Abortion in Missouri

Last updated

Abortion in Missouri is legal up to the point of fetal viability as a result of 2024 Missouri Amendment 3 taking effect on December 6, 2024, 30 days after the November 5, 2024 general election. Although it is legal, legal challenges to allow access are ongoing. [1]

Contents

State law provides that any constitutional amendment or new constitution shall take effect at the end of 30 days after the election when approved by a simple majority of the votes cast on the measure. [2]

Abortion in Missouri was legalized after the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. Peaking at 29 abortion clinics in 1982, the number began to decline, going from twelve in 1992 to one in 2014, down to zero for a time in 2016, but back to one from 2017 to May 2019 when the last remaining clinic announced it would likely lose its license. However, the clinic remained open as of 2020. According to the Guttmacher Institute, in 2017, there were 4,710 abortions in Missouri. There was an eight percent decline in the abortion rate in Missouri between 2014 and 2017, from 4.4 to 4.0 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age.

From 2022 to 2024, abortions were only legal in cases of medical emergencies, with several additional laws designed to make accessing abortion services difficult. [3] [4] In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 45% of Missouri adults said that abortion should be legal vs. 50% that believe it should be illegal in all or most cases and 5% that do not know. [5] The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 55% of Missourians said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. [6] According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, 51% of white women in the state believed that abortion is legal in all or most cases. [7]

Amendment 3, an initiative approved for the Missouri ballot in November 2024, passed. The initiative legalized abortion in the state up to the point of fetal viability by amending the state's constitution. [8] [9] [10] [11]

Context

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a women's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health and, children's health.  These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools. [12] In 2017, Georgia, Ohio, Missouri, Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi have among the highest rates of infant mortality in the United States. [12] In 2017, Missouri had an infant mortality rate of 6.2 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. [12] Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act was rejected by Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi and Missouri. Consequently, poor women in the typical age range to become mothers had a gap in coverage for prenatal care. According to Georgetown University Center for Children and Families research professor Adam Searing, "The uninsured rate for women of childbearing age is nearly twice as high in states that have not expanded Medicaid. That means many more women don't have health coverage before getting pregnant or after having their children. If states expanded Medicaid coverage, they would improve the health of mothers and babies and save lives." [12] According to the 2018 America's Health Rankings, Missouri ranked 42nd among US states for maternal mortality. [12]

Following the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022, the United States maternal and infant mortality rate rose for the first time in 20 years. More than 30 states saw at least slight rises in infant mortality rates in 2022, but four had statistically significant increases - Georgia, Iowa, Missouri and Texas. [13]

History

Legislative history

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions. [14] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens. [14]

Missouri passed a parental consent law in the early 1990s. This law impacted when minors sought abortions, resulting in an increase of 19% to 22% for abortions sought after 12 weeks. [15] [16] The state was one of 10 states in 2007 to have a customary informed consent provision for abortions. [17]

In 2015, the state was one of five where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. They tried and failed again in 2017 and 2018. [18] The 2018 bill was introduced in the legislature to ban abortion after 15 weeks. [19] Around 2016, the state legislature passed a law that said facilities providing abortions needed to be licensed ambulatory surgical centers and to have hospital admitting privileges. [20] The state legislature was one of eight states nationwide that tried and failed to pass a fetal heartbeat bill in 2017. They tried and failed again in 2018. [18]

Nationally, 2019 was one of the most active years for state legislatures to try to pass abortion rights restrictions. These state governments generally saw this as a positive sign that new moves to restrict abortion rights, would less likely face resistance by the courts. [18] In mid-2019, the state legislature passed a law that would make abortion illegal in almost all cases after eight weeks. The state was one of several states that passed such laws in May 2019 - others were Georgia, Louisiana, and Alabama. The law was a "fetal heartbeat" bill. [21] [22] [18]

Dates of when heartbeat laws come into effect (as of May 25, 2019) Heartbeat Bills Effective Dates May 2019.png
Dates of when heartbeat laws come into effect (as of May 25, 2019)

Two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in Missouri on January 9, 2019. [3] [23] SB 139 was filed in the Missouri Senate by Sen. Andrew Koenig; the bill died in committee. HB 126 was filed in the Missouri House of Representatives by Rep. Nick Schroer. [24] On January 30, 2019, HB 126 was referred to the Children and Families Committee, and on February 12, 2019, a public hearing on the bill was completed. [25] On February 21, 2018, HB 126 was voted out of committee to the full House with the recommendation that it "do pass". [26] [27] On February 27, 2019, HB 126 was passed out of the Missouri House and was sent to the state Senate. [28] Missouri's House Speaker Elijah Haahr has said he supports the "heartbeat bill" calling it a top priority for the 2019 session. [29] [30] When asked if he would sign a fetal heartbeat bill, Governor Mike Parson said, "I've been pro-life my entire career, and I support that all the time." [31] At the time the bill passed, only 25% of the state legislators were female. [32]

In March 2019, Missouri Family Health Council was the state's only Title X administrator.  The Council distributed approximately 34% of its funding to Planned Parenthood clinics. [33] In 2019, women in Missouri were eligible for pregnancy accommodation and pregnancy-related disability as a result of legal abortion or miscarriage, and women who claimed such disability could not be treated differently than any other employee claiming disability. [34] [35]

On June 24, 2022, following the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt signed a proclamation bringing into effect the state's "trigger law", banning all non-medically necessary abortions. [36]

On June 24, 2022, following the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt signed a legal opinion bringing into effect the state's "trigger law", HB126, banning all non-medically necessary abortions. [36] Schmitt signed the opinion within minutes of the Dobbs decision being announced, and the Missouri Attorney General's Office thereafter declared that "Missouri has become the first in the country to effectively end abortion." [37]

In December 2023, a bill proposing homicide charges for pregnant individuals who obtain abortions was proposed. The bill was withdrawn a few days later, following bipartisan backlash. [38]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. [14] In 1979, a court found that the part of Missouri law dealing with women having abortions after the first trimester needing to have it performed in a hospital was unconstitutional. [39] Webster v. Reproductive Health Services was before the US Supreme Court in 1989. The Court ruled in a case over a Missouri law that banned abortions from being performed in public buildings unless there was a need to save the life of the mother. It required physicians to determine if a fetus was past 20 weeks and was viable in addition to other restrictions on a woman's ability to get an abortion.  The US Supreme Court essentially ruled in favor of the law, but made clear that this was not an overruling of Roe v. Wade. [40] However, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , No. 19-1392 , 597 U.S. ___(2022) later in 2022. [41] [42]

In 2019, a judge blocked a state law that would have banned abortion after eight weeks. [43]

In 2023, some religious leaders initiated a lawsuit against the abortion ban, arguing that the underlying law had unconstitutionally imposed certain religious beliefs. [44] The abortion law includes the following quote: "In recognition that Almighty God is the author of life, that all men and women are ‘endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among those are Life." [45] In June 2024, Judge Jason Sengheiser rejected this lawsuit, stating: "While the determination that life begins at conception may run counter to some religious beliefs, it is not itself necessarily a religious belief". [45]

Clinic history

Number of abortion clinics in Missouri by year Number of abortion clinics in Missouri by year.png
Number of abortion clinics in Missouri by year

Following the Roe v. Wade ruling, several abortion clinics were quickly set up in the state. These included private suppliers, many of which remained in the state during the 1980s. [20] Reproductive Health Services was a non-profit that provided abortion services in the state operating during that time. [20] Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by 17, going from 29 in 1982 to 12 in 1992. [46]

Planned Parenthood in St. Louis took over operations of Reproductive Health Services on May 1, 1996. Before this, while Planned Parenthood had operated in the state, they had not provided abortion services. [20] In 1998, they moved three blocks to a new building. [20] After TRAP laws came into effect in Missouri and Texas, women had to travel even greater distances to be able to visit an abortion clinic. [47]

In 2014, there was only one abortion clinic in the state. [48] In 2014, 99% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 94% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. [47] In March 2016, there were 13 Planned Parenthood clinics in the state. [49] In 2016, Planned Parenthood's clinic that provided abortions in Colombia had to stop doing so while they faced a court injunction they were challenging over the legal need to be a licensed ambulatory surgical center and to have hospital admitting privileges. [20]

In 2017, there were 12 Planned Parenthood clinics, of which 1 offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 1,365,575 women aged 15–49. [50] [20] Reproductive Health Services of Planned Parenthood St. Louis Region was the only licensed abortion service provider in the state in 2017, providing reproductive services primarily to women from Missouri and Illinois but also ten other states. Only about 10% of their operations were related to abortion services. [20] In May 2019, the state was one of six states in the nation with only one abortion clinic. [51] On May 28, 2019, the sole remaining abortion clinic in Missouri announced it would likely be shutting down by the end of the week as the state pulled its operating license. [52] They were seeking an injunction to prevent that from happening. [53] They succeeded when Missouri Circuit Court Judge Michael Stelzer granted a temporary request, saying in giving the order that the clinic "demonstrated that immediate and irreparable injury will result" and also saying that doing so "is necessary to preserve the status quo and prevent irreparable injury." [54] He then set a hearing date for June 4, 2019. [54]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there was zero recorded illegal abortion death in the state. [55] In 1990, 597,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy. [46] In 2010, the state had zero publicly funded abortions. [56] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 670 abortions, 440 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 80 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 80 abortions for women of all other races. [57] In 2014, 50% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be illegal in all or most cases, while 45% believe it should be legal. In 2017, about 33% of abortions were performed using drug-induced abortions. The percentage had been increasing every year for several years. [20]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996 [58]
Census division and stateNumberRate % change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
West North Central57,34048,53048,66014.311.911.9–16
Iowa6,9706,0405,78011.49.89.4–17
Kansas12,57010,31010,63022.418.318.9–16
Minnesota16,18014,91014,66015.614.213.9–11
Missouri13,51010,54010,81011.68.99.1–21
Nebraska5,5804,3604,46015.712.112.3–22
North Dakota1,4901,3301,29010.79.69.4–13
South Dakota1,0401,0401,0306.86.66.5–4
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence % obtained by

out-of-state residents

YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
Missouri13,51011.61992 [58]
Missouri10,5408.91995 [58]
Missouri10,8109.11996 [58]
Missouri8,9357.61195,0604.3678.82014 [59]
Missouri8,6367.31154,7654639.52015 [60]
Missouri9,0367.71214,5623.9619.02016 [61]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Abortion rights views and activities

Women's March on St. Louis, January 21, 2017 Women's March on St. Louis 1-21-17 (32451434086).jpg
Women's March on St. Louis, January 21, 2017
Women's March on St. Louis, January 21, 2017 Women's March on St. Louis 1-21-17 (32370379581).jpg
Women's March on St. Louis, January 21, 2017

Pro-abortion rights views

In talking about the granting of a temporary restraining order allowing the state's last remaining abortion clinic to remain open, President and CEO of Planned Parenthood Leana Wen said, "This is a victory for women across Missouri, but this fight is far from over. We have seen just how vulnerable access to abortion care is in Missouri—and the rest of the country."

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. [62]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, an abortion rights protest was held at the Mill Creek Park in Kansas City, where KSHB counted hundreds of protestors. [63] Another abortion rights protest occurred a week later, with over 1,000 abortion rights protesters gathering and marching in Kansas City. [64] On July 10, a group of abortion rights protestors marched onto Interstate 64 in downtown St. Louis. [65] On July 27, a group of abortion rights protesters infiltrated an anti-abortion fundraiser at Lambert Airport in St. Louis. [66]

In St. Louis, Missouri, on January 19, 2023, a group of religious leaders who support abortion rights held a march downtown and filed a lawsuit challenging Missouri's abortion ban, saying lawmakers openly invoked their religious beliefs while drafting the measure and thereby imposed those beliefs on others who don't share them, in violation of the Missouri state constitution. [67]

On May 3, 2024, Missourians For Constitutional Freedom submitted a petition to put on the November 2024 ballot a measure that would legalize abortion up to the point of fetal viability. The petition contained more than 380,000 signatures from each of Missouri's 114 counties and 8 congressional districts, over twice the amount of signatures needed to qualify for the statewide ballot. [68]

Anti-abortion views and activities

Views

In talking about the granting of a temporary restraining order allowing the state's last remaining abortion clinic to remain open, Students for Life of America President Kristan Hawkins said, "Planned Parenthood caused this artificial crisis when they ignored the law and refused to comply with the state of Missouri's very reasonable requests." [54]

Violence

On December 28, 1991, two people were wounded by gunshot at the Central Health Center in Springfield, Missouri. The assailant was never caught. [69]

On October 3–4, 2013, 32-year-old Jebediah Stout attempted to set a Planned Parenthood clinic in Joplin, Missouri on fire two days in a row. Stout previously set a fire at a Joplin mosque. He was sentenced to 63 months in prison. [70]

On February 10, 2019, Wesley Brian Kaster, 43, threw a Molotov cocktail at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Columbia, Missouri. Kaster admitted to setting the fire because Planned Parenthood provided abortions, although Planned Parenthood stated that the clinic was not providing abortions at the time due to a state law. Kaster was sentenced to five years in prison. [71]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion law in the United States by state</span>

The legality of abortion in the United States and the various restrictions imposed on the procedure vary significantly, depending on the laws of each state or other jurisdiction, although there is no uniform federal law. Some states prohibit abortion at all stages of pregnancy, with few exceptions; others permit it up to a certain point in a woman's pregnancy, while some allow abortion throughout a woman's pregnancy. In states where abortion is legal, several classes of restrictions on the procedure may exist, such as parental consent or notification laws, requirements that patients be shown an ultrasound before obtaining an abortion, mandatory waiting periods, and counseling requirements.

Abortion is the termination of human pregnancy, often performed in the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade recognized a constitutional right to obtain an abortion without excessive government restriction, and in 1992 the Court in Planned Parenthood v. Casey invalidated restrictions that create an undue burden on people seeking abortions. Since then, there has continued to be an abortion debate in the United States, and some states have passed laws in the form of regulation of abortions but which have the purpose or effect of restricting its provision. The proponents of such laws argue they do not create an undue burden. Some state laws that impact the availability of abortions have been upheld by courts. In 2022, Roe and Casey were overturned by the Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, meaning that states may now regulate abortion in ways that were not previously permitted.

A six-week abortion ban, also called a "fetal heartbeat bill" by proponents, is a law in the United States which makes abortion illegal as early as six weeks gestational age, which is when proponents claim that a "fetal heartbeat" can be detected. Medical and reproductive health experts, including the American Medical Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say that the reference to a fetal heartbeat is medically inaccurate and misleading, for a conceptus is not called a fetus until eight weeks after fertilization, as well as that at four weeks after fertilization, the embryo has no heart, only a group of cells which will become a heart. Medical professionals advise that a true fetal heartbeat cannot be detected until around 17 to 20 weeks of gestation when the chambers of the heart have become sufficiently developed.

Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal unless the abortion is necessary to save the life of a pregnant individual.

Abortion in Alabama is illegal. Historically, Alabama's abortion laws have evolved from strict regulations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to a period of liberalization following the landmark 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, which legalized abortion nationwide. However, Alabama has consistently enacted legislation aimed at restricting access to abortion.

Abortion in Arkansas is illegal except when it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant individual. Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.

Abortion in Delaware is legal up to the point of fetal viability. As of June 2024, Civiqs polling found that 72% of Delawareans believed that abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 23% believed it should be illegal in all or most cases. There was a therapeutic exceptions in the state's legislative ban on abortions by 1900. Informed consent laws were on the books by 2007. In 2017, Senator Bryan Townsend, D-Newark introduced legislation to try to make clear that abortion would remain legal in the state in case 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling was overturned. The legislation was subsequently updated. Attempts have been made to introduce mandatory ultrasound laws, but they failed to get out of committee. State legislators tried to move ahead the week at which a woman could get a legal abortion in 2019.

Abortion in Kansas is legal. Kansas law allows for an abortion up to 20 weeks post-fertilization. After that point, only in cases of life or severely compromised physical health may an abortion be performed. In July 2024, the Kansas Supreme Court struck down two abortion restrictions.

Abortion is illegal in Kentucky, except to save a pregnant woman’s life or to prevent disabling injury.

Abortion in Michigan is legal throughout pregnancy. A state constitutional amendment to explicitly guarantee abortion rights was placed on the ballot in 2022 as Michigan Proposal 22–3; it passed with 57 percent of the vote, adding the right to abortion and contraceptive use to the Michigan Constitution. The amendment largely prevents the regulation of abortion before fetal viability, unless said regulations are to protect the individual seeking an abortion, and it also makes it unconstitutional to make laws restricting abortions which would protect the life and health, physical and/or mental, of the pregnant individual seeking abortion.

Abortion in Mississippi is illegal. The new law took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch certified on June 27, the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24 of that year. State Attorney General Lynn Fitch's certification made Mississippi's 2007 'trigger law' go into effect and ban all abortions in the state, “except in the case where necessary for the preservation of the mother's life or where the pregnancy was caused by rape".

Abortion in Nebraska is mostly illegal after the 12th week of pregnancy.

Abortion in North Dakota is technically legal, but with no current providers. The state's sole abortion clinic, the Red River Women's Clinic, relocated to Minnesota.

Abortion in Ohio is legal up to the point of fetal viability as a result of abortion rights being placed into the Ohio State Constitution by November 2023 Ohio Issue 1.

Abortion in South Carolina is illegal after detection of a "fetal heartbeat", usually around 6 weeks from the woman's last menstrual period, when many women are not yet aware that they are pregnant. On May 25, 2023, Governor Henry McMaster signed a 6-week ban, and it took effect immediately. The ban was indefinitely blocked in court on May 26, and reinstated by the South Carolina Supreme Court on August 23.

Abortion in Tennessee is illegal from fertilization except to "prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman". Tennessee is one of four states which prohibit abortion in their state constitution; alongside Alabama, Louisiana, and West Virginia.

Abortion in Wisconsin has been legal since September 18, 2023, and is performed in Madison, Milwaukee and Sheboygan through 22 weeks gestation. However, elective abortions in Wisconsin are under dispute after the overturning of Roe v. Wade by the Supreme Court of the United States on June 24, 2022. Abortion opponents cite an 1849 law that they claim bans the procedure in all cases except when the life of the mother is in danger. However, lower level courts have argued that the law only applies to infanticide and not consensual abortions. The enforceability of the law is disputed and being considered by the state courts. Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin announced that they would resume abortion services in Madison and Milwaukee on September 18, 2023. Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin later announced that they would resume abortion services in Sheboygan on December 28, 2023.

Abortion in New Hampshire is legal up to the 24th week of pregnancy as of January 1, 2022, when a new law went into effect. Prior to this, the gestational limit was unclear. Abortion was criminalized in the state by 1900. In June 2003, the state passed a parental notification law, repealing it four years later before passing a new one in 2011. New Hampshire then passed a law in 2012 which required minors to wait 48 hours after requesting an abortion but no longer required parental consent. New Hampshire law regarding abortion has been heard before the US Supreme Court in the case Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England in 2006. The number of abortion clinics in New Hampshire has declined over the years, with 18 in 1982, 16 in 1992 and four in 2014. In 2010, there were three publicly funded abortions in the state; all three were federally funded. There are both active abortion rights and anti-abortion rights activists in the state.

Abortion in Iowa is illegal after detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity. Embryonic cardiac-cell activity can be detected from around six weeks after the pregnant individual's last menstrual period, when many people are not yet aware that they are pregnant. Exceptions for the abortion ban after detected embryonic cardiac-cell activity include some instances of rape, incest, fetal abnormalities and threats to the pregnant individual's life.

Abortion in Wyoming is legal up to fetal viability. A temporary court injunction was filed against an attempted near total abortion ban in 2023, and a Wyoming judge struck down the abortion ban in 2024.

References

  1. ↑ Spoerre, Anna (December 6, 2024). "Abortion is again legal in Missouri, but availability hinges on judge's ruling". Columbia Missourian.
  2. ↑ "SJR74 - Modifies provisions relating to constitutional amendments". www.senate.mo.gov. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
  3. 1 2 "MO HB126 - 2019 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
  4. ↑ Vagianos, Alanna (June 24, 2022). "Abortion Is Now Illegal In These States". Yahoo! News. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  5. ↑ https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/database/state/missouri/views-about-abortion#views-about-abortion
  6. ↑ "Abortion Views in All 50 States: Findings from PRRI's 2023 American Values Atlas | PRRI". PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. May 2, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  7. ↑ Brownstein, Ronald (May 23, 2019). "White Women Are Helping States Pass Abortion Restrictions". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  8. ↑ Betts, Anna (July 20, 2023). "Missouri Supreme Court Allows Abortion Ballot Initiative to Move Ahead". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Arizona and Missouri to vote on abortion rights in November". BBC News. August 13, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  10. ↑ "Missouri HB126 | 2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan. Retrieved August 27, 2024.,
  11. ↑ "Missouri voters enshrine abortion rights in a state that has a near-total ban". AP News. November 5, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
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  15. ↑ Adolescence, Committee On (February 1, 2017). "The Adolescent's Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion". Pediatrics. 139 (2): e20163861. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-3861 . ISSN   0031-4005. PMID   28115537.
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  22. ↑ "National Debate Over Abortion Laws Comes To Rhode Island". www.wbur.org. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
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  25. ↑ "MO HB126 - 2019 - Regular Session". LegiScan.com. History. Retrieved February 16, 2019. 2019-01-30 House Referred: Children and Families; 2019-02-12 House Public Hearing Completed
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  30. ↑ McKinley, Edward; Woodall, Hunter (February 12, 2019). "With eye on Supreme Court, Missouri Republicans file flurry of anti-abortion bills". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Haahr said he supports the "heartbeat bill" and that some form of anti-abortion legislation will definitely pass the House this year.
  31. ↑ McKinley, Edward; Woodall, Hunter (February 12, 2019). "With eye on Supreme Court, Missouri Republicans file flurry of anti-abortion bills". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Gov. Mike Parson, asked if he would sign such legislation, said: "I've been pro-life my entire career, and I support that all the time... I'm going to support pro-life."
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  42. ↑ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
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  44. ↑ Salter, Jim (January 21, 2023). "Religious leaders sue to block Missouri's abortion ban". Associated Press. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  45. 1 2 Hollingsworth, Heather (June 16, 2024). "Missouri abortion ban wasn't about lawmakers imposing religious beliefs, judge says". Associated Press. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  46. 1 2 Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. Diane Publishing. ISBN   9780788174810.
  47. 1 2 Panetta, Grace; lee, Samantha (August 4, 2018). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  48. ↑ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved May 23, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ↑ Bohatch, Emily. "27 states with the most Planned Parenthood clinics". thestate. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  50. ↑ "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood" . Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  51. ↑ Holly Yan (May 29, 2019). "These 6 states have only 1 abortion clinic left. Missouri could become the first with zero". CNN. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  52. ↑ @PPFA (May 28, 2019). "Missouri could become the first state with no health center to provide safe, legal abortion. So, we're suing.…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  53. ↑ "Missouri's last abortion clinic says it may lose its license this week". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  54. 1 2 3 "Text-Only NPR.org: Missouri's Last Abortion Provider Wins Reprieve, As Judge Rules Against State". text.npr.org. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  55. ↑ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR   2133995. PMID   1269687.
  56. ↑ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  57. ↑ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  58. 1 2 3 4 Henshaw, Stanley K. (June 15, 2005). "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 30: 263–270. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  59. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   29166366.
  60. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   30462632.
  61. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1 . ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   31774741.
  62. ↑ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA Today. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  63. ↑ Hartle, Sam (June 24, 2022). "Kansas Citians rally at Mill Creek Park following abortion ruling". KSHB. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  64. ↑ Headlee, Payton (July 2, 2022). "More than a thousand walk in 'March for Reproductive Rights' in downtown Kansas City". KMBC. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  65. ↑ Clancy, Sam (July 10, 2022). "Abortion rights protesters march onto Interstate 64 near downtown St. Louis Sunday" . Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  66. ↑ Hill, Daniel (August 4, 2022). "Resist STL Infiltrates Anti-Abortion Fundraiser, Crashes Stage in Booty Shorts" . Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  67. ↑ Salter, Jim (January 19, 2023). "Religious leaders sue to block Missouri's abortion ban" . Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  68. ↑ Spoerre, Anna (May 3, 2024). "More than 380,000 Missourians sign initiative petition to put abortion on the ballot" . Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  69. ↑ "Anti-choice Terrorism: Murders and Attempted Murders" (PDF). Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  70. ↑ "Missouri Man Who Set Fire to Mosque and Who Attempted Arson at Planned Parenthood Sentenced to 63 Months in Prison". Department of Justice. October 18, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  71. ↑ Helsel, Phil (September 2, 2020). "Missouri man sentenced to 5 years for arson at Planned Parenthood clinic". NBC News.
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