Abortion in Mississippi

Last updated

Abortion in Mississippi is illegal. [1] [2] The new law took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch certified on June 27, the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24 of that year. [3] State Attorney General Lynn Fitch's certification made Mississippi's 2007 'trigger law' go into effect and ban all abortions in the state, “except in the case where necessary for the preservation of the mother's life or where the pregnancy was caused by rape". [4] [5]

Contents

The number of abortion clinics declined in the years prior to their outlawing, falling from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992. By 2006, only one remained. The final clinic closed on July 6, 2022, following the overruling of Roe v. Wade . There were 2,303 legal abortions in 2014, and 2,613 in 2015. Most women went out of state to get a legal abortion.

Context

Free birth control correlates to teenage girls having fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 New England Journal of Medicine study found such a link.  At the same time, a 2011 study by Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening. [6] It is unlikely that abortion restrictions are the direct cause of these factors, however. The negative effects are more likely to be linked to access to healthcare, the number of healthcare facilities, and socioeconomic status. The study singled out Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Kansas as being the most restrictive states that year, followed by Arkansas and Indiana for second in terms of abortion restrictions, and Florida, Arizona, and Alabama in third for most restrictive state abortion requirements. [6]

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a woman's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health, and children's health. These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools. [7] In 2017, Georgia, Ohio, Missouri, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi have among the highest rates of infant mortality in the United States. [7] Mississippi had an infant mortality rate of 8.6 deaths per 1,000 live births. [7]

Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act was rejected by Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Missouri. Consequently, poor women in the typical age range to become mothers had a gap in coverage for prenatal care. According to Georgetown University Center for Children and Families research professor Adam Searing, "The uninsured rate for women of childbearing age is nearly twice as high in states that have not expanded Medicaid. ... That means a lot more women who don't have health coverage before they get pregnant or after they have their children. ... If states would expand Medicaid coverage, they would improve the health of mothers and babies and save lives." [7] According to the 2018 Premature Birth Report Cards, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama were all given an F. [7] In the 2018 America's Health Rankings produced by United Health Foundation, Mississippi ranked 32nd in the country when it came to maternal mortality. [7] A 2018 March of Dimes report stated that the preterm birth rate among African American women in Mississippi was significantly higher, 44% higher than women of all other races in the state. [7]

In the year following the overturn of Roe v. Wade in 2022, 210 pregnant women in a dozen states were criminally charged for conduct associated with their pregnancy, pregnancy loss or birth. Six states — Alabama, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Texas — accounted for most cases. [8]

In August 2023, a 13-year-old girl in Mississippi made national news when she gave birth after being raped the previous fall; she was denied an abortion under Mississippi's near-total abortion ban. Her mother stated that no one informed her of the state's rape exception. [9]

History

Legislative history

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions. [10] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens. [10]

In 1966, the Mississippi legislature made abortion legal in cases of rape. [11] By the end of 1972, Mississippi allowed abortion in cases of rape or incest only and Alabama and Massachusetts allowed abortions only in cases where the woman's physical health was endangered. In order to obtain abortions during this period, women would often travel from a state where abortion was illegal to states where it was legal. [12] Mississippi passed a parental consent law in the early 1990s. This law impacted when minors sought abortions, resulting in an increase of 19% for abortions sought after 12 weeks. [13] [14]

On February 27, 2006, Mississippi's House Public Health Committee voted to approve a ban on abortion, but that bill died after the House and Senate failed to agree on compromise legislation. [15] The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement. [16] Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Ohio all had statutes in 2007 that required specific informed consent on abortion but also, by statute, allowing medical doctors performing abortions to disassociate themselves from the anti-abortion materials they were required to provide to their female patients. [17] By law, abortion providers in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi were required to perform ultrasounds before providing women with abortions, even in situations such as in the first trimester where ultrasound has no medical necessity. [17] Some states, such as Alaska, Mississippi, West Virginia, Texas, and Kansas, have passed laws requiring abortion providers to warn patients of a link between abortion and breast cancer and to issue other scientifically unsupported warnings. [18] [19] [17] On November 8, 2011, the Personhood amendment, to define personhood as beginning "at the moment of fertilization, cloning, or the functional equivalent thereof," was rejected by 55 percent of voters. [20] [21]

In 2013, the state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics. [22] The state legislature was one of five states nationwide that tried and failed, to pass a "fetal heartbeat bill" in 2013. Only North Dakota successfully passed such a law but it was later struck down by the courts. [21] The terminology of these bills is largely contested and considered to be inaccurate by medical professionals. This is because at the proposed time, (as early as 6 weeks) the conceptus is not yet considered a fetus, and is actually an embryo. [23] [24] Additionally, there is no heart present in the embryo; it would more accurately be called a cluster of cells with electrical activity. [23] [24] In 2013, Mississippi was one of five states where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. They tried and failed again in 2015, 2017 and 2018, where they were one of five, one of six, and one in eleven respectively. [25] The state legislature was one of four states nationwide that tried, and failed, to pass a "fetal heartbeat bill" in 2012. [21] In 2012, the Mississippi State Legislature passed a law that required abortion clinics to have doctors on staff with hospital admitting privileges. This almost led to the closure of the state's only abortion clinic. [26]

Mississippi legislature was one of eight states nationwide that tried, again, and failed, to pass a "fetal heartbeat" bill in 2017. [21]

In March 2018, the Mississippi House passed House Bill 1510, the Gestational Age Act, that outlawed abortion after 15 weeks "except in a medical emergency or in the case of a severe fetal abnormality". [27] [28] A difference between the Gestational Age Act and federal level bills that attempted to pass a Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act was that the Gestational Age Act does not allow exemptions in cases of rape or incest. [28] [29] The state had a law on the books as of August 2018 that would be triggered if Roe v. Wade was overturned. [30]

"Heartbeat bills" in Mississippi died in committee in 2013, [31] 2014, [32] [33] 2017, [34] [35] [36] 2018, [37] [38] [39] [21] and 2019. [40]

Three more "heartbeat bills" were filed in the Mississippi Legislature in January 2019. [41] SB 2116, by Sen. Angela Burks Hill was referred to the Public Health and Welfare Committee on January 11, 2019. [42] HB 732, by Rep. Chris Brown was referred to the Public Health and Human Services Committee on January 17, 2019. [43] After passing out of their respective committees on February 5, 2019, [41] both SB 2116 and HB 732, were passed out of the Mississippi Senate and Mississippi House on February 13, 2019. [44] On March 19, 2019, the Senate concurred in the House amendments to SB 2116, [45] and on March 22, 2019, the fetal heartbeat bill was signed into law by Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant. [46]

In 2020, a law was enacted in Mississippi banning abortions based on the sex, race, or genetic abnormality of the fetus. [47]

A law outlawing abortion in Mississippi took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch on June 27 of that year certified the June 24, 2022, Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization . [3]

Ballot box history

In the 2011 election season, Mississippi placed an amendment on the ballot that redefines how the state viewed abortion. The personhood amendment defined personhood as "every human being from the moment of fertilization, cloning or the functional equivalent thereof". If passed, it would have been illegal to get an abortion in the state of Mississippi. [48]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant individual states could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. [10] On July 11, 2012, a Mississippi federal judge ordered an extension of his temporary order to allow the state's only abortion clinic to stay open. The order was to stay in place until U.S. District Judge Daniel Porter Jordan III could review newly drafted rules on how the Mississippi Department of Health would administer a new abortion law. The law in question came into effect on July 1, 2012. [49]

On March 20, 2018, a federal district court in Mississippi enacted a temporary, 10-day ban of the enforcement of the Gestational Age Act due to its conflict with the established rights of the woman under Roe v. Wade. [50] [51] [52] The challenge to these decisions had been petitioned to the Supreme Court, which in May 2021 certified the petition, to be heard as Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization . [53] The case was argued on December 1, 2021. The Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022. [54] [55]

Clinic history

Total number of abortion clinics by year in Mississippi Abortion clinics in Mississippi by year.png
Total number of abortion clinics by year in Mississippi

In the 1980s, there were around a dozen operating abortion clinics in the state. [26] Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by five, going from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992. [56] Since around 2006, Jackson Women's Health had been the only operating abortion clinic in Mississippi. [26] In 2010, the color of the building changed from beige to hot pink after the building was acquired by a new owner. [26]

In 2012, Jackson Women's Health almost closed as a result of a new state law being passed that required the clinic to have medical staff with hospital admitting privileges. None of the hospitals in Jackson wanted to give the qualified OB-GYNs on staff at the clinic those privileges. The clinic was saved at the last minute after a judge ruled in their favor. [26]

In 2014, there was still only one abortion clinic in Mississippi. [57] 99% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 91% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. [58] Around 90% of Jackson Women's Health services were abortion related in 2017. They saw around 30 to 40 patients per week. [26] In 2017, there was one Planned Parenthood clinic, which did not offer abortion services, in a state with a population of 694,045 women aged 15–49. [30] North Dakota, Wyoming, Mississippi, Louisiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia were the only six states as of July 21, 2017, not to have a Planned Parenthood clinic that offered abortion services. [30] In May 2019, the state was one of six states in the nation with only one abortion clinic. [59] [60]

Jackson Women's Health closed in July 2022. [61] The building was sold and turned into a consignment store. [62]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15–44 of between 0.1 and 0.9. [63] In 1990, 289,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy. [56] In 2010, the state had zero publicly funded abortions. [64] In 2014, 59% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be illegal in all or most cases while 36% believed it should be legal. [65] According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, just under 60% of white women, the same percentage as white men, in the state believed that abortion be illegal in all or most cases. [66] In 2017, medical and surgical abortions were split at around 50% each. [26] The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 50% of Mississippians said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases, and 49% said it should be illegal in all or most cases. [67]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996 [68]
Census division and stateNumberRate % change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
Total1,528,9301,363,6901,365,73025.922.922.9–12
East South Central54,06044,01046,10014.91212.5–17
Alabama17,45014,58015,15018.21515.6–15
Kentucky10,0007,7708,47011.48.89.6–16
Mississippi7,5503,4204,49012.45.57.2–42
Tennessee19,06018,24017,99016.215.214.8–8
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence % obtained by

out-of-state residents

YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
Mississippi7,55012.41992 [68]
Mississippi3,4205.51995 [68]
Mississippi4,4907.21996 [68]
Mississippi5,1048.51322,3033.8593.62014 [69]
Mississippi4,6997.81222,6134.4685.12015 [70]
Mississippi4,7087.91242,5694.3686.32016 [71]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Abortion rights views and activities

Women's March in Jackson, Mississippi, USA, in 2017 Women's March (32483755722).jpg
Women's March in Jackson, Mississippi, USA, in 2017

Organizations

Mississippi Reproductive Freedom Fund assists women, primarily African American women, "offer[ing] financial assistance and practical support to persons seeking abortion as well as free emergency contraception, community based comprehensive sex education and fighting for reproductive justice in Mississippi". [72] It was founded by Laurie Bertram Roberts. [59]

Funding

After Mississippi passed abortion restrictions in 2019, Mississippi Reproductive Freedom Fund received a huge number of donations in the course of a single week totaling more than US$14,000. [73]

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. [74]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion rights protests were held in Jackson, [75] Gulfport, [76] and Hattiesburg. [77]

Anti-abortion rights views and activities

Activities

During the 1980s and 1990s, anti-abortion rights activists protested at different clinics around Jackson. [26]

As of 2017, Jackson Women's Health had around 10 protesters outside their clinic on a daily basis. [26]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion law in the United States by state</span>

The legality of abortion in the United States and the various restrictions imposed on the procedure vary significantly, depending on the laws of each state or other jurisdiction, although there is no uniform federal law. Some states prohibit abortion at all stages of pregnancy, with few exceptions; others permit it up to a certain point in a woman's pregnancy, while some allow abortion throughout a woman's pregnancy. In states where abortion is legal, several classes of restrictions on the procedure may exist, such as parental consent or notification laws, requirements that patients be shown an ultrasound before obtaining an abortion, mandatory waiting periods, and counseling requirements.

A six-week abortion ban, also called a "fetal heartbeat bill" by proponents, is a law in the United States which makes abortion illegal as early as six weeks gestational age, which is when proponents claim that a "fetal heartbeat" can be detected. Medical and reproductive health experts, including the American Medical Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say that the reference to a fetal heartbeat is medically inaccurate and misleading, for a conceptus is not called a fetus until eight weeks after fertilization, as well as that at four weeks after fertilization, the embryo has no heart, only a group of cells which will become a heart. Medical professionals advise that a true fetal heartbeat cannot be detected until around 17 to 20 weeks of gestation when the chambers of the heart have become sufficiently developed.

Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal unless the abortion is necessary to save the life of a pregnant individual.

Abortion in Alabama is illegal. Historically, Alabama's abortion laws have evolved from strict regulations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to a period of liberalization following the landmark 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, which legalized abortion nationwide. However, Alabama has consistently enacted legislation aimed at restricting access to abortion.

Abortion in Georgia is illegal after detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity, which typically begins in the fifth or sixth week after the onset of the last menstrual period (LMP), two to three weeks after implantation. Although this law was ruled unconstitutional by a Georgia superior court judge on September 30, 2024, it remains in effect while the state appeals the ruling.

Abortion in Louisiana is illegal as of August 1, 2022.

As of 2022, abortion in Missouri is illegal, with abortions only being legal in cases of medical emergency and several additional laws making access to abortion services difficult. In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 45% of Missouri adults said that abortion should be legal vs. 50% that believe it should be illegal in all or most cases and 5% that do not know. The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 55% of Missourians said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, 51% of white women in the state believed that abortion is legal in all or most cases.

Abortion in Arkansas is illegal except when it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant individual. Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.

Abortion in Delaware is legal up to the point of fetal viability. As of June 2024, Civiqs polling found that 72% of Delawareans believed that abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 23% believed it should be illegal in all or most cases. There was a therapeutic exceptions in the state's legislative ban on abortions by 1900. Informed consent laws were on the books by 2007. In 2017, Senator Bryan Townsend, D-Newark introduced legislation to try to make clear that abortion would remain legal in the state in case 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling was overturned. The legislation was subsequently updated. Attempts have been made to introduce mandatory ultrasound laws, but they failed to get out of committee. State legislators tried to move ahead the week at which a woman could get a legal abortion in 2019.

Abortion in Idaho is illegal from fertilization. Following the overturning of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion in Idaho was criminalized by the trigger law which states that a person who performs an abortion may face two to five years of imprisonment. The ban allows exceptions for maternal health, rape and incest within the first trimester. The law took effect on August 25, 2022.

Abortion in Kansas is legal. Kansas law allows for an abortion up to 20 weeks post-fertilization. After that point, only in cases of life or severely compromised physical health may an abortion be performed, with this limit set on the belief that a fetus can feel pain after that point in the pregnancy. In July 2024, the Kansas Supreme Court struck down two abortion restrictions.

Abortion is illegal in Kentucky. There were laws in Kentucky about abortion by 1900, including ones with therapeutic exceptions. In 1998, the state passed legislation that required clinics to have an abortion clinic license if they wanted to operate. By the early 2010s, members of the Kentucky Legislature attempted to ban abortion in almost all cases and had also introduced the early abortion bans. Prior to 2019, Kentucky law prohibited abortions after week 22. This changed when the state legislature passed a law that moved the prohibition to week 6 in the early part of the year. A bill passed and made effective in April 2022 lowered the threshold to 15 weeks, the second most restrictive limit in effect in the United States behind Texas, and introduced regulations that made abortion illegal until it was blocked in federal court.

Abortion in Minnesota is legal at all stages of pregnancy and is restricted only to standards of good medical practice. The Minnesota Supreme Court ruled the Minnesota Constitution conferred a right to an abortion in 1995 and the DFL-led Minnesota Legislature passed and Minnesota Governor Tim Walz signed into law a bill in 2023 to recognize a right to reproductive freedom and preventing local units of government from limiting that right. The Center for Reproductive Rights labels Minnesota as one of the most abortion-protective states in the country.

Abortion in North Dakota is technically legal, but with no current providers. The state's sole abortion clinic, the Red River Women's Clinic, relocated to Minnesota.

Abortion in Ohio is legal up to the point of fetal viability as a result of abortion rights being placed into the Ohio State Constitution by November 2023 Ohio Issue 1.

Abortion in South Carolina is illegal after detection of a "fetal heartbeat", usually around 6 weeks from the woman's last menstrual period, when many women are not yet aware that they are pregnant. On May 25, 2023, Governor Henry McMaster signed a 6-week ban, and it took effect immediately. The ban was indefinitely blocked in court on May 26, and reinstated by the South Carolina Supreme Court on August 23.

Abortion in Tennessee is illegal from fertilization and provides no exceptions for rape, incest or the health of the pregnant individual. Tennessee's abortion legislation provides no explicit exceptions for the pregnant patient’s health. It makes an exception for an “affirmative defense” for emergencies, but the vagueness of what constitutes an emergency means that physicians hesitate to provide abortions even when the pregnant individual's life is in jeopardy. Attempts to codify the exceptions into law have been rejected by Republican politicians in Tennesse. Tennessee is among the four states which forbid abortion access through their state constitution; alongside Alabama, Louisiana, and West Virginia.

Abortion in West Virginia is illegal except in cases of rape or incest, fatal fetal abnormalities, and when the mother’s life is at risk from a pregnancy.

Abortion in Iowa is illegal after detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity. Embryonic cardiac-cell activity can be detected from around six weeks after the pregnant individual's last menstrual period, when many people are not yet aware that they are pregnant. Exceptions for the abortion ban after detected embryonic cardiac-cell activity include some instances of rape, incest, fetal abnormalities and threats to the pregnant individual's life.

Abortion in Wyoming is currently legal due to a temporary court injunction.

References

  1. ↑ "Mississippi Code 1972 (2023) :: 41-41-45". Justia Law. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Where Can I Get an Abortion? | U.S. Abortion Clinic Locator".
  3. 1 2 "AG Lynn Fitch certifies 'trigger law'; Mississippi abortions to be illegal in 10 days". www.wlbt.com. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  4. ↑ "SB2391 - History of Actions/Background". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Press Releases & Columns | Michael Watson Secretary of state". www.sos.ms.gov. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
  6. 1 2 Castillo, Stephanie (October 3, 2014). "States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death". Medical Daily. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  8. ↑ Vollers, Anna Claire (October 1, 2024). "200+ women faced criminal charges over pregnancy in year after Dobbs, report finds". Missouri Independent. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  9. ↑ Alter, Charlotte (August 14, 2023). "She Wasn't Able to Get an Abortion. Now She's a Mom. Soon She'll Start 7th Grade". TIME. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 Buell, Samuel (January 1, 1991). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID   11652642.
  11. ↑ Tyler, C. W. (1983). "The public health implications of abortion". Annual Review of Public Health. 4: 223–258. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255 . ISSN   0163-7525. PMID   6860439.
  12. ↑ Kliff, Sarah (January 22, 2013). "CHARTS: How Roe v. Wade changed abortion rights". The Washington Post.
  13. ↑ Adolescence, Committee On (February 1, 2017). "The Adolescent's Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion". Pediatrics. 139 (2): e20163861. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-3861 . ISSN   0031-4005. PMID   28115537.
  14. ↑ Henshaw, Stanley K. (May 1995). "The Impact of Requirements for Parental Consent on Minors' Abortions in Mississippi". Family Planning Perspectives. 27 (3): 120–122. doi:10.2307/2136110. ISSN   0014-7354. JSTOR   2136110. PMID   7672103.
  15. ↑ MacIntyre, Krystal. "Mississippi abortion ban bill fails as legislators miss deadline for compromise", Jurist News Archive (2006-03-28). Retrieved 2007-01-23.
  16. ↑ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  17. 1 2 3 "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. November 12, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  18. ↑ "Do abortions cause breast cancer? Kansas State House Abortion Act invokes shaky science for political gain". Slate Magazine. May 23, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials". October 25, 2006.
  20. ↑ Curry, Tom. MSNBC.com " "First Read - Big win for Democrats in Ohio and an abortion surprise in Mississippi". Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2011."
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Lai, K. K. Rebecca (May 15, 2019). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  22. ↑ "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. June 27, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  23. 1 2 Rogers, Adam. "'Heartbeat' Bills Get the Science of Fetal Heartbeats All Wrong". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  24. 1 2 "ACOG Guide to Language and Abortion". www.acog.org. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  25. ↑ Tavernise, Sabrina (May 15, 2019). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
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  27. ↑ "State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills". PBS NewsHour. February 3, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  28. 1 2 Mississippi House of Representatives (March 19, 2021). "House Bill 1510: AN ACT TO BE KNOWN AS THE GESTATIONAL AGE ACT;..." Retrieved May 18, 2021. (b) Except in a medical emergency or in the case of a severe fetal abnormality, a person shall not intentionally or knowingly perform, induce, or attempt to perform or induce abortion of an unborn human being if the probable gestational age of the unborn human being has been determined to be greater than fifteen (15) weeks.
  29. ↑ Franks, Trent (October 4, 2017). "Text; H.R.36 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act". congress.gov.
  30. 1 2 3 "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood" . Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  31. ↑ "MS HB6 - 2013 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  32. ↑ "2014 Regular Session - Senate Bill 2807". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  33. ↑ "MS SB2807 - 2014 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  34. ↑ "MS HB1198 - 2017 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  35. ↑ "MS SB2562 - 2017 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  36. ↑ "MS SB2584 - 2017 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  37. ↑ "MS HB226 - 2018 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  38. ↑ "MS SB2143 - 2018 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  39. ↑ "MS HB1509 - 2018 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  40. ↑ "2019 Regular Session - House Bill 529". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  41. 1 2 Ulmer, Sarah (February 5, 2019). "House and Senate pass HeartBeat bills out of Committee". Yall Politics. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  42. ↑ "2019 Regular Session - Senate Bill 2116". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  43. ↑ "2019 Regular Session - House Bill 732". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  44. ↑ Wagster Pettus, Emily (February 13, 2019). "Mississippi advances ban on abortion after fetal heartbeat". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019. The Republican-controlled Mississippi House and Senate passed separate bills Wednesday to ban most abortions once a fetal heartbeat is detected, about six weeks into pregnancy.
  45. ↑ "Fetal heartbeat bill heads to governor". WTOK 11 (ABC). March 19, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
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  47. ↑ "Mississippi bans abortion on sex, race, genetic disability". Catholic News Agency .
  48. ↑ "Mississippi 'Personhood' Amendment Vote Fails". Huffington Post. November 8, 2011.
  49. ↑ Phillips, Rich. "Judge lets Mississippi's only abortion clinic stay open -- for now". CNN.
  50. ↑ Shimabukuro, Jon O. (April 10, 2018). Mississippi Court Halts Enforcement of New Abortion Law (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  51. ↑ Ly, Laura. "Judge temporarily blocks 15-week abortion ban in Mississippi". CNN. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
  52. ↑ Smith, Kate (May 13, 2019). "A pregnant 11-year-old rape victim in Ohio would no longer be allowed to have an abortion under new state law". CBS News. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  53. ↑ Quinn, Melissa (May 17, 2021). "Supreme Court takes up blockbuster case over Mississippi's 15-week abortion ban". CBS News . Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  54. ↑ de Vogue, Ariane (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  55. ↑ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  56. 1 2 Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN   9780788174810.
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  67. ↑ "Abortion Views in All 50 States: Findings from PRRI's 2023 American Values Atlas | PRRI". PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. May 2, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
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  75. ↑ Franklin, Michaila (June 29, 2022). "Protesters from both sides of abortion debate line up outside Mississippi Capitol" . Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  76. ↑ Lott, Jennifer (June 24, 2022). "Protesters rally in Gulfport following Supreme Court decision on abortion" . Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  77. ↑ Beveridge, Lici (July 16, 2022). "Roe v. Wade protest in Mississippi: It's more than abortion. It's about protecting rights" . Retrieved July 17, 2022.
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