Sunflower County, Mississippi

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Sunflower County
Sunflower County Courthouse.jpg
Sunflower County Courthouse
Map of Mississippi highlighting Sunflower County.svg
Location within the U.S. state of Mississippi
Mississippi in United States.svg
Mississippi's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 33°37′N90°36′W / 33.61°N 90.6°W / 33.61; -90.6
CountryFlag of the United States.svg United States
StateFlag of Mississippi.svg  Mississippi
Founded1844
Named for Sunflower River [1]
Seat Indianola
Largest cityIndianola
Area
  Total707 sq mi (1,830 km2)
  Land698 sq mi (1,810 km2)
  Water9.2 sq mi (24 km2)  1.3%
Population
 (2020)
  Total25,971
  Density37/sq mi (14/km2)
Time zone UTC−6 (Central)
  Summer (DST) UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district 2nd
Website www.sunflowercounty.ms.gov/Pages/Default.aspx

Sunflower County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,971. [2] Its largest city and county seat is Indianola. [3]

Contents

Sunflower County comprises the Indianola, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Cleveland-Indianola, MS Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Mississippi Delta region.

Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman Farm) is located in Sunflower County.

History

Sunflower County was created in 1844. The land mass encompassed most of Sunflower and Leflore Counties as we know them today. The first seat of government was Clayton, located near Fort Pemberton. Later the county seat was moved to McNutt, also in the Leflore County of today. When Sunflower and Leflore Counties were separated in 1871, the new county seat for Sunflower County was moved to Johnsonville. This village was located where the north end of Mound Bayou empties into the Sunflower River. In 1882 the county seat was moved to Eureka, which was later renamed Indianola. [4]

The Boyer Cemetery, located in Boyer, goes back to the early days of Sunflower County.[ citation needed ]

After the U.S. Civil War, across several decades African Americans migrated to Sunflower County to work in the Mississippi Delta. In 1870, 3,243 black people lived in Sunflower County. This increased to 12,070 in 1900, making up 75% of the residents in Sunflower County. Between 1900 and 1920, the black population almost tripled. [5]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 707 square miles (1,830 km2), of which 698 square miles (1,810 km2) is land and 9.2 square miles (24 km2) (1.3%) is water. [6] Sunflower County is the longest county in Mississippi. The traveling distance from the southern boundary at Caile to its northern boundary at Rome is approximately 71 miles.

The center of the county is about 30 miles (48 km) east of the Mississippi River, about 40 miles (64 km) west of the hill section of Mississippi, 100 miles (160 km) north of Jackson, and about 100 miles (160 km) south of Memphis, Tennessee. [7]

Adjacent counties

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
1850 1,102
1860 5,019355.4%
1870 5,015−0.1%
1880 4,661−7.1%
1890 9,384101.3%
1900 16,08471.4%
1910 28,78779.0%
1920 46,37461.1%
1930 66,36443.1%
1940 61,007−8.1%
1950 56,031−8.2%
1960 45,750−18.3%
1970 37,047−19.0%
1980 34,844−5.9%
1990 32,867−5.7%
2000 34,3694.6%
2010 29,450−14.3%
2020 25,971−11.8%
U.S. Decennial Census [8]
1790-1960 [9] 1900-1990 [10]
1990-2000 [11] 2010-2013 [12]

The county reached its peak population in 1930. After that, population declined from 1940 to 1990. There was considerable migration out of the rural county, especially as mechanization reduced the need for farm labor. Both whites and blacks left the county. Many African Americans migrated north or west to industrial cities to escape the social oppression and violence of Jim Crow, especially moving in the Great Migration during and after World War II, when the defense industry on the West Coast attracted many.

2020 census

Sunflower County Racial Composition [13]
RaceNum.Perc.
White 6,72925.91%
Black or African American 18,07769.6%
Native American 190.07%
Asian 840.32%
Pacific Islander 30.01%
Other/Mixed 4011.54%
Hispanic or Latino 6612.55%

As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 25,971 people, 8,322 households, and 5,292 families residing in the county.

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 29,450 people living in the county. 72.9% were black or African American, 25.4% white, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% of some other race and 0.5% of two or more races. 1.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

2000 census

As of the census [14] of 2000, there were 34,369 people, 9,637 households, and 7,314 families living in the county. The population density was 50 people per square mile (19 people/km2). There were 10,338 housing units at an average density of 15 units per square mile (5.8 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 69.86% Black or African American, 28.88% White, 0.09% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.48% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. 1.30% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

1990 census

As of the census [14] of 1990, there were 32,341 people. The racial makeup of the county was 71.89% Black or African American, 26.40% White or European American, 0.12% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.50% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. 1.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

1980 census

As of the census [14] of 1980, there were 30,402 people. The racial makeup of the county was 73.88% Black or African American, 24.45% White or European American, 0.15% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.52% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. 1.32% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

As of the census [14] of 2000, there were 9,637 households, out of which 38.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.30% were married couples living together, 28.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.10% were non-families. 21.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.01 and the average family size was 3.50.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.90% under the age of 18, 14.00% from 18 to 24, 30.30% from 25 to 44, 18.10% from 45 to 64, and 9.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 115.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $24,970, and the median income for a family was $29,144. Males had a median income of $26,208 versus $19,145 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,365. About 24.60% of families and 30.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.50% of those under age 18 and 24.10% of those age 65 or over.

Sunflower County has the ninth-lowest per capita income in Mississippi and the 72nd-lowest in the United States.

Government

Mississippi State Penitentiary ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG
Mississippi State Penitentiary

The Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC) is responsible for the state's correctional services, probation services, and parole services. MDOC operates the Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP; colloquially known as 'Parchman Farm') in the unincorporated community of Parchman in Sunflower County and a probation and parole office in the Courthouse Annex in Indianola. [15]

MSP, a prison for men, [16] [17] is the location of the State of Mississippi male death row and the State of Mississippi execution chamber. [18] [19] Around the time of MSP's opening in 1901, Sunflower County residents objected to having executions performed at MSP because they feared that Sunflower County would be stigmatized as a "death county". Therefore, the State of Mississippi originally performed executions of condemned criminals in their counties of conviction. By the 1950s residents of Sunflower County were still opposed to the concept of housing the execution chamber at MSP. In September 1954, Governor Hugh White called for a special session of the Mississippi Legislature to discuss the application of the death penalty. [20] During that year, an execution chamber was installed at MSP. [21]

United States presidential election results for Sunflower County, Mississippi [22]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.%No.%No.%
2020 2,79928.91%6,78170.04%1011.04%
2016 2,79429.11%6,72570.07%790.82%
2012 2,92926.09%8,19973.02%1000.89%
2008 3,24528.99%7,83870.03%1100.98%
2004 3,53435.29%6,35963.49%1221.22%
2000 3,36940.04%4,98159.19%650.77%
1996 2,92635.57%4,96060.30%3394.12%
1992 3,72639.68%5,05053.77%6156.55%
1988 4,36246.96%4,89852.73%290.31%
1984 5,17851.21%4,91348.59%200.20%
1980 3,72841.76%5,03556.40%1641.84%
1976 3,45643.07%4,32253.86%2463.07%
1972 5,38973.27%1,87425.48%921.25%
1968 1,03613.69%2,60234.37%3,93251.94%
1964 4,12794.27%2515.73%00.00%
1960 1,17734.11%1,03329.93%1,24135.96%
1956 52016.67%1,58550.80%1,01532.53%
1952 2,00749.48%2,04950.52%00.00%
1948 552.06%1365.09%2,48292.85%
1944 1555.25%2,79994.75%00.00%
1940 712.26%3,07197.74%00.00%
1936 210.83%2,50899.17%00.00%
1932 341.39%2,41198.41%50.20%
1928 883.18%2,67696.82%00.00%
1924 764.29%1,69495.71%00.00%
1920 474.21%1,06094.98%90.81%
1916 202.22%87997.56%20.22%
1912 91.80%46292.40%295.80%

Economy

In December 2011, Sunflower County's unemployment rate was 16.2%. The Mississippi statewide rate was 9.9%, and the U.S. overall unemployment rate was 8.3%. [23]

As of 2012 it was one of the poorest counties in the state, [24] and one of the poorest in the United States. [25]

Transportation

Dockery Plantation DockerFarms2005.jpg
Dockery Plantation

Major highways

Airports

Two airports are located in unincorporated Sunflower County. Indianola Municipal Airport, near Indianola, [26] is operated by the city. [27] Ruleville-Drew Airport, between Drew and Ruleville, [28] is jointly operated by the two cities. [27]

Education

Colleges and universities

Mississippi Delta Community College has a main campus in Moorhead and other locations.

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

Between 2010 and 2012, the State of Mississippi had taken over all three Sunflower County school districts and put them under the conservatorship of the Mississippi Department of Education, [32] due to academic and financial reasons. [33]

In February 2012 the Mississippi Senate voted 43–4 to pass Senate Bill 2330, to consolidate the three school districts into one school district. The bill went to the Mississippi House of Representatives. [32]

The Greenwood Commonwealth said that the county was an "easy target" for school merging due to the difficulties in all three school districts, and that the scenario "doesn't leave them with much leverage to argue in favor of the status quo. And because none of them does well, none of them can object to assuming someone else's headaches. All three are beset with them." [34] Later that month, the State Board of Education approved the consolidation of the Drew School District and the Sunflower County School District, and if Senate Bill 2330 is approved, Indianola School District will be added. [35]

In May 2012 Governor of Mississippi Phil Bryant signed the bill into law, requiring all three districts to consolidate. [25] SB2330 stipulates that if a county has three school districts all under conservatorship by the Mississippi Department of Education will have them consolidated into one school district serving the entire county. [36] As of July 1, 2012, the Drew School District was consolidated with the Sunflower County School District. [37]

Private schools

Central Delta Academy Central Delta Academy, Inverness, MS.jpg
Central Delta Academy

The Central Delta Academy in Inverness closed on May 21, 2010. [39]

All three of the private schools originated as segregation academies. [40] [41]

Pillow Academy in unincorporated Leflore County, near Greenwood, enrolls some students from Sunflower County. [42] It originally was a segregation academy. [43]

Public libraries

The Sunflower County Library provides library services. The administration is in Indianola, and the system operates libraries in Drew, Indianola, Inverness, Moorhead, and Ruleville. [44]

Media

The Enterprise-Tocsin , a newspaper based out of Indianola, is distributed throughout Sunflower County. [45] The Bolivar Commercial is also distributed in Sunflower County. [46]

Communities

J. Todd Moye, author of Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945-1986 , said "Sunflower County has always been overwhelmingly rural." At the end of the 20th century, the county had just four "main towns of any size". [5]

Cities

Towns

Unincorporated communities

Ghost towns

Notable people

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indianola, Mississippi</span> City in Sunflower County, Mississippi

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruleville, Mississippi</span> City in Mississippi, United States

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Thomas E. Edwards, Sr. High School, formerly Ruleville Central High School (RCHS), is a public high school located in Ruleville, Mississippi, United States. It is a part of the Sunflower County Consolidated School District and had 381 students enrolled in Nov. 2012.

Drew High School was a public high school located in Drew, Mississippi. It was a part of the Drew School District. The school district's attendance boundary included Drew, Rome, and the employee residences of the Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman), located in an unincorporated area. It served grades 9 through 12 and later grades 8 through 12.

References

Specific
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  3. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
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  5. 1 2 Moye, J. Todd. Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945-1986 . University of North Carolina Press, November 29, 2004. 28. Retrieved from Google Books on February 26, 2012. ISBN   0-8078-5561-8, ISBN   978-0-8078-5561-4.
  6. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
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  20. Cabana, Donald A. "The History of Capital Punishment in Mississippi: An Overview Archived 2010-10-07 at the Wayback Machine ." Mississippi History Now. Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved on August 16, 2010.
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  41. Moye, J. Todd. Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945-1986. UNC Press Books, 2004. 243. Retrieved from Google Books on March 2, 2011. "Sunflower County's two other segregation academies— North Sunflower Academy, between Drew and Ruleville, and Central Delta Academy in Inverness— both sprouted in a similar fashion." ISBN   0-8078-5561-8, ISBN   978-0-8078-5561-4.
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  46. "bc_masthead1.gif The Bolivar Commercial website Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ; retrieved April 15, 2012.
  47. Barnwell, p. 225.
General

33°37′N90°36′W / 33.61°N 90.60°W / 33.61; -90.60