Abortion in Oklahoma

Last updated

Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal unless the abortion is necessary to save the life of a pregnant woman.

Contents

Oklahoma banned abortion in 1910 and it remained banned until the United States' Supreme Court 1973 decision Roe v. Wade . Oklahoma became the first state in the United States to institute a ban on abortion from fertilisation post-Roe v. Wade in April 2022, two months before the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the case in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization . In March 2023, the Oklahoma Supreme Court found the Oklahoma Constitution's provisions guaranteeing due process and a right to life guaranteed a limited right to an abortion when there is reasonable certainty pregnancy threatens a woman's life.

History

Oklahoma passed a law in 1910 that made "anyone who caused a woman to miscarry her baby guilty of a felony." [1]

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. [2]

The state passed a law in the 2000s banning abortions after 22 weeks because legislators alleged that a fetus could feel pain. [3]

The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement. [4] The law required that materials be created by the Oklahoma State Department of Health. [5] The informed consent materials were required by statute to be given to women and used graphic and inflammatory language. The law also required the woman to be told how far advanced her pregnancy was. Oklahoma law required that women seeking abortions after 20 weeks be verbally informed that the fetus may feel pain during the abortion procedure, despite a Journal of the American Medical Association conclusion that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until between weeks 23 and 30. Informed consent materials about fetal pain at 20 weeks stated "the unborn child has the physical structures necessary to experience pain." In contrast, TheJournal of the American Medical Association has concluded that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until 23–30 weeks. [6] It should be stated that some research does agree with the principle of the law, including findings of the Journal of Medical Ethics, more recent evidence calls into question the necessity of the cortex for pain and demonstrating functional thalamic connectivity into the subplate is used to argue that the neuroscience cannot definitively rule out fetal pain before 24 weeks.

A 2009 Oklahoma law, overturned by a federal court in 2010, would have required doctors to report information from a 37-question form about every woman receiving an abortion to the state health department for publication in an online registry. [7] A lawyer for the Center for Reproductive Rights, a co-plaintiff in the lawsuit challenging the law, said the law would have made public potentially identifying details about women, and was intended to dissuade women from seeking abortions. [8] Todd Lamb, who sponsored the law as a state senator, called it "essential in protecting the sanctity of life" and "pro-life". [7] A fetal heartbeat bill (SB 1274) was signed into law by then-Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin in April 2012 that required an abortion provider to offer a woman the opportunity to hear the conceptus's heartbeat before ending the pregnancy and applied when the conceptus was at least eight weeks old. The bill took effect in November 2012. [9]

In 2013, the Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions in addition to abortion clinics. [10] On November 4, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal by the state of Oklahoma to the overturning, on constitutional grounds, of a bill intended to ban the practice of terminations of early pregnancies via medication. [11]

In 2016, Oklahoma state legislators passed a bill to criminalize abortion for providers, potentially charging them with up to three years in prison. [12] [13] [14] On May 20, 2016, Governor Mary Fallin vetoed the bill before it could become law, citing its wording as too vague to withstand a legal challenge. [15] [13] [14] The state legislature was one of four states nationwide that tried, and failed, to pass a "fetal heartbeat" bill in 2016. [14]

In 2017, the state was one of six where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. [14] They were also one of eight states trying to pass a "fetal heartbeat" bill that year. [14] The state legislature tried and failed to ban abortion again in 2018. They also tried and failed to pass a "fetal heartbeat" bill that year. [14] In mid-May 2019, state law banned abortion after week 22. [13]

In March 2020, Governor Kevin Stitt signed an executive order to limit elective medical procedures, later confirming that all types of abortion services were included, except for those necessary in a medical emergency or to "prevent serious health risks" to the pregnant woman. On April 6, federal judge Charles Barnes Goodwin blocked the executive order, ruling that the state "acted in an 'unreasonable,' 'arbitrary,' and 'oppressive' way," which "imposed an 'undue' burden on abortion access" in Oklahoma. [16]

Oklahoma's abortion ban took effect on May 25, 2022, when Governor Kevin Stitt signed HB 4327 into law, and abortion providers ceased offering services in Oklahoma as of that date. [17] [18] HB 4327 is modeled after the Texas Heartbeat Act and is enforced solely through civil lawsuits brought by private citizens, making it exceedingly difficult for abortion providers to challenge the constitutionality of the statute in court. [19] [20] The usage of the term fetal heartbeat in this type of bill is contentious, with medical professionals positing that the terminology is inaccurate. This is because at the proposed time, (as early as 6 weeks) the conceptus is not yet considered a fetus, and is actually an embryo. Additionally, as there is no heart present in the embryo, it would more accurately be called a cluster of cells with electrical activity. [21] [22] Oklahoma was the first state to successfully ban abortion from the moment of fertilization post- Roe v. Wade . [23] The Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization No. 19-1392 , 597 U.S. ___(2022) in June 2022. [24]

In March 2023, a 5-4 majority of the Oklahoma Supreme Court found that the Oklahoma Constitution guarantee of a right to life included a "limited right" to life-saving abortions when there is "reasonable" certainty pregnancy threatens a person's life and that the Oklahoma Legislature's requirement of an "imminent medical emergency" violated that right. [25] [26] The Court declined to comment on the constitutionality of bans on elective abortions. [26] On May 31, 2023, the Oklahoma Supreme Court overturned Senate Bill 1503 and House Bill 4327 as unconstitutional limitations on the right to abortion in the state. SB 1503, authored by Senator Julie Daniels, had banned abortion from the detection of a fetal heartbeat (usually about 6 weeks into a pregnancy). It allowed for an exception for "medical emergencies," but did not define the term. HB 4237, authored by Representative Wendi Stearman, had been described as the "strictest abortion ban in the country" and prevented abortion from conception and had exceptions for saving the life of the mother and rapes that had been reported to police. [27]

On September 12, 2023, a woman filed an administrative complaint with the U.S Department of Health and Human Services against a hospital in Oklahoma, stating that she was denied an abortion by two different Oklahoma hospitals despite having dangerous pregnancy complications. [28]

History of clinics

Number of abortion clinics in Oklahoma by year Number of abortion clinics in Oklahoma by year.png
Number of abortion clinics in Oklahoma by year

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by seven, going from eighteen in 1982 to eleven in 1992. [29] In the period between 1992 and 1996, the state saw no change in the total number of abortion clinics. [30] While only three states saw gains in this period, this state was one of four to see no changes with 11 abortion clinics in the state in 1996. In 2014, there were three abortion clinics in the state. [31] In 2014, 96% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 54% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. [32] In 2014, 51% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. [33] In 2017, there were six Planned Parenthood clinics, of which one offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 882,108 women aged 15–49. [34]

The first new clinic to provide abortion care opened in Oklahoma City in 2016, Trust Women Oklahoma City. [35] [36] As of 2022, there are no abortion providers offering services in Oklahoma as a result of HB 4327. [37]

History of the abortion-rights movement

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. [38] Many Oklahoman's who were supportive of abortion started protesting following restrictions on the procedure that were signed into law in May 2022. [39] [40] In June 2022, additional protests across several cities such as Oklahoma City, Norman, and Tulsa had risen substantially after the Supreme Court's ruling on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there was one illegal abortion death in Oklahoma. [46] In the same period, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15–44 of between 0.1 and 0.9. [46] In 1990, 328,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy. [29] In 2010, the state had no publicly funded abortions. [47] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 460 abortions, 110 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 0 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 140 abortions for women of all other races. [48] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 7.7 deaths per 1,000 live births. [49]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996 [30]
Census division and stateNumberRate % change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
US Total1,528,9301,363,6901,365,73025.922.922.9–12
West South Central127,070119,200120,61019.61818.1–8
Arkansas7,1306,0106,20013.511.111.4–15
Louisiana13,60014,82014,74013.414.714.710
Oklahoma8,9409,1308,40012.512.911.8–5
Texas97,40089,24091,27023.120.520.7–10
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence% obtained by

out-of-state residents

YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
Oklahoma4,8086.3904,9166.4928.72014 [50]
Oklahoma4,8136.3914,7096.18982015 [51]
Oklahoma4,4095.7844,2945.6828.02016 [52]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Related Research Articles

Abortion is the termination of human pregnancy, often performed in the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade recognized a constitutional right to obtain an abortion without excessive government restriction, and in 1992 the Court in Planned Parenthood v. Casey invalidated restrictions that create an undue burden on people seeking abortions. Since then, there has continued to be an abortion debate in the United States, and some states have passed laws in the form of regulation of abortions but which have the purpose or effect of restricting its provision. The proponents of such laws argue they do not create an undue burden. Some state laws that impact the availability of abortions have been upheld by courts. In 2022, Roe and Casey were overturned by the Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, meaning that states may now regulate abortion in ways that were not previously permitted.

Abortion in Alabama is illegal. Under section 26-23H-4 of the Code of Alabama in the U.S. state of Alabama, it is unlawful for an abortion to be performed unless it is deemed absolutely necessary in order to prevent a serious health risk to the pregnant woman. There are no exceptions for rape or incest.

Abortion in Georgia is legal up to the detection of an embryonic heartbeat, which typically begins in the 5th or 6th week after the onset of the last menstrual period (LMP) or in two to three weeks after implantation. This law came into force on July 20, 2022, almost a month after the U.S. Supreme Court's Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) ruling. In 2007, mandatory ultrasound requirements were passed by state legislators. Georgia has continually sought to legislate against abortion at a state level since 2011. The most recent example, 2019's HB 481, sought to make abortion illegal as soon as an embryonic heartbeat can be detected; in most cases that is around the six-week mark of a pregnancy. Many women are not aware they are pregnant at this time. An injunction was issued against this bill by a federal judge, who ruled that it contravened the Supreme Court's 1973 ruling. A poll conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2014 found that 49% of Georgians believed abortions should be illegal in all or most cases vs 48% legal in all or most cases.

Abortion in Missouri is illegal, with abortions only being legal in cases of medical emergency and several additional laws making access to abortion services difficult. In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 52% of Missouri adults said that abortion should be legal vs. 46% that believe it should be illegal in all or most cases. According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, 51% of white women in the state believed that abortion is legal in all or most cases.

Abortion in Arkansas is illegal except when it is necessary to save the life of the mother. Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.

Abortion in Delaware is legal up to the point of fetal viability. 55% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal and 38% stated it should be illegal in all or most cases. There was a therapeutic exceptions in the state's legislative ban on abortions by 1900. Informed consent laws were on the books by 2007. In 2017, Senator Bryan Townsend, D-Newark introduced legislation to try to make clear that abortion would remain legal in the state in case 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling was overturned. The legislation was subsequently updated. Attempts have been made to introduce mandatory ultrasound laws, but they failed to get out of committee. State legislators tried to move ahead the week at which a woman could get a legal abortion in 2019.

Abortion in Idaho is illegal from fertilization. Following the overturning of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion in Idaho was criminalized by the trigger law which states that a person who performs an abortion may face two to five years of imprisonment. The ban allows exceptions for rape, incest, or maternal health. The law took effect on August 25, 2022.

Abortion in Kansas is legal. Kansas law allows for an abortion up to 20 weeks postfertilization. After that point, only in cases of life or severely compromised physical health may an abortion be performed, with this limit set on the belief that a fetus can feel pain after that point in the pregnancy. The state also had detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement by 2007. Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics were in place by 2013. In 2015, Kansas became the first state to ban the dilation and evacuation procedure, a common second-trimester abortion procedure. State laws about abortion have been challenged at the Kansas Supreme Court and US Supreme Court level. On August 2, 2022, Kansas voters rejected a constitutional amendment that would have allowed the Republican-controlled legislature to restrict or ban abortion in Kansas, following the overturning of Roe v. Wade.

Abortion in Kentucky is illegal. There were laws in Kentucky about abortion by 1900, including ones with therapeutic exceptions. In 1998, the state passed legislation that required clinics to have an abortion clinic license if they wanted to operate. By the early 2010s, members of the Kentucky Legislature attempted to ban abortion in almost all cases and had also introduced the early abortion bans. Prior to 2019, Kentucky law prohibited abortions after week 22. This changed when the state legislature passed a law that moved the prohibition to week 6 in the early part of the year. In that year, 57% of people in Kentucky said abortion should be "illegal in all or most cases." A bill passed and made effective in April 2022 lowered the threshold to 15 weeks, the second most restrictive limit in effect in the United States behind Texas, and introduced regulations that made abortion illegal until it was blocked in federal court.

Abortion in Maine is legal throughout all stages of pregnancy, though it must be approved as "necessary" by a licensed physician after fetal viability. According to a poll by the Pew Research Center, 64% of adults said that abortion should be legal with 33% stating that it should be illegal in all or most cases.

Abortion in Minnesota is legal until fetal viability. The Minnesota Supreme Court ruled the Minnesota Constitution conferred a right to an abortion in 1995 and the DFL-led Minnesota Legislature passed and Minnesota Governor Tim Walz signed into law a bill in 2023 to recognize a right to reproductive freedom and preventing local units of government from limiting that right, making Minnesota the first state in the nation in the post-Roe era to ensure residents have a legal right to an abortion.

Abortion in Mississippi is illegal. The new law took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch certified on June 27, the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24 of that year.

Abortion in North Dakota is illegal. The state's sole abortion clinic relocated to Minnesota.

Abortion in Ohio is legal on request up to the point of fetal viability. After viability, abortion is legal if, in the professional judgement of an attending physician, the abortion is necessary to protect the pregnant individual’s life or health.

Abortion in South Carolina is legal up to when an embryonic heartbeat can be detected, usually around 6 weeks gestation. On May 25, 2023, Governor Henry McMaster signed a 6-week ban, and it took effect immediately. The ban was indefinitely blocked in court on May 26, and reinstated by the South Carolina Supreme Court on August 23.

Abortion in South Dakota is illegal. Anyone who induces an abortion is guilty of a Class 6 felony. An exception is included to "preserve the life of the pregnant female," given appropriate and reasonable medical judgment.

Abortion in Tennessee is illegal from fertilization, except to "prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman".

Abortion in Utah is legally performed under a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the state's trigger law, which bans abortion. According to HB136, which is effective state law from June 28, 2022, abortions are banned following 18 weeks of gestation. Abortion was banned following the Supreme Court case, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24, 2022. Utah State Legislation enacted SB 174 in May 2020, which, upon the overturn of Roe v. Wade, made inducing an abortion a second-degree felony. The law includes exceptions for pregnancies "caused by rape or incest," pregnancies that put the mother's life at risk, or "if two doctors say the fetus has a lethal defect." Rape and incest exceptions will only be viable if the crimes were previously reported to law enforcement officials.

Abortion in Iowa is legal up to 20 weeks of gestation. A 6-week abortion ban has been indefinitely blocked in court.

Abortion in Wyoming is currently legal due to a temporary court injunction.

References

  1. ↑ Green, Lauren (June 14, 2022). "Oklahoma full abortion ban harkens back over 100 years". The Norman Transcript. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  2. ↑ Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID   11652642.
  3. ↑ Times, The New York. "Abortion Restrictions in States". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  4. ↑ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  5. ↑ "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials". Guttmacher Institute. 2006-10-25. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  6. ↑ "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  7. 1 2 Donaldson James, Susan (February 19, 2010). "Okla. Strikes Down Law That Would Have 'Undressed' Women". ABC News. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Oklahoma abortion law to force women to list personal details online". Daily Telegraph. October 19, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Oklahoma governor signs fetal heartbeat bill". NewsOK.com. April 28, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  10. ↑ "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  11. ↑ Court lets stand an Oklahoma ruling that a state abortion law is unconstitutional' [ dead link ], The Washington Post , Juliet Eilperin, 12 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  12. ↑ "Oklahoma lawmakers approve bill to revoke licenses of abortion doctors". Reuters. 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
  13. 1 2 3 Tavernise, Sabrina (2019-05-15). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  15. ↑ "Gov. Fallin vetoes bill that would make performing an abortion a felony". KFOR.com. 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
  16. ↑ Kelly, Caroline (April 6, 2020). "Oklahoma judge blocks state order restricting abortion during coronavirus outbreak". CNN. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  17. ↑ Smith, Karen; Stracqualursi, Veronica (May 25, 2022). "Oklahoma GOP governor signs one of nation's strictest abortion bills into law". CNN . Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  18. ↑ DiMartino, Jessie (May 25, 2022). "Oklahoma governor signs the nation's strictest abortion ban". abcnews.go.com. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  19. ↑ Vander Ploeg, Luke (May 25, 2022). "Oklahoma Governor Signs Bill That Bans Most Abortions". New York Times . Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  20. ↑ "Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson, No. 21-463" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  21. ↑ Rogers, Adam. "'Heartbeat' Bills Get the Science of Fetal Heartbeats All Wrong". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  22. ↑ "ACOG Guide to Language and Abortion". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  23. ↑ Borter, Gabriella (2022-05-20). "Oklahoma lawmakers pass near-total abortion ban". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  24. ↑ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  25. ↑ Chen, Shawna (March 21, 2023). "Oklahoma Supreme Court: State constitution grants "limited right" to abortion". Axios. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  26. 1 2 Sweeney, Catherine (March 21, 2023). "Oklahoma Supreme Court clarifies medical exemptions in the state's abortion ban". KOSU . Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  27. ↑ Hober, Barbara (June 1, 2023). "Oklahoma Supreme Court rules two abortion ban laws unconstitutional". Tulsa World . Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  28. ↑ El-Bawab, Nadine (September 12, 2023). "Women, doctors announce legal action against abortion bans in 3 states". ABC News. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
  29. 1 2 Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. Diane Publishing. ISBN   9780788174810.
  30. 1 2 "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  31. ↑ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved May 23, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ Panetta, Grace; lee, Samantha (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  33. ↑ "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  34. ↑ "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood" . Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  35. ↑ "Oklahoma's first new abortion clinic in 40 years opens doors". Associated Press . 16 September 2016.
  36. ↑ "Clinics Overview".
  37. ↑ Porter, Gabriella (May 25, 2022). "Oklahoma governor signs into law strictest abortion ban in the U.S." Reuters . Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  38. ↑ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA Today. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  39. ↑ Money, Jack. "Abortion rights supporters rally Saturday at Oklahoma Capitol". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  40. ↑ Arata, Katie (2022-05-14). "Hundreds rally at Oklahoma State Capitol in support of abortion rights". KOKH. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  41. ↑ "Protests scheduled in Oklahoma City, Norman after Roe v. Wade abortion law overturned". KFOR.com Oklahoma City. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  42. ↑ "People in Oklahoma react to decision to overturn Roe v. Wade". KOCO. 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  43. ↑ "Norman protesters want answers on how abortion laws will be enforced". KFOR.com Oklahoma City. 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  44. ↑ World, Jacob Factor Tulsa. "Tulsans protest overturning of Roe v. Wade, plan to work to restore reproductive rights". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  45. ↑ "Multiple pro-abortion protests taking place across Oklahoma City Sunday". KFOR.com Oklahoma City. 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  46. 1 2 Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR   2133995. PMID   1269687.
  47. ↑ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  48. ↑ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  49. ↑ "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  50. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   29166366.
  51. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   30462632.
  52. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1 . ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   31774741.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.