Abortion in Iowa

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Abortion in Iowa is illegal after detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity. [1] [2] [3] Embryonic cardiac-cell activity can be detected from around six weeks after the pregnant individual's last menstrual period, when many people are not yet aware that they are pregnant. [3] [4] [5] Exceptions for the abortion ban after detected embryonic cardiac-cell activity include some instances of rape, incest, fetal abnormalities and threats to the pregnant individual's life. [6] [7]

Contents

Prior to 2024, abortion was legal up to 22 weeks in Iowa. In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , which enabled states to ban abortion. [8] In the aftermath of the decision, Republican lawmakers in Iowa enacted a six-week abortion ban in July 2023, which was blocked within days, then later unblocked in July 2024 with the approval of the Iowa Supreme Court. [8] [9]

Over recent decades, the number of abortion clinics in Iowa has generally decreased, and state legislators have regularly introduced bills to severely restrict abortion. Public opinion in Iowa remains about evenly split on whether abortion should be legal.

In 2017, Iowa rejected millions of dollars in federal funding for Medicaid as part of their efforts to try to defund Planned Parenthood and its abortion services in the state. In 2020, it was reported that abortions in Iowa went up for the first time in decades—25 percent—with the loss of that federal aid attributed to the increase. [10]

In 2018, Planned Parenthood of the Heartland, Inc., Jill Meadows, M.D., and Emma Goldman Clinic (petitioners) filed a lawsuit seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in state court, arguing the early abortion ban violated the Iowa State Constitution. Courts supported their injunction request, saying the law violated the state's constitution. [11] A #StoptheBans protest occurred at the Statehouse in Des Moines on May 21, 2019.

History

Legislative history

Status of the "heartbeat bills", i.e. abortion bans at around 6 weeks, by state (exceptions not marked): .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Heartbeat bills supplemented or rendered moot by abortion bans at all stages Abortion bans at all stages, but heartbeat bills blocked Other states with abortion bans at all stages, or states without abortion providers Heartbeat bill in force, without total abortion bans Heartbeat law partially passed by state legislature Law passed but blocked or struck down by court order Heartbeat Bill.svg
Status of the "heartbeat bills", i.e. abortion bans at around 6 weeks, by state (exceptions not marked):
  Heartbeat bills supplemented or rendered moot by abortion bans at all stages
  Abortion bans at all stages, but heartbeat bills blocked
  Other states with abortion bans at all stages, or states without abortion providers
  Heartbeat bill in force, without total abortion bans
  Heartbeat law partially passed by state legislature
  Law passed but blocked or struck down by court order

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions. [12] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were partly about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens. [12]

In 2012, Iowa was one of three states where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. [13] The legislature tried and failed again in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, where they were one of five states, one of three states, one of five states, one of four states, one of eleven states, and one of eleven states respectively trying to ban abortion. [13]

In 2017 in Iowa, the Republican-controlled state legislature passed a bill that rejected millions of dollars in federal funding for Medicaid as part of their efforts to try to defund Planned Parenthood and its abortion services in the state. [14] The state legislature was one of ten states nationwide that tried to unsuccessfully pass an early abortion ban in 2018. Only Iowa successfully passed such a bill, but it was struck down by the courts. [13] The legislature had successfully passed a law moving the state's abortion ban to 6 weeks sometime between 2018 and 2019. This was struck down by the courts as too extreme. [13] As of mid-April 2019, state law banned abortion after week 22. [13] On May 4, 2018, governor Kim Reynolds signed into law a bill that would ban abortion in Iowa after embryonic cardiac activity is detected, starting July 1, 2018. [15] On January 22, 2019, a county district judge declared the law to be in violation of Iowa's State Constitution and entered a permanent injunction prohibiting its enforcement. [16] In 2019, women in Iowa were eligible for pregnancy accommodation and pregnancy-related disability as a result of legal abortion or miscarriage. Employers were required to offer up to eight weeks of unpaid leave if a woman did not have sufficient leave available. [17]

In February 2020, the State Senate passed a constitutional amendment clarifying that there is no right to an abortion in the Iowa constitution. Approval in two consecutive legislative sessions is required for a constitutional amendment to appear on the ballot. The amendment passed the House and Senate in May 2021 but did not pass in the 2023–2024 legislative session. [18]

In July 2023, Governor Kim Reynolds arranged for a special session for the Iowa legislature, which according to Reynolds had "the sole purpose of enacting legislation that addresses abortion and protects unborn lives." [19] During the session on July 11, 2023, a bill (House File 732) to further restrict abortions was passed by the Iowa House 56–34 and the Iowa Senate 32–17. [20] Only Iowa Republican lawmakers supported the bill, with all Iowa Democratic lawmakers who were present at the special session voting against the bill, along with three Iowa Republican lawmakers that voted against. [21] Reynolds signed the bill into state law on July 14, 2023. [22]

The 2023 bill was written to ban abortion upon the detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity. [3] This can be detected from around six weeks after the woman's last menstrual period, when many women are not yet aware that they are pregnant. [4] [5] State courts blocked the law on July 17, 2023, and lifted the block on July 29, 2024. [9] [23]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. [12]

On May 15, 2018, eleven days after Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds signed SF 359 into law, Planned Parenthood of the Heartland, Inc., Jill Meadows, M.D., and Emma Goldman Clinic (petitioners) filed a lawsuit seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in state court arguing the early abortion ban violated the Iowa State Constitution. [24] [25] [26] On June 1, 2018, Polk County District Court Judge Michael Huppert entered a preliminary injunction which temporarily blocked the law from going into effect. [27] On January 22, 2019, the county district judge declared the law to be in violation of the Iowa Constitution and entered a permanent injunction prohibiting its enforcement. [16] In holding the law unconstitutional the judge cited the Iowa Supreme Court's 2018 ruling in a challenge to a different abortion restriction in which the state's court of last resort held that "a woman's right to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy is a fundamental right under the Iowa Constitution." [28] Anti-abortion proponents said they hoped this litigation created a pathway for Roe v. Wade to be reexamined by the U.S. Supreme Court, but University of Iowa law professor Paul Gowder and other legal experts said that it was almost impossible that it could end up in front of the U.S. Supreme Court, as the U.S. Supreme Court does not review Supreme Court decisions concerning state constitutional questions. [29]

Anti-abortion legislators have filed legislation to amend the state constitution to state, "that the Constitution of the State of Iowa does not secure or protect a right to or require the funding of abortion." [30] The resolutions proposing to amend Iowa's constitutions are SJR 9 and HJR 5 which were filed on January 24, 2019, and February 6, 2019, respectively. [31] [32]

On June 17, 2022, the Iowa Supreme Court ruled that the state constitution does not protect the right to an abortion. [33] Justice Edward Mansfield wrote in the majority that "All we hold today is that the Iowa Constitution is not the source of a fundamental right to an abortion necessitating a strict scrutiny standard of review for regulations affecting that right". [33] The court's decision is a reversal of its 2018 ruling, where it found that the constitution protects the right to an abortion. [33]

The U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , No. 19-1392 , 597 U.S. ___(2022) later in 2022. [34] [35] Iowa instituted a 24-hour waiting period for abortions, and clinics lost staff, leading to a 13% decrease in legal abortions in Iowa within a year of the U.S. Supreme Court decision. [36]

In June 2023, the Iowa Supreme Court issued a split decision (3–3) regarding a proposed 6-week abortion ban, meaning that the decision of a lower court not to enforce the ban was upheld; abortion remains legal in Iowa up to 20 weeks. [37]

In July 2023, Judge Joseph Seidlin of Polk County ruled on a lawsuit against the July 2023 legislation that generally restricted abortions to six weeks; Seidlin ruled that based on Iowa Supreme Court precedent, the "undue burden" standard should be applied to this case, and that under this standard, the legislation is "likely" unconstitutional on due process grounds; thus Seidlin ordered the legislation temporarily blocked. [38]

In June 2024, the Iowa Supreme Court, in a 4–3 decision, ruled that the July 2023 legislation that generally restricted abortions to six weeks was not unconstitutional based on the "rational basis" standard because it was "rationally related to the state’s legitimate interest in protecting unborn life […] The state’s interest in protecting the unborn can be traced to Iowa’s earliest days". [39] [40] Thus, the Iowa Supreme Court instructed for lifting of the block on the July 2023 law. [40]

Clinic history

Number of abortion clinics in Iowa by year .mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}} This article has an unclear citation style. The reason given is: Graph title indicates 'Indiana' rather than 'Iowa.' The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (January 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Number of abortion clinics in Iowa by year.png
Number of abortion clinics in Iowa by year

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by fourteen, going from 25 in 1982 to eleven in 1992. [41] In 2014, there were twelve abortion clinics in the state. [42] In 2014, 89% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 42% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. [43]

In March 2016, there were 13 Planned Parenthood clinics in the state. [44] In 2017, there were eight Planned Parenthood clinics in a state with a population of 680,659 women aged 15–49 of which five offered abortion services. [14] In 2023, there were nine Planned Parenthood clinics, but Planned Parenthood said it would close three of them. [36]

Governor's 2020 Coronavirus emergency declaration

On March 26, 2020, Governor Kim Reynolds expanded upon previous COVID-19 disaster proclamations to halt elective and non-essential surgeries. [45] The following day her office asserted: "[The] Proclamation suspends all nonessential or elective surgeries and procedures until April 16th, that includes surgical abortion procedures". [46]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were no recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state. [47] In 1990, 302,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy. [41] In 2001, Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin did not provide any residence related data regarding abortions performed in the state to the Centers for Disease Control. [48]

In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 5.3 deaths per 1,000 live births. [49] In 2010, the state had 23 publicly funded abortions, of which were three federally and twenty were state funded. [50] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 380 abortions, 60 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 0 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 60 abortions for women of all other races. [51]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996 [52]
Census division and stateNumberRate % change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
West North Central57,34048,53048,66014.311.911.9–16
Iowa6,9706,0405,78011.49.89.4–17
Kansas12,57010,31010,63022.418.318.9–16
Minnesota16,18014,91014,66015.614.213.9–11
Missouri13,51010,54010,81011.68.99.1–21
Nebraska5,5804,3604,46015.712.112.3–22
North Dakota1,4901,3301,29010.79.69.4–13
South Dakota1,0401,0401,0306.86.66.5–4
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence % obtained by
out-of-state residents		YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
Iowa3,7666.4954,0206.910113.82014 [53]
Iowa3,4675.9883,7226.39415.22016 [54]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Public opinion

In 2014, opinion was about evenly split. 52% of Iowa adults said abortion should be legal, while 46% said it should be illegal in all or most cases, according to a Pew Research Center poll. [55]

In a March 2020 poll by Selzer & Co, 48% of Iowans believe abortion should be legal in all or most cases while 45% believe it should be illegal in all or most cases. [56]

In a September 2021 poll by Selzer & Co, 57% of Iowans believe abortion should be legal in all or most cases while 39% believe it should be illegal in all or most cases. [57]

The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 59% of Iowans said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. [58]

Pro-choice views and activities

Women's March (Iowa City) in 2017. Women's March (Iowa City) 01.jpg
Women's March (Iowa City) in 2017.

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. [59] [60] One protest occurred at the Statehouse in Des Moines, Iowa on May 21, 2019. [61]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, Iowa saw protests in Des Moines and Cedar Rapids. [62] [63] During a protest in Cedar Rapids near the U.S. District Court Federal Court House, a truck ran over a woman's foot. The driver of the truck was later arrested and charged with assault. [64] On July 22, an anti-abortion rights man was arrested after assaulting a group of abortion rights protesters in McGregor. [65]

In Des Moines, Iowa on July 11–12, 2023, a crowd of abortion rights protesters rallied as the Iowa state legislature passed a 6-week abortion ban, just weeks after a similar ban was struck down by the Iowa Supreme Court. Several abortion rights protesters were escorted out of the gallery by police after heckling the legislature. [66]

In Des Moines, Iowa on April 11, 2024, an abortion rights protest was held outside the state courthouse while the Iowa Supreme Court heard oral arguments on a proposed 6-week abortion ban. [67]

In Cedar Rapids, Iowa on June 29, 2024, an abortion rights protest was held following the Iowa Supreme Court's ruling to uphold a 6-week abortion ban. [68]

Pro-life views and activities

Activities

The Marriage Vow or "The Marriage Vow - A Declaration of Dependence Upon Marriage and Family" is a political pledge created by Bob Vander Plaats, a former candidate for Iowa governor, and the Iowa-based conservative group; The Family Leader, a public advocacy organization affiliated with the Iowa Family Policy Center, that he heads. [69] The 2 most notable signatures came from Rick Santorum and Michele Bachmann. Rick Santorum was the first presidential candidate to contact The Family Leader after the organization publicly announced the pledge. Michele Bachmann also contacted The Family Leader to sign the pledge, and became the first Candidate to send her signed document to the organization. [70] Although Newt Gingrich did not sign the pledge, he wrote a lengthy letter in which he upheld many of the principles of the pledge including personal fidelity to his wife, respecting the marital bonds of others, enforcing the defense of marriage act, to support a federal marriage amendment, and to oppose any definition of marriage outside of "one man and one woman." [71] The pledge was also signed by former Texas governor Rick Perry. [72]

Violence

On September 11, 2006, David McMenemy of Rochester Hills, Michigan, crashed his car into the Edgerton Women's Care Center in Davenport, Iowa. He then doused the lobby in gasoline and started a fire. McMenemy committed these acts in the belief that the center was performing abortions; however, Edgerton is not an abortion clinic. [73] Time magazine listed the incident in a "Top 10 Inept Terrorist Plots" list. [74]

During an abortion rights protest on June 24, 2022, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa near the U.S. District Court Federal Court House, a truck ran over a woman's foot. The driver of the truck was later arrested and charged with assault. [64] On July 22, 2022, an anti-abortion rights man was arrested after assaulting a group of abortion rights protesters in McGregor. [65]

Footnotes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion law in the United States by state</span>

    The legality of abortion in the United States and the various restrictions imposed on the procedure vary significantly, depending on the laws of each state or other jurisdiction, although there is no uniform federal law. Some states prohibit abortion at all stages of pregnancy, with few exceptions; others permit it up to a certain point in a woman's pregnancy, while some allow abortion throughout a woman's pregnancy. In states where abortion is legal, several classes of restrictions on the procedure may exist, such as parental consent or notification laws, requirements that patients be shown an ultrasound before obtaining an abortion, mandatory waiting periods, and counseling requirements.

    A six-week abortion ban, also called a "fetal heartbeat bill" by proponents, is a law in the United States which makes abortion illegal as early as six weeks gestational age, which is when proponents claim that a "fetal heartbeat" can be detected. Medical and reproductive health experts, including the American Medical Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say that the reference to a fetal heartbeat is medically inaccurate and misleading, for a conceptus is not called a fetus until eight weeks after fertilization, as well as that at four weeks after fertilization, the embryo has no heart, only a group of cells which will become a heart. Medical professionals advise that a true fetal heartbeat cannot be detected until around 17 to 20 weeks of gestation when the chambers of the heart have become sufficiently developed.

    Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal unless the abortion is necessary to save the life of a pregnant individual.

    Abortion in Texas is illegal in most cases. There are nominally exceptions to save the mother's life, or prevent "substantial impairment of major bodily function", but the law on abortion in Texas is written in such an ambiguous way that life-threatening or harmful pregnancies do not explicitly constitute an exception. Attempts to clarify and codify these exceptions into law have been rejected by Republican lawmakers in Texas.

    Abortion in Alabama is illegal. Historically, Alabama's abortion laws have evolved from strict regulations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to a period of liberalization following the landmark 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, which legalized abortion nationwide. However, Alabama has consistently enacted legislation aimed at restricting access to abortion.

    Abortion in Georgia is illegal after detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity, which typically begins in the fifth or sixth week after the onset of the last menstrual period (LMP), two to three weeks after implantation. Although this law was ruled unconstitutional by a Georgia superior court judge on September 30, 2024, it remains in effect while the state appeals the ruling.

    Abortion in Missouri is nominally legal up to the point of fetal viability as a result of 2024 Missouri Amendment 3 taking effect on December 6, 2024, 30 days after the November 5, 2024 general election. Although it is legal, legal challenges to allow access are ongoing.

    Abortion in Arkansas is illegal except when it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant individual. Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.

    As of 2024, abortion is generally illegal in Indiana. It is only legal in cases involving fatal fetal abnormalities, to preserve the life and physical health of the mother, and in cases of rape or incest up to 10 weeks of pregnancy. Previously abortion in Indiana was legal up to 20 weeks; a near-total ban that was scheduled to take effect on August 1, 2023, was placed on hold due to further legal challenges, but is set to take place, after the Indiana Supreme Court denied an appeal by the ACLU, and once it certifies a previous ruling that an abortion ban doesn't violate the state constitution. In the wake of the 2022 Dobbs Supreme Court ruling, abortion in Indiana remained legal despite Indiana lawmakers voting in favor of a near-total abortion ban on August 5, 2022. Governor Eric Holcomb signed this bill into law the same day. The new law became effective on September 15, 2022. However, on September 22, 2022, Special Judge Kelsey B. Hanlon of the Monroe County Circuit Court granted a preliminary injunction against the enforcement of the ban. Her ruling allows the state's previous abortion law, which allows abortions up to 20 weeks after fertilization with exceptions for rape and incest, to remain in effect.

    Abortion in Kansas is legal. Kansas law allows for an abortion up to 20 weeks post-fertilization. After that point, only in cases of life or severely compromised physical health may an abortion be performed. In July 2024, the Kansas Supreme Court struck down two abortion restrictions.

    Abortion is illegal in Kentucky, except to save a pregnant woman’s life or to prevent disabling injury.

    Abortion in Michigan is legal throughout pregnancy. A state constitutional amendment to explicitly guarantee abortion rights was placed on the ballot in 2022 as Michigan Proposal 22–3; it passed with 57 percent of the vote, adding the right to abortion and contraceptive use to the Michigan Constitution. The amendment largely prevents the regulation of abortion before fetal viability, unless said regulations are to protect the individual seeking an abortion, and it also makes it unconstitutional to make laws restricting abortions which would protect the life and health, physical and/or mental, of the pregnant individual seeking abortion.

    Abortion in Mississippi is illegal. The new law took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch certified on June 27, the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24 of that year. State Attorney General Lynn Fitch's certification made Mississippi's 2007 'trigger law' go into effect and ban all abortions in the state, “except in the case where necessary for the preservation of the mother's life or where the pregnancy was caused by rape".

    Abortion in Nebraska is mostly illegal after the 12th week of pregnancy.

    Abortion in North Dakota is technically legal, but with no current providers. The state's sole abortion clinic, the Red River Women's Clinic, relocated to Minnesota.

    Abortion in Ohio is legal up to the point of fetal viability as a result of abortion rights being placed into the Ohio State Constitution by November 2023 Ohio Issue 1.

    Abortion in South Carolina is illegal after detection of a "fetal heartbeat", usually around 6 weeks from the woman's last menstrual period, when many women are not yet aware that they are pregnant. On May 25, 2023, Governor Henry McMaster signed a 6-week ban, and it took effect immediately. The ban was blocked in court the next day but was reinstated by the South Carolina Supreme Court on August 23.

    Abortion in Tennessee is illegal from fertilization except to "prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman". Tennessee is one of four states which prohibit abortion in their state constitution; alongside Alabama, Louisiana, and West Virginia.

    Abortion in Florida is generally illegal after six weeks from the woman's last menstrual period, This law came into effect in May 2024, being approved by Republican Governor Ron DeSantis following its passage in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate, with only Republican state legislators supporting. Additionally, pregnant women are generally required to make two visits to a medical facility 24 hours apart to be able to obtain an abortion, in a law approved by Republican Governor Rick Scott in 2015.

    Abortion in Wyoming is legal up to fetal viability. A temporary court injunction was filed against an attempted near total abortion ban in 2023, and a Wyoming judge struck down the abortion ban in 2024.

    References

    1. ↑ Iowa General Assembly. "HF732". LegiScan. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
    2. ↑ Clayworth, Jason (July 29, 2024). "Iowa's abortion ban, one of the nation's strictest, takes effect". Axios . Retrieved July 30, 2024.
    3. 1 2 3 Akin, Katie; Ramm, Michaela (July 12, 2023). "What is a 'fetal heartbeat?' What you should know about Iowa's new 6-week abortion bill". Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
    4. 1 2 Gruber-Miller, Stephen; Akin, Katie; Bacharier, Galen (July 12, 2023). "Iowa Legislature passes bill banning most abortions after about 6 weeks; governor to sign Friday". USA Today . Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
    5. 1 2 Various sources:
      1. Fingernut, Hannah (July 29, 2024). "Iowa now bans most abortions after about 6 weeks, before many women know they're pregnant". Associated Press . Retrieved August 5, 2024. …prohibiting most abortions after about six weeks of pregnancy, before many women know they are pregnant.
      2. Campbell, Josh (July 30, 2024). "Iowa starts enforcing six-week abortion ban". Reuters . Retrieved August 5, 2024. …ban on abortions after six weeks of pregnancy … bans abortion before many women know they are pregnant
      3. Ahmed, Issam (July 29, 2024). "Iowa Latest US State To Adopt Near-total Abortion Ban". Barron's . Agence France-Presse . Retrieved August 5, 2024. The law prohibits terminating nearly all pregnancies after six weeks -- the point at which cardiac activity can be detected -- even though many women do not realize they are pregnant at this stage.
      4. Sherman, Carter (July 30, 2024). "More US women have tried to induce their own abortion since fall of Roe – report". The Guardian . Retrieved August 5, 2024. Iowa became the fourth state to ban the procedure past about six weeks of pregnancy, before many women even know they are pregnant.
      5. Krebs, Natalie (June 28, 2024). "Iowa Supreme Court rules 6-week abortion ban can go into effect". Iowa Public Radio . Retrieved August 5, 2024. …cardiac activity is detected, which can be as early as six weeks of pregnancy. That is before many people know they're pregnant. It effectively bans most procedures in Iowa.
      6. Ramm, Michaela (July 17, 2024). "As Iowa's 'fetal heartbeat' abortion ban looms, clinics prepare for an uncertain future". Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024. The law bans most abortions after fetal cardiac activity can be detected, typically at about six weeks of pregnancy – before many women know they're pregnant.
    6. ↑ Morris, William (2024). "6-week abortion ban can take effect, Iowa Supreme Court rules, ending injunction". The Des Moines Register.
    7. ↑ "US abortion: Iowa's top court upholds six-week abortion ban law". BBC News. 2024.
    8. 1 2 Smith, Mitch (June 28, 2024). "Iowa Supreme Court Allows Six-Week Abortion Ban to Take Effect". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331.
    9. 1 2 Morris, William; Ramm, Michaela (July 30, 2024). "What you should know about Iowa's 6-week abortion ban that is now in effect". Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
    10. ↑ "Des Moines Register". The Des Moines Register .
    11. ↑ "Judge declares Iowa fetal heartbeat law unconstitutional". Associated Press . January 23, 2019.
    12. 1 2 3 Buell, Samuel (January 1, 1991). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID   11652642.
    13. 1 2 3 4 5 Tavernise, Sabrina (May 15, 2019). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
    14. 1 2 "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood" . Retrieved May 23, 2019.
    15. ↑ "Nearly all abortions banned in Iowa as Gov. Kim Reynolds signs 'fetal heartbeat' law". Des Moines Register. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
    16. 1 2 Leys, Tony (January 23, 2019). "Iowa 'fetal heartbeat' abortion restriction declared unconstitutional". USA Today. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
    17. ↑ "U.S. Department of Labor - Employment Protection For Workers Who Are Pregnant Or Nursing". www.dol.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
    18. ↑ "Iowa No State Constitutional Right to Abortion Amendment (2024)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
    19. ↑ Gruber-Miller, Stephen (July 6, 2023). "What to know about Gov. Kim Reynolds' call for a special session to pass new abortion laws". Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
    20. ↑ Wax-Thibodeaux, Emily; Roubein, Rachel; Ables, Kelsey (July 12, 2023). "GOP-controlled Iowa legislature votes to ban abortion after about six weeks". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
    21. ↑ "'Fetal heartbeat' bill: How each Iowa lawmaker voted in special session". kcci.com . July 12, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
    22. ↑ Fingerhut, Hannah (July 14, 2023). "Iowa Bans Most Abortions After 6 Weeks". HuffPost . Retrieved July 15, 2023.
    23. ↑ Ross, Kendall; Kekatos, Mary (July 18, 2023). "Iowa judge temporarily halts 6-week abortion law". ABC News . Retrieved August 5, 2024.
    24. ↑ "Planned Parenthood of the Heartland, Inc., Emma Goldman Clinic, and Jill Meadows, M.d., V. Kim Reynolds ex rel. State of Iowa and Iowa Board of Medicine" (PDF). CourthouseNews.com. Courthouse News Service. May 15, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
    25. ↑ ACLU Iowa (May 15, 2018). "ACLU, Planned Parenthood, Emma Goldman Clinic File Lawsuit to Block Iowa Abortion Law". aclu.ia.org. American Civil Liberties Union and the ACLU Foundation. Retrieved February 10, 2019. The lawsuit is being filed by the ACLU of Iowa and the Planned Parenthood Federation of America as co-counsel on behalf of Planned Parenthood of the Heartland and Dr Jill Meadows. The Emma Goldman Clinic of Iowa City is also a co-plaintiff in the case.
    26. ↑ "ACLU, Planned Parenthood & Others File Lawsuit to Block Iowa Abortion Law". ACLU of Iowa. May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
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    28. ↑ Leys, Tony (January 23, 2019). "Iowa 'fetal heartbeat' abortion restriction declared unconstitutional". USA Today. Retrieved February 10, 2019. In his decision striking down the abortion law, Polk County District Judge Michael Huppert cited the Iowa Supreme Court's ruling last year in a challenge to a different abortion-restriction law. The high court held that "a woman's right to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy is a fundamental right under the Iowa Constitution" in that ruling.
    29. ↑ "Republicans hope a challenge to Iowa's fetal heartbeat bill will overturn Roe v. Wade. How would that work?". Des Moines Register. May 1, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
    30. ↑ "Text of Senate Joint Resolution 9-Introduced". legis.iowa.gov. Iowa Legislature. Retrieved February 14, 2019. A Joint Resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the State of Iowa that the Constitution of the State of Iowa does not secure or protect a right to or require the funding of abortion.
    31. ↑ "IA SJR9 - 2019-2020 - 88th General Assembly". legiscan.com. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Introduced: on January 24, 2019
    32. ↑ "IA HJR5 - 2019-2020 - 88th General Assembly". legiscan.com. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Introduced: on February 6, 2019
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    37. ↑ "Iowa Supreme Court deadlocks 3-3 on 'fetal heartbeat' abortion ban. It won't go into effect". Des Moines Register . June 16, 2023.
    38. ↑ Laird, Rox (July 17, 2023). "Iowa judge blocks enforcement of six-week abortion ban". Courthouse News . Retrieved August 5, 2024.
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    45. ↑ Richardson, Ian. "Iowa orders additional retail closures, halts elective and nonessential surgeries and dental procedures". Des Moines Register. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
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