
Running mate Curtis LeMay [lower-alpha 2] Edmund Muskie Spiro Agnew
Electoral vote700
Popular vote415,349150,64488,516
Percentage63.46%23.02%13.52%

Mississippi Presidential Election Results 1968.svg
1968 US presidential election in Mississippi by congressional district.svg

President before election

Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic

Elected President

Richard Nixon
Republican

The 1968 United States presidential election in Mississippi was held on November 5, 1968. Mississippi voters chose seven electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice-President.

Contents

During the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement dictated Mississippi's politics, with effectively the entire white population vehemently opposed to federal policies of racial desegregation and black voting rights. [2] [3] In 1960, the state had been narrowly captured by a slate of unpledged Democratic electors, [lower-alpha 3] but in 1964 universal white opposition to the Civil Rights Act and negligible black voter registration [lower-alpha 4] meant that white Mississippians turned almost unanimously to Republican Barry Goldwater (apart from a small number in the northeast of the state opposed to Goldwater's strong fiscal conservatism). [4] Goldwater's support for "constitutional government and local self-rule" [5] meant that the absence from the ballot of "states' rights" parties or unpledged electors was unimportant. The Arizona Senator was one of only six Republicans to vote against the Civil Rights Act, [6] and so the small electorate of Mississippi supported him almost unanimously.

Following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, federal examiners registered Mississippi blacks as voters in large numbers: African American registration rose from under seven percent to over fifty-nine percent between mid-1965 and 1968. [7] Extreme anger ensued among white Mississippians, because black voting in significant numbers would threaten the entire social fabric of the Black Belt [8] and was even feared by the few upcountry whites who had stayed loyal to Johnson. [9] The anger of Mississippi's whites was seen in the 1967 Democratic gubernatorial primary, when both Black Belt whites and their traditional foes in the upcountry supported conservative John Bell Williams against William Winter, whom it was believed was favored by the newly registered black voters, although no politician in the state would yet openly court black support. [10]

In addition, the Twenty-Fourth Amendment and resultant abolition of Mississippi's poll tax had allowed large increases in both white and black voter registration, [11] with some of these drives run by white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. Consequently, when segregationist former and future Alabama Governor George Wallace announced in early 1968 that he would mount a third-party candidacy for the Presidency, he had a powerful base in the Deep South. Meanwhile, the Republican Party, under new RNC Chairman Ray C. Bliss, had of necessity moved away from the strident conservatism of Goldwater. [12]

Given Wallace's reputation on racial issues, it was inevitable that he would be endorsed by Mississippi's established Democratic Party leadership, and this happened in September. [13] William Winter, the losing candidate for Governor the previous year, did support Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey, but knew that it would be too risky to actively campaign for him. [14]

By August, it was widely accepted that Wallace would carry Mississippi by a large margin, [15] as apart from a small number of wealthy urban communities he had captured a virtual monopoly of the state's white electorate. Wallace was the only candidate to campaign in the state; [13] Humphrey won more than twenty percent of the vote in just five of the state's 82 counties. Nixon only received 13% of the vote, making Mississippi his worst state in the election. [16]

83% of white voters supported Wallace, 17% supported Nixon, and 0% supported Humphrey. [17] [18] [19]

Predictions

The following newspapers gave these predictions about how Mississippi would vote in the 1968 presidential election:

SourceRankingAs of
Fort Worth Star-Telegram [20] Safe I (Flip)September 14, 1968
Pensacola News Journal [21] Safe I (Flip)September 23, 1968
Daily Press [22] Certain I (flip)October 11, 1968
The Charlotte News [23] Certain I (Flip)October 12, 1968
The Record [24] Likely I (Flip)October 21, 1968
Shreveport Times [25] Safe I (Flip)November 3, 1968
The Selma Times-Journal [26] Safe I (Flip)November 3, 1968
Fort Lauderdale News [27] Safe I (Flip)November 4, 1968

Results

1968 United States presidential election in Mississippi [16]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
Independent George C. Wallace 415,34963.46%7
National Democratic Hubert Humphrey 150,64423.02%0
Republican Richard Nixon 88,51613.52%0
Totals654,509100.00%7
Voter turnout (Voting age/Registered voters)53%/84%

Results by county

1968 United States presidential election in Mississippi by county
CountyHubert Horatio Humphrey
National Democratic
Richard Milhous Nixon
Republican
George Corley Wallace
Independent
Margin [lower-alpha 5] Total votes cast
# %# %# %# %
Adams 5,21438.62%1,47510.93%6,81250.46%-1,598-11.84%13,501
Alcorn 1,12212.21%1,76019.16%6,30468.63%-4,544 [lower-alpha 6] -49.47%9,186
Amite 1,53329.87%3937.66%3,20662.47%-1,673-32.60%5,132
Attala 1,58822.81%5998.60%4,77668.59%-3,188-45.78%6,963
Benton 85031.89%1856.94%1,63061.16%-780-29.27%2,665
Bolivar 4,69640.82%1,79015.56%5,01843.62%-322-2.80%11,504
Calhoun 2765.02%3947.17%4,82387.80%-4,429 [lower-alpha 6] -80.63%5,493
Carroll 92528.96%1384.32%2,13166.72%-1,206-37.76%3,194
Chickasaw 72013.95%3817.38%4,06278.68%-3,342-64.73%5,163
Choctaw 41713.15%2116.65%2,54380.20%-2,126-67.05%3,171
Claiborne 2,12960.79%2306.57%1,14332.64%98628.16%3,502
Clarke 87816.29%2985.53%4,21478.18%-3,336-61.89%5,390
Clay 1,51027.41%4948.97%3,50563.62%-1,995-36.21%5,509
Coahoma 5,35249.11%1,87517.20%3,67133.69%1,68115.42%10,898
Copiah 2,72432.51%7048.40%4,95159.09%-2,227-26.58%8,379
Covington 69114.38%4459.26%3,66876.35%-2,977-61.97%4,804
DeSoto 1,89822.77%1,09213.10%5,34664.13%-3,448-41.36%8,336
Forrest 2,95718.22%3,29420.30%9,97561.48%-6,681 [lower-alpha 6] -41.17%16,226
Franklin 78222.72%2316.71%2,42970.57%-1,647-47.85%3,442
George 2144.89%1713.91%3,99291.20%-3,778-86.31%4,377
Greene 44913.50%1323.97%2,74482.53%-2,295-69.02%3,325
Grenada 2,05028.86%71810.11%4,33561.03%-2,285-32.17%7,103
Hancock 90414.96%1,06517.63%4,07267.41%-3,007 [lower-alpha 6] -49.78%6,041
Harrison 4,54915.55%6,54222.37%18,15762.08%-11,615 [lower-alpha 6] -39.71%29,248
Hinds 14,88024.50%13,48822.21%32,36653.29%-17,486-28.79%60,734
Holmes 3,88152.38%5207.02%3,00840.60%87311.78%7,409
Humphreys 1,21933.60%2587.11%2,15159.29%-932-25.69%3,628
Issaquena 52747.69%443.98%53448.33%-7-0.63%1,105
Itawamba 4176.74%5699.19%5,20484.07%-4,635 [lower-alpha 6] -74.88%6,190
Jackson 2,23610.94%2,94214.39%15,26174.67%-12,319 [lower-alpha 6] -60.27%20,439
Jasper 98722.13%3738.36%3,10069.51%-2,113-47.38%4,460
Jefferson 2,12162.75%1474.35%1,11232.90%1,00929.85%3,380
Jefferson Davis 1,46533.48%2976.79%2,61459.73%-1,149-26.26%4,376
Jones 2,47613.76%3,24218.02%12,27668.22%-9,034 [lower-alpha 6] -50.21%17,994
Kemper 65519.54%1674.98%2,53075.48%-1,875-55.94%3,352
Lafayette 1,57825.69%1,23520.11%3,32954.20%-1,751-28.51%6,142
Lamar 3516.60%54610.27%4,42283.14%-3,876 [lower-alpha 6] -72.87%5,319
Lauderdale 3,19515.69%2,32811.43%14,84272.88%-11,647-57.19%20,365
Lawrence 74019.00%3298.45%2,82572.55%-2,085-53.54%3,894
Leake 1,29520.50%4537.17%4,56872.32%-3,273-51.82%6,316
Lee 1,91213.99%2,52218.45%9,23267.55%-6,710 [lower-alpha 6] -49.10%13,666
Leflore 4,38637.71%1,51413.02%5,73249.28%-1,346-11.57%11,632
Lincoln 1,58515.98%1,05710.66%7,27673.36%-5,691-57.38%9,918
Lowndes 2,22920.22%1,96817.85%6,82961.94%-4,600-41.72%11,026
Madison 4,51547.72%8769.26%4,07143.02%4444.69%9,462
Marion 1,72220.66%7639.16%5,84870.18%-4,126-49.51%8,333
Marshall 2,90746.30%5779.19%2,79444.50%1131.80%6,278
Monroe 1,50614.30%1,16711.08%7,85674.61%-6,350-60.31%10,529
Montgomery 89620.56%47510.90%2,98868.55%-2,092-47.99%4,359
Neshoba 86711.09%5316.79%6,41782.11%-5,550-71.02%7,815
Newton 79911.58%5427.85%5,56180.57%-4,762-68.99%6,902
Noxubee 1,38737.91%2326.34%2,04055.75%-653-17.85%3,659
Oktibbeha 1,82625.26%1,27617.65%4,12757.09%-2,301-31.83%7,229
Panola 2,74334.40%1,09813.77%4,13351.83%-1,390-17.43%7,974
Pearl River 92611.19%1,29815.69%6,05073.12%-4,752 [lower-alpha 6] -57.43%8,274
Perry 43913.69%2277.08%2,54179.23%-2,102-65.54%3,207
Pike 2,84828.05%1,46014.38%5,84657.57%-2,998-29.53%10,154
Pontotoc 5999.77%73311.96%4,79878.27%-4,065 [lower-alpha 6] -66.31%6,130
Prentiss 4407.08%72311.63%5,05581.30%-4,332 [lower-alpha 6] -69.67%6,218
Quitman 1,50234.30%4349.91%2,44355.79%-941-21.49%4,379
Rankin 1,97516.03%1,1249.12%9,22474.85%-7,249-58.82%12,323
Scott 1,06715.77%6048.93%5,09375.30%-4,026-59.52%6,764
Sharkey 97240.35%24910.34%1,18849.32%-216-8.97%2,409
Simpson 1,07915.37%87512.47%5,06472.16%-3,985-56.78%7,018
Smith 3526.83%4378.48%4,36784.70%-3,930 [lower-alpha 6] -76.22%5,156
Stone 31411.58%2589.51%2,14078.91%-1,826-67.33%2,712
Sunflower 2,60234.37%1,03613.69%3,93251.94%-1,330-17.57%7,570
Tallahatchie 1,47728.79%57711.25%3,07659.96%-1,599-31.17%5,130
Tate 1,16225.39%60513.22%2,81061.39%-1,648-36.01%4,577
Tippah 66311.28%58910.02%4,62778.70%-3,964-67.43%5,879
Tishomingo 3586.46%61711.13%4,56982.41%-3,952 [lower-alpha 6] -71.28%5,544
Tunica 1,13348.65%41317.73%78333.62%35015.03%2,329
Union 6249.22%94814.00%5,19876.78%-4,250 [lower-alpha 6] -62.78%6,770
Walthall 1,23325.66%3878.05%3,18666.29%-1,953-40.64%4,806
Warren 4,50331.91%2,39216.95%7,21751.14%-2,714-19.23%14,112
Washington 5,52036.03%3,50022.85%6,30041.12%-780-5.09%15,320
Wayne 73914.56%2474.87%4,08980.57%-3,350-66.01%5,075
Webster 2957.33%3308.20%3,39884.46%-3,068 [lower-alpha 6] -76.26%4,023
Wilkinson 2,14454.71%2726.94%1,50338.35%64116.36%3,919
Winston 91115.05%5088.39%4,63576.56%-3,724-61.51%6,054
Yalobusha 87320.99%56213.51%2,72565.50%-1,852-44.52%4,160
Yazoo 2,16326.84%95811.89%4,93961.28%-2,776-34.44%8,060
Totals150,64423.02%88,51613.52%415,34963.46%-264,705-40.44%654,509

By congressional district

Wallace won 5 of 5 congressional districts all of which were held by democrats. [28]

DistrictWallaceHumphreyNixonRepresentative
1st 60.4%26.1%13.6% Thomas Abernethy
2nd 63.3%22.9%13.8% Jamie Whitten
3rd 54.7%29.6%15.8% Charles H. Griffin
4th 68.6%22.5%8.9% Sonny Montgomery

5th

70.1%14.7%15.2% William M. Colmer

Analysis

This was the second presidential election in which Richard Nixon came in third place in Mississippi. Humphrey improved upon the support gained by Johnson, but this was entirely due to the huge increases in black voter registration – exit polls and later analysis suggest the national Democratic nominee received less than 3 percent of the white vote. [29] In fact, so marked was the reversal of voting patterns from the previous five presidential elections that Humphrey did worst in the counties where Johnson, John F. Kennedy, Adlai Stevenson II and Harry S. Truman had run best. [30]

With 63.46 percent of the popular vote, Mississippi would prove to be Wallace's second strongest state in the 1968 election after neighboring Alabama. [31]

As of the 2020 presidential election , this is the last election in which the following counties did not vote for the Republican presidential candidate: Forrest, Lowndes, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lincoln, Newton, Rankin, Scott, Simpson, Harrison, Jackson, Choctaw, Jones, and Smith. [32]

Notes

  1. Although he was born in California and he served as a U.S. Senator from California, in 1968 Richard Nixon's official state of residence was New York, because he moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. During his first term as president, Nixon re-established his residency in California. Consequently, most reliable reference books list Nixon's home state as New York in the 1968 election and his home state as California in the 1972 (and 1960) election.
  2. The Independent electors were originally pledged to Vice Presidential candidate S. Marvin Griffin, but they cast their Vice-Presidential ballots for national nominee Curtis LeMay. [1]
  3. These unpledged electors supported Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd for President and South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond for Vice-President.
  4. Over the whole of Mississippi it is estimated that at the time of the 1964 presidential election between six and seven percent of the black population was registered to vote, and that about three-quarters of these – totalling twenty-one thousand blacks – actually voted in the 1964 presidential election, giving Lyndon Johnson about 40 percent of his fifty-two thousand statewide votes. However, in most rural counties, black registration was zero before the Voting Rights Act and had been since the Constitution of 1890.
  5. Because Wallace finished first in Mississippi as a whole and Humphrey was the highest-polling statewide major party nominee in the state as a whole, all margins and percentage margins shown are Humphrey minus Wallace unless otherwise stated.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 In this county where Nixon ran second ahead of Humphrey, margin given is Nixon vote minus Wallace vote and percentage margin is Nixon percentage minus Wallace percentage.

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References

  1. "General Election November 5, 1968," Mississippi Official and Statistical Register 1968-1972 (Jackson, 1969)
  2. Crespino, Joseph; In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution, p. 206 ISBN   0691122091
  3. Mitchell, Dennis J.; A New History of Mississippi; p. 453 ISBN   1617039764
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  6. Thernstrom, Stephan and Thernstrom, Abigail; America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible, p. 151 ISBN   1439129096
  7. Mickey, Robert; Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972, pp. 289-290 ISBN   1400838789
  8. Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 253
  9. Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 264
  10. Dittmer, John; Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi, p. 417 ISBN   0252065077
  11. Mickey, Paths out of Dixie, p. 290
  12. Polsky, Andrew J.; The Eisenhower Presidency: Lessons for the Twenty-First Century, p. 34 ISBN   1498522211
  13. 1 2 Nash, Jere and Taggart, Andy; Mississippi Politics: The Struggle for Power, 1976-2008, p. 29 ISBN   1604733578
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  15. Crespino, In Search of Another Country, p. 221
  16. 1 2 1968 Presidential General Election Results – Mississippi US Election Atlas
  17. Black & Black 1992, p. 147.
  18. Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
  19. Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
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  21. "Who's on Top? Humphrey? Nixon? Wallace? — Here's a Capsule Version of election Outlook Across Nation". Pensacola News Journal. September 23, 1968. p. 8B.
  22. Murray, David. "Wallace Might Take 6 Southern States". Daily Press . Newport News, Virginia. p. 51.
  23. "In South It's Nixon vs. Wallace". The Charlotte News . Charlotte, North Carolina. October 12, 1968. pp. 1, 3.
  24. "Nixon Leads in 26 States: Wallace Will Run Strong: AP". The Record . Hackensack, New Jersey. Associated Press. October 21, 1968. p. 3.
  25. Broder, David S. (November 3, 1968). "After Hoopla Finished, Nixon Still Winning, Survey Shows". Shreveport Times . p. 4-B.
  26. "Summary of 50 States on Coming Election". The Selma Times-Journal . Selma, Alabama. November 3, 1968. p. 5.
  27. Lawrence, David (November 4, 1968). "As Editors' Forecast Returns: Nixon 37, Humphrey 7, Wallace 7". Fort Lauderdale News . p. 11A.
  28. 1972 Almanac of American Politics (1972) by Michael Barone, Grant Ujifusa and Douglas Matthews
  29. Black, Earl (2021). "Competing Responses to the New Southern Politics: Republican and Democratic Southern Strategies, 1964-76". In Reed, John Shelton; Black, Merle (eds.). Perspectives on the American South: An Annual Review of Society, Politics, and Culture. ISBN   9781136764882.
  30. Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 245, 266
  31. "1968 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  32. Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016

Works cited