Abortion in Iowa

Last updated

Abortion in Iowa is illegal after detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity. [1] [2] [3] Embryonic cardiac-cell activity can be detected from around six weeks after the pregnant individual's last menstrual period, when many people are not yet aware that they are pregnant. [3] [4] [5] Exceptions for the abortion ban after detected embryonic cardiac-cell activity include some instances of rape, incest, fetal abnormalities and threats to the pregnant individual's life. [6] [7]

Contents

Prior to 2024, abortion was legal up to 22 weeks in Iowa. In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , which enabled states to ban abortion. [8] In the aftermath of the decision, Republican lawmakers in Iowa enacted a six-week abortion ban in July 2023, which was blocked within days, then later unblocked in July 2024 with the approval of the Iowa Supreme Court. [8] [9]

Over recent decades, the number of abortion clinics in Iowa has generally decreased, and state legislators have regularly introduced bills to severely restrict abortion. Public opinion in Iowa remains about evenly split on whether abortion should be legal.

In 2017, Iowa rejected millions of dollars in federal funding for Medicaid as part of their efforts to try to defund Planned Parenthood and its abortion services in the state. In 2020, it was reported that abortions in Iowa went up for the first time in decades—25 percent—with the loss of that federal aid attributed to the increase. [10]

In 2018, Planned Parenthood of the Heartland, Inc., Jill Meadows, M.D., and Emma Goldman Clinic (petitioners) filed a lawsuit seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in state court, arguing the early abortion ban violated the Iowa State Constitution. Courts supported their injunction request, saying the law violated the state's constitution. [11] A #StoptheBans protest occurred at the Statehouse in Des Moines on May 21, 2019.

History

Legislative history

Status of the "heartbeat bills", i.e. abortion bans at around 6 weeks, by state (exceptions not marked): .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Heartbeat bills supplemented or rendered moot by abortion bans at all stages Abortion bans at all stages, but heartbeat bills blocked Other states with abortion bans at all stages, or states without abortion providers Heartbeat bill in force, without total abortion bans Heartbeat law partially passed by state legislature Law passed but blocked or struck down by court order Heartbeat Bill.svg
Status of the "heartbeat bills", i.e. abortion bans at around 6 weeks, by state (exceptions not marked):
  Heartbeat bills supplemented or rendered moot by abortion bans at all stages
  Abortion bans at all stages, but heartbeat bills blocked
  Other states with abortion bans at all stages, or states without abortion providers
  Heartbeat bill in force, without total abortion bans
  Heartbeat law partially passed by state legislature
  Law passed but blocked or struck down by court order

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions. [12] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were partly about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens. [12]

In 2012, Iowa was one of three states where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. [13] The legislature tried and failed again in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, where they were one of five states, one of three states, one of five states, one of four states, one of eleven states, and one of eleven states respectively trying to ban abortion. [13]

In 2017 in Iowa, the Republican-controlled state legislature passed a bill that rejected millions of dollars in federal funding for Medicaid as part of their efforts to try to defund Planned Parenthood and its abortion services in the state. [14] The state legislature was one of ten states nationwide that tried to unsuccessfully pass an early abortion ban in 2018. Only Iowa successfully passed such a bill, but it was struck down by the courts. [13] The legislature had successfully passed a law moving the state's abortion ban to 6 weeks sometime between 2018 and 2019. This was struck down by the courts as too extreme. [13] As of mid-April 2019, state law banned abortion after week 22. [13] On May 4, 2018, governor Kim Reynolds signed into law a bill that would ban abortion in Iowa after embryonic cardiac activity is detected, starting July 1, 2018. [15] On January 22, 2019, a county district judge declared the law to be in violation of Iowa's State Constitution and entered a permanent injunction prohibiting its enforcement. [16] In 2019, women in Iowa were eligible for pregnancy accommodation and pregnancy-related disability as a result of legal abortion or miscarriage. Employers were required to offer up to eight weeks of unpaid leave if a woman did not have sufficient leave available. [17]

In February 2020, the State Senate passed a constitutional amendment clarifying that there is no right to an abortion in the Iowa constitution. Approval in two consecutive legislative sessions is required for a constitutional amendment to appear on the ballot. The amendment passed the House and Senate in May 2021 but did not pass in the 2023–2024 legislative session. [18]

In July 2023, Governor Kim Reynolds arranged for a special session for the Iowa legislature, which according to Reynolds had "the sole purpose of enacting legislation that addresses abortion and protects unborn lives." [19] During the session on July 11, 2023, a bill (House File 732) to further restrict abortions was passed by the Iowa House 56–34 and the Iowa Senate 32–17. [20] Only Iowa Republican lawmakers supported the bill, with all Iowa Democratic lawmakers who were present at the special session voting against the bill, along with three Iowa Republican lawmakers that voted against. [21] Reynolds signed the bill into state law on July 14, 2023. [22]

The 2023 bill was written to ban abortion upon the detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity. [3] This can be detected from around six weeks after the woman's last menstrual period, when many women are not yet aware that they are pregnant. [4] [5] State courts blocked the law on July 17, 2023, and lifted the block on July 29, 2024. [9] [23]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. [12]

On May 15, 2018, eleven days after Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds signed SF 359 into law, Planned Parenthood of the Heartland, Inc., Jill Meadows, M.D., and Emma Goldman Clinic (petitioners) filed a lawsuit seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in state court arguing the early abortion ban violated the Iowa State Constitution. [24] [25] [26] On June 1, 2018, Polk County District Court Judge Michael Huppert entered a preliminary injunction which temporarily blocked the law from going into effect. [27] On January 22, 2019, the county district judge declared the law to be in violation of the Iowa Constitution and entered a permanent injunction prohibiting its enforcement. [16] In holding the law unconstitutional the judge cited the Iowa Supreme Court's 2018 ruling in a challenge to a different abortion restriction in which the state's court of last resort held that "a woman's right to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy is a fundamental right under the Iowa Constitution." [28] Anti-abortion proponents said they hoped this litigation created a pathway for Roe v. Wade to be reexamined by the U.S. Supreme Court, but University of Iowa law professor Paul Gowder and other legal experts said that it was almost impossible that it could end up in front of the U.S. Supreme Court, as the U.S. Supreme Court does not review Supreme Court decisions concerning state constitutional questions. [29]

Anti-abortion legislators have filed legislation to amend the state constitution to state, "that the Constitution of the State of Iowa does not secure or protect a right to or require the funding of abortion." [30] The resolutions proposing to amend Iowa's constitutions are SJR 9 and HJR 5 which were filed on January 24, 2019, and February 6, 2019, respectively. [31] [32]

On June 17, 2022, the Iowa Supreme Court ruled that the state constitution does not protect the right to an abortion. [33] Justice Edward Mansfield wrote in the majority that "All we hold today is that the Iowa Constitution is not the source of a fundamental right to an abortion necessitating a strict scrutiny standard of review for regulations affecting that right". [33] The court's decision is a reversal of its 2018 ruling, where it found that the constitution protects the right to an abortion. [33]

The U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , No. 19-1392 , 597 U.S. ___(2022) later in 2022. [34] [35] Iowa instituted a 24-hour waiting period for abortions, and clinics lost staff, leading to a 13% decrease in legal abortions in Iowa within a year of the U.S. Supreme Court decision. [36]

In June 2023, the Iowa Supreme Court issued a split decision (3–3) regarding a proposed 6-week abortion ban, meaning that the decision of a lower court not to enforce the ban was upheld; abortion remains legal in Iowa up to 20 weeks. [37]

In July 2023, Judge Joseph Seidlin of Polk County ruled on a lawsuit against the July 2023 legislation that generally restricted abortions to six weeks; Seidlin ruled that based on Iowa Supreme Court precedent, the "undue burden" standard should be applied to this case, and that under this standard, the legislation is "likely" unconstitutional on due process grounds; thus Seidlin ordered the legislation temporarily blocked. [38]

In June 2024, the Iowa Supreme Court, in a 4–3 decision, ruled that the July 2023 legislation that generally restricted abortions to six weeks was not unconstitutional based on the "rational basis" standard because it was "rationally related to the state’s legitimate interest in protecting unborn life […] The state’s interest in protecting the unborn can be traced to Iowa’s earliest days". [39] [40] Thus, the Iowa Supreme Court instructed for lifting of the block on the July 2023 law. [40]

Clinic history

Number of abortion clinics in Iowa by year Number of abortion clinics in Iowa by year.png
Number of abortion clinics in Iowa by year

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by fourteen, going from 25 in 1982 to eleven in 1992. [41] In 2014, there were twelve abortion clinics in the state. [42] In 2014, 89% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 42% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. [43]

In March 2016, there were 13 Planned Parenthood clinics in the state. [44] In 2017, there were eight Planned Parenthood clinics in a state with a population of 680,659 women aged 15–49 of which five offered abortion services. [14] In 2023, there were nine Planned Parenthood clinics, but Planned Parenthood said it would close three of them. [36]

Governor's 2020 Coronavirus emergency declaration

On March 26, 2020, Governor Kim Reynolds expanded upon previous COVID-19 disaster proclamations to halt elective and non-essential surgeries. [45] The following day her office asserted: "[The] Proclamation suspends all nonessential or elective surgeries and procedures until April 16th, that includes surgical abortion procedures". [46]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were no recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state. [47] In 1990, 302,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy. [41] In 2001, Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin did not provide any residence related data regarding abortions performed in the state to the Centers for Disease Control. [48]

In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 5.3 deaths per 1,000 live births. [49] In 2010, the state had 23 publicly funded abortions, of which were three federally and twenty were state funded. [50] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 380 abortions, 60 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 0 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 60 abortions for women of all other races. [51]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996 [52]
Census division and stateNumberRate % change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
West North Central57,34048,53048,66014.311.911.9–16
Iowa6,9706,0405,78011.49.89.4–17
Kansas12,57010,31010,63022.418.318.9–16
Minnesota16,18014,91014,66015.614.213.9–11
Missouri13,51010,54010,81011.68.99.1–21
Nebraska5,5804,3604,46015.712.112.3–22
North Dakota1,4901,3301,29010.79.69.4–13
South Dakota1,0401,0401,0306.86.66.5–4
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence % obtained by
out-of-state residents		YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
Iowa3,7666.4954,0206.910113.82014 [53]
Iowa3,4675.9883,7226.39415.22016 [54]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Public opinion

In 2014, opinion was about evenly split. 52% of Iowa adults said abortion should be legal, while 46% said it should be illegal in all or most cases, according to a Pew Research Center poll. [55]

In a March 2020 poll by Selzer & Co, 48% of Iowans believe abortion should be legal in all or most cases while 45% believe it should be illegal in all or most cases. [56]

In a September 2021 poll by Selzer & Co, 57% of Iowans believe abortion should be legal in all or most cases while 39% believe it should be illegal in all or most cases. [57]

The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 59% of Iowans said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. [58]

Pro-choice views and activities

Women's March (Iowa City) in 2017. Women's March (Iowa City) 01.jpg
Women's March (Iowa City) in 2017.

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. [59] [60] One protest occurred at the Statehouse in Des Moines, Iowa on May 21, 2019. [61]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, Iowa saw protests in Des Moines and Cedar Rapids. [62] [63] During a protest in Cedar Rapids near the U.S. District Court Federal Court House, a truck ran over a woman's foot. The driver of the truck was later arrested and charged with assault. [64] On July 22, an anti-abortion rights man was arrested after assaulting a group of abortion rights protesters in McGregor. [65]

In Des Moines, Iowa on July 11–12, 2023, a crowd of abortion rights protesters rallied as the Iowa state legislature passed a 6-week abortion ban, just weeks after a similar ban was struck down by the Iowa Supreme Court. Several abortion rights protesters were escorted out of the gallery by police after heckling the legislature. [66]

In Des Moines, Iowa on April 11, 2024, an abortion rights protest was held outside the state courthouse while the Iowa Supreme Court heard oral arguments on a proposed 6-week abortion ban. [67]

In Cedar Rapids, Iowa on June 29, 2024, an abortion rights protest was held following the Iowa Supreme Court's ruling to uphold a 6-week abortion ban. [68]

Pro-life views and activities

Activities

The Marriage Vow or "The Marriage Vow - A Declaration of Dependence Upon Marriage and Family" is a political pledge created by Bob Vander Plaats, a former candidate for Iowa governor, and the Iowa-based conservative group; The Family Leader, a public advocacy organization affiliated with the Iowa Family Policy Center, that he heads. [69] The 2 most notable signatures came from Rick Santorum and Michele Bachmann. Rick Santorum was the first presidential candidate to contact The Family Leader after the organization publicly announced the pledge. Michele Bachmann also contacted The Family Leader to sign the pledge, and became the first Candidate to send her signed document to the organization. [70] Although Newt Gingrich did not sign the pledge, he wrote a lengthy letter in which he upheld many of the principles of the pledge including personal fidelity to his wife, respecting the marital bonds of others, enforcing the defense of marriage act, to support a federal marriage amendment, and to oppose any definition of marriage outside of "one man and one woman." [71] The pledge was also signed by former Texas governor Rick Perry. [72]

Violence

On September 11, 2006, David McMenemy of Rochester Hills, Michigan, crashed his car into the Edgerton Women's Care Center in Davenport, Iowa. He then doused the lobby in gasoline and started a fire. McMenemy committed these acts in the belief that the center was performing abortions; however, Edgerton is not an abortion clinic. [73] Time magazine listed the incident in a "Top 10 Inept Terrorist Plots" list. [74]

During an abortion rights protest on June 24, 2022, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa near the U.S. District Court Federal Court House, a truck ran over a woman's foot. The driver of the truck was later arrested and charged with assault. [64] On July 22, 2022, an anti-abortion rights man was arrested after assaulting a group of abortion rights protesters in McGregor. [65]

Footnotes

    Related Research Articles

    This is a timeline of reproductive rights legislation, a chronological list of laws and legal decisions affecting human reproductive rights. Reproductive rights are a sub-set of human rights pertaining to issues of reproduction and reproductive health. These rights may include some or all of the following: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to birth control, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion, discrimination, and violence. Reproductive rights may also include the right to receive education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections, and freedom from coerced sterilization, abortion, and contraception, and protection from practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM).

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion law in the United States by state</span>

    The legality of abortion in the United States and the various restrictions imposed on the procedure vary significantly, depending on the laws of each state or other jurisdiction, although there is no uniform federal law. Some states prohibit abortion at all stages of pregnancy, with few exceptions; others permit it up to a certain point in a woman's pregnancy, while some allow abortion throughout a woman's pregnancy. In states where abortion is legal, several classes of restrictions on the procedure may exist, such as parental consent or notification laws, requirements that patients be shown an ultrasound before obtaining an abortion, mandatory waiting periods, and counseling requirements.

    Abortion is the termination of human pregnancy, often performed in the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade recognized a constitutional right to obtain an abortion without excessive government restriction, and in 1992 the Court in Planned Parenthood v. Casey invalidated restrictions that create an undue burden on people seeking abortions. Since then, there has continued to be an abortion debate in the United States, and some states have passed laws in the form of regulation of abortions but which have the purpose or effect of restricting its provision. The proponents of such laws argue they do not create an undue burden. Some state laws that impact the availability of abortions have been upheld by courts. In 2022, Roe and Casey were overturned by the Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, meaning that states may now regulate abortion in ways that were not previously permitted.

    A six-week abortion ban, also called a "fetal heartbeat bill" by proponents, is a law in the United States which makes abortion illegal as early as six weeks gestational age, which is when proponents claim that a "fetal heartbeat" can be detected. Medical and reproductive health experts, including the American Medical Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say that the reference to a fetal heartbeat is medically inaccurate and misleading, for a conceptus is not called a fetus until eight weeks after fertilization, as well as that at four weeks after fertilization, the embryo has no heart, only a group of cells which will become a heart. Medical professionals advise that a true fetal heartbeat cannot be detected until around 17 to 20 weeks of gestation when the chambers of the heart have become sufficiently developed.

    Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal unless the abortion is necessary to save the life of a pregnant individual.

    Abortion in Alabama is illegal. Historically, Alabama's abortion laws have evolved from strict regulations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to a period of liberalization following the landmark 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, which legalized abortion nationwide. However, Alabama has consistently enacted legislation aimed at restricting access to abortion.

    Abortion in Georgia is illegal after detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity, which typically begins in the fifth or sixth week after the onset of the last menstrual period (LMP), two to three weeks after implantation. Although this law was ruled unconstitutional by a Georgia superior court judge on September 30, 2024, it remains in effect while the state appeals the ruling.

    As of 2022, abortion in Missouri is illegal, with abortions only being legal in cases of medical emergency and several additional laws making access to abortion services difficult. In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 45% of Missouri adults said that abortion should be legal vs. 50% that believe it should be illegal in all or most cases and 5% that do not know. The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 55% of Missourians said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, 51% of white women in the state believed that abortion is legal in all or most cases.

    Abortion in Arkansas is illegal except when it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant individual. Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.

    Abortion in Kansas is legal. Kansas law allows for an abortion up to 20 weeks post-fertilization. After that point, only in cases of life or severely compromised physical health may an abortion be performed, with this limit set on the belief that a fetus can feel pain after that point in the pregnancy. In July 2024, the Kansas Supreme Court struck down two abortion restrictions.

    Abortion is illegal in Kentucky. There were laws in Kentucky about abortion by 1900, including ones with therapeutic exceptions. In 1998, the state passed legislation that required clinics to have an abortion clinic license if they wanted to operate. By the early 2010s, members of the Kentucky Legislature attempted to ban abortion in almost all cases and had also introduced the early abortion bans. Prior to 2019, Kentucky law prohibited abortions after week 22. This changed when the state legislature passed a law that moved the prohibition to week 6 in the early part of the year. A bill passed and made effective in April 2022 lowered the threshold to 15 weeks, the second most restrictive limit in effect in the United States behind Texas, and introduced regulations that made abortion illegal until it was blocked in federal court.

    Abortion in Mississippi is illegal. The new law took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch certified on June 27, the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24 of that year. State Attorney General Lynn Fitch's certification made Mississippi's 2007 'trigger law' go into effect and ban all abortions in the state, “except in the case where necessary for the preservation of the mother's life or where the pregnancy was caused by rape".

    Abortion in Nebraska is illegal after the 12th week of pregnancy.

    Abortion in North Dakota is technically legal, but with no current providers. The state's sole abortion clinic, the Red River Women's Clinic, relocated to Minnesota.

    Abortion in Ohio is legal up to the point of fetal viability as a result of abortion rights being placed into the Ohio State Constitution by November 2023 Ohio Issue 1.

    Abortion in South Carolina is illegal after detection of a "fetal heartbeat", usually around 6 weeks from the woman's last menstrual period, when many women are not yet aware that they are pregnant. On May 25, 2023, Governor Henry McMaster signed a 6-week ban, and it took effect immediately. The ban was indefinitely blocked in court on May 26, and reinstated by the South Carolina Supreme Court on August 23.

    Abortion in Tennessee is illegal from fertilization and provides no exceptions for rape, incest or the health of the pregnant individual. Tennessee's abortion legislation provides no explicit exceptions for the pregnant patient’s health. It makes an exception for an “affirmative defense” for emergencies, but the vagueness of what constitutes an emergency means that physicians hesitate to provide abortions even when the pregnant individual's life is in jeopardy. Attempts to codify the exceptions into law have been rejected by Republican politicians in Tennesse. Tennessee is among the four states which forbid abortion access through their state constitution; alongside Alabama, Louisiana, and West Virginia.

    Abortion in Wisconsin has been legal since September 18, 2023, and is performed in Madison, Milwaukee and Sheboygan through 22 weeks gestation. However, elective abortions in Wisconsin are under dispute after the overturning of Roe v. Wade by the Supreme Court of the United States on June 24, 2022. Abortion opponents cite an 1849 law that they claim bans the procedure in all cases except when the life of the mother is in danger. However, lower level courts have argued that the law only applies to infanticide and not consensual abortions. The enforceability of the law is disputed and being considered by the state courts. Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin announced that they would resume abortion services in Madison and Milwaukee on September 18, 2023. Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin later announced that they would resume abortion services in Sheboygan on December 28, 2023.

    Abortion in Florida is generally illegal after six weeks from the woman's last menstrual period, This law came into effect in May 2024, being approved by Republican Governor Ron DeSantis following its passage in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate, with only Republican state legislators supporting and only Democratic state legislators opposing. Additionally, pregnant women are generally required to make two visits to a medical facility 24 hours apart to be able to obtain an abortion, in a law approved by Republican Governor Rick Scott in 2015.

    Abortion in Wyoming is currently legal due to a temporary court injunction.

    References

    1. ↑ Iowa General Assembly. "HF732". LegiScan. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
    2. ↑ Clayworth, Jason (July 29, 2024). "Iowa's abortion ban, one of the nation's strictest, takes effect". Axios . Retrieved July 30, 2024.
    3. 1 2 3 Akin, Katie; Ramm, Michaela (July 12, 2023). "What is a 'fetal heartbeat?' What you should know about Iowa's new 6-week abortion bill". Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
    4. 1 2 Gruber-Miller, Stephen; Akin, Katie; Bacharier, Galen (July 12, 2023). "Iowa Legislature passes bill banning most abortions after about 6 weeks; governor to sign Friday". USA Today . Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
    5. 1 2 Various sources:
      1. Fingernut, Hannah (July 29, 2024). "Iowa now bans most abortions after about 6 weeks, before many women know they're pregnant". Associated Press . Retrieved August 5, 2024. …prohibiting most abortions after about six weeks of pregnancy, before many women know they are pregnant.
      2. Campbell, Josh (July 30, 2024). "Iowa starts enforcing six-week abortion ban". Reuters . Retrieved August 5, 2024. …ban on abortions after six weeks of pregnancy … bans abortion before many women know they are pregnant
      3. Ahmed, Issam (July 29, 2024). "Iowa Latest US State To Adopt Near-total Abortion Ban". Barron's . Agence France-Presse . Retrieved August 5, 2024. The law prohibits terminating nearly all pregnancies after six weeks -- the point at which cardiac activity can be detected -- even though many women do not realize they are pregnant at this stage.
      4. Sherman, Carter (July 30, 2024). "More US women have tried to induce their own abortion since fall of Roe – report". The Guardian . Retrieved August 5, 2024. Iowa became the fourth state to ban the procedure past about six weeks of pregnancy, before many women even know they are pregnant.
      5. Krebs, Natalie (June 28, 2024). "Iowa Supreme Court rules 6-week abortion ban can go into effect". Iowa Public Radio . Retrieved August 5, 2024. …cardiac activity is detected, which can be as early as six weeks of pregnancy. That is before many people know they're pregnant. It effectively bans most procedures in Iowa.
      6. Ramm, Michaela (July 17, 2024). "As Iowa's 'fetal heartbeat' abortion ban looms, clinics prepare for an uncertain future". Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024. The law bans most abortions after fetal cardiac activity can be detected, typically at about six weeks of pregnancy – before many women know they're pregnant.
    6. ↑ Morris, William (2024). "6-week abortion ban can take effect, Iowa Supreme Court rules, ending injunction". The Des Moines Register.
    7. ↑ "US abortion: Iowa's top court upholds six-week abortion ban law". BBC News. 2024.
    8. 1 2 Smith, Mitch (June 28, 2024). "Iowa Supreme Court Allows Six-Week Abortion Ban to Take Effect". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331.
    9. 1 2 Morris, William; Ramm, Michaela (July 30, 2024). "What you should know about Iowa's 6-week abortion ban that is now in effect". Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
    10. ↑ "Des Moines Register". The Des Moines Register .
    11. ↑ "Judge declares Iowa fetal heartbeat law unconstitutional". Associated Press . January 23, 2019.
    12. 1 2 3 Buell, Samuel (January 1, 1991). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID   11652642.
    13. 1 2 3 4 5 Tavernise, Sabrina (May 15, 2019). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
    14. 1 2 "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood" . Retrieved May 23, 2019.
    15. ↑ "Nearly all abortions banned in Iowa as Gov. Kim Reynolds signs 'fetal heartbeat' law". Des Moines Register. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
    16. 1 2 Leys, Tony (January 23, 2019). "Iowa 'fetal heartbeat' abortion restriction declared unconstitutional". USA Today. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
    17. ↑ "U.S. Department of Labor - Employment Protection For Workers Who Are Pregnant Or Nursing". www.dol.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
    18. ↑ "Iowa No State Constitutional Right to Abortion Amendment (2024)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
    19. ↑ Gruber-Miller, Stephen (July 6, 2023). "What to know about Gov. Kim Reynolds' call for a special session to pass new abortion laws". Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
    20. ↑ Wax-Thibodeaux, Emily; Roubein, Rachel; Ables, Kelsey (July 12, 2023). "GOP-controlled Iowa legislature votes to ban abortion after about six weeks". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
    21. ↑ "'Fetal heartbeat' bill: How each Iowa lawmaker voted in special session". kcci.com . July 12, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
    22. ↑ Fingerhut, Hannah (July 14, 2023). "Iowa Bans Most Abortions After 6 Weeks". HuffPost . Retrieved July 15, 2023.
    23. ↑ Ross, Kendall; Kekatos, Mary (July 18, 2023). "Iowa judge temporarily halts 6-week abortion law". ABC News . Retrieved August 5, 2024.
    24. ↑ "Planned Parenthood of the Heartland, Inc., Emma Goldman Clinic, and Jill Meadows, M.d., V. Kim Reynolds ex rel. State of Iowa and Iowa Board of Medicine" (PDF). CourthouseNews.com. Courthouse News Service. May 15, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
    25. ↑ ACLU Iowa (May 15, 2018). "ACLU, Planned Parenthood, Emma Goldman Clinic File Lawsuit to Block Iowa Abortion Law". aclu.ia.org. American Civil Liberties Union and the ACLU Foundation. Retrieved February 10, 2019. The lawsuit is being filed by the ACLU of Iowa and the Planned Parenthood Federation of America as co-counsel on behalf of Planned Parenthood of the Heartland and Dr Jill Meadows. The Emma Goldman Clinic of Iowa City is also a co-plaintiff in the case.
    26. ↑ "ACLU, Planned Parenthood & Others File Lawsuit to Block Iowa Abortion Law". ACLU of Iowa. May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
    27. ↑ Gruber-Miller, Stephen (June 1, 2018). "Judge temporarily blocks Iowa's 'fetal heartbeat' law while lawsuit is resolved". Des Moines Register. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
    28. ↑ Leys, Tony (January 23, 2019). "Iowa 'fetal heartbeat' abortion restriction declared unconstitutional". USA Today. Retrieved February 10, 2019. In his decision striking down the abortion law, Polk County District Judge Michael Huppert cited the Iowa Supreme Court's ruling last year in a challenge to a different abortion-restriction law. The high court held that "a woman's right to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy is a fundamental right under the Iowa Constitution" in that ruling.
    29. ↑ "Republicans hope a challenge to Iowa's fetal heartbeat bill will overturn Roe v. Wade. How would that work?". Des Moines Register. May 1, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
    30. ↑ "Text of Senate Joint Resolution 9-Introduced". legis.iowa.gov. Iowa Legislature. Retrieved February 14, 2019. A Joint Resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the State of Iowa that the Constitution of the State of Iowa does not secure or protect a right to or require the funding of abortion.
    31. ↑ "IA SJR9 - 2019-2020 - 88th General Assembly". legiscan.com. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Introduced: on January 24, 2019
    32. ↑ "IA HJR5 - 2019-2020 - 88th General Assembly". legiscan.com. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Introduced: on February 6, 2019
    33. 1 2 3 Stracqualursi, Veronica (June 17, 2022). "Iowa Supreme Court rules state constitution does not protect right to abortion". CNN. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
    34. ↑ de Vogue, Ariane (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
    35. ↑ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
    36. 1 2 Sostaric, Katarina (June 28, 2023). "Planned Parenthood closing three Iowa clinics, expanding abortion services at others". Nebraska Public Media. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
    37. ↑ "Iowa Supreme Court deadlocks 3-3 on 'fetal heartbeat' abortion ban. It won't go into effect". Des Moines Register . June 16, 2023.
    38. ↑ Laird, Rox (July 17, 2023). "Iowa judge blocks enforcement of six-week abortion ban". Courthouse News . Retrieved August 5, 2024.
    39. ↑ Wong, Vicky (June 28, 2024). "Iowa's top court upholds six-week abortion ban law". BBC News . Retrieved August 5, 2024.
    40. 1 2 Fingerhut, Hannah (June 29, 2024). "Iowa's Supreme Court tells lower court to let strict abortion law go into effect". Associated Press . Retrieved August 5, 2024.
    41. 1 2 Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN   9780788174810.
    42. ↑ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved May 23, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    43. ↑ Panetta, Grace; lee, Samantha (August 4, 2018). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
    44. ↑ Bohatch, Emily. "27 states with the most Planned Parenthood clinics". thestate. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
    45. ↑ Richardson, Ian. "Iowa orders additional retail closures, halts elective and nonessential surgeries and dental procedures". Des Moines Register. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
    46. ↑ Rodriguez, Barbara. "Governor's office says order suspending 'non-essential' surgery includes halting surgical abortions". Des Moines Register. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
    47. ↑ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR   2133995. PMID   1269687.
    48. ↑ "Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2001". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
    49. ↑ "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
    50. ↑ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
    51. ↑ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
    52. ↑ Henshaw, Stanley K. (June 15, 2005). "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 30: 263–270. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
    53. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   29166366.
    54. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1 . ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   31774741.
    55. ↑ "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
    56. ↑ Coltrain, Nick. "Iowa Poll: Iowans' support for legal abortion slips, but a majority oppose an anti-abortion constitutional amendment". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
    57. ↑ Gruber-Miller, Stephen. "Iowa Poll: Majority of Iowans believe abortion should be legal in most or all cases". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
    58. ↑ "Abortion Views in All 50 States: Findings from PRRI's 2023 American Values Atlas | PRRI". PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. May 2, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
    59. ↑ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA Today. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
    60. ↑ "Would overturning abortion rights turn back clock to 1973?". The Public's Radio. May 26, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
    61. ↑ "Would overturning abortion rights turn back clock to 1973?". The Public's Radio. May 26, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
    62. ↑ Morris, William; Akin, Katie (June 24, 2022). "Anger, 'absolute despair', hope among protesters marching in Des Moines against end of Roe v. Wade". Des Moines Register. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
    63. ↑ Tabick, Brian (July 1, 2022). "Cedar Rapids group protests Roe v. Wade decision". KCRG. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
    64. 1 2 Campbell, Andy (August 9, 2022). "Arrest Made In Truck Ramming Of Protest For Abortion Rights In Iowa". Huffpost. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
    65. 1 2 Smith, Zachary Oren (July 29, 2022). "McGregor man arrested for assaulting pro-abortion rights protesters". Iowa Public Radio. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
    66. ↑ Bickerton, James (July 12, 2023). "Women Protest Iowa Abortion Law Inside Senate: 'We're Not Your Breeders'" . Retrieved July 13, 2023.
    67. ↑ Fingerhut, Hannah (April 11, 2024). "Iowa asks state Supreme Court to let its restrictive abortion law go into effect" . Retrieved April 11, 2024.
    68. ↑ Bolton, Sedrick (June 29, 2024). "Iowans rally in 'Solidarity Circle' against 6-week abortion ban" . Retrieved July 4, 2024.
    69. ↑ "Marriage Vow" (PDF). The Family Leader. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
    70. ↑ PETROSKI, WILLIAM (July 8, 2011). "Santorum, Bachmann, sign Family Leader's marriage vow". DesMoines Register. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    71. ↑ Falcone, Michael (December 12, 2011). "Newt Gingrich Pledges 'Personal Fidelity to My Spouse'". ABC. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    72. ↑ Travis, Shannon (November 21, 2011). "Perry signs Family Leader's controversial marriage vow". CNN. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
    73. ↑ "Man Crashes Into Davenport Health Clinic". Davenport, IA: KWQC-TV. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
    74. ↑ Fletcher, Dan. "Top 10 Inept Terrorist Plots" Time September 8, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.