The following is a list of statewide initiatives and referendums modifying state law and proposing state constitutional amendments in Missouri, sorted by election.
| Elections in Missouri |
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The following is a list of statewide initiatives and referendums modifying state law and proposing state constitutional amendments in Missouri, sorted by election.
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 2 | Prohibited same-sex marriages from being recognized in Missouri. | Passed | 1,055,771 (70.61%) | 439,529 (29.39%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 2 | Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative. Allows any stem cell research and therapy that is legal under federal law, including somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce human embryos for stem cell production. It prohibits cloning or attempting to clone a human being. | Passed | 1,085,396 (51.2%) | 1,034,596 (48.8%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | English Official Language Amendment. Would establish English as the official language in all government meetings. | Passed | 2,407,536 (86.31%) | 381,874 (13.69%) |
| Amendment 4 | Storm Water Control Finance Amendment. Would limit grants and loans to only be given to public water and sewer districts. | Passed | 1,494,107 (57.85%) | 1,088,728 (42.15%) |
| Proposition A | Gambling Loss Limits Act. Would eliminate gambling loss limits while restricting the number of casinos that can be built in the state and increasing the gambling tax to provide for public school education. | Passed | 1,578,674 (56.17%) | 1,231,892 (43.83%) |
| Proposition B | Quality Homecare Council Act. Would create the Missouri Quality Homecare Council which would be tasked with improving health care for the elderly. | Passed | 2,077,831 (75.26%) | 683,137 (24.74%) |
| Proposition C | Clean Energy Act. Would require utility companies to slowly increase their usage of renewable energy. | Passed | 1,777,500 (66.03%) | 914,332 (33.97%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proposition C | Healthcare Freedom Act. Prohibit the government to impose penalties on people who do not purchase health insurance. | Passed | 669,847 (71.07%) | 272,723 (28.93%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | Election of Charter County Assessors Amendment. Would require all county assessors to be an elected position (except in Jackson County). | Passed | 1,360,556 (74.12%) | 475,000 (25.88%) |
| Amendment 2 | Prisoner of War Property Tax Exemption Amendment. All property owned by former prisoner of war used as their household is exempt from property taxes. | Passed | 1,227,297 (65.76%) | 639,065 (34.24%) |
| Amendment 3 | Real Estate Taxation Amendment. Would prohibit any new tax on the selling or transferring of real estate. | Passed | 1,592,177 (83.73%) | 309,398 (16.27%) |
| Proposition A | Earnings Tax Act. Would require cities to hold referendums on earnings tax levied by the city. | Passed | 1,297,197 (68.39%) | 599,672 (31.61%) |
| Proposition B | Dog Breeding Regulation Act. Would require large-scale dog breeding operations to provide humane treatment and limits the number of dogs they can own. Also would create the misdemeanor crime of "puppy mill cruelty." | Passed | 997,870 (51.59%) | 936,190 (48.41%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 2 | Public Prayer Amendment. Would guarantee the right to pray and worship on public property. Also required public schools to display the bill of rights and allow children the right to pray in school. | Passed | 780,567 (82.8%) | 162,631 (17.2%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 3 | Judicial Appointment Amendment. Would change the selection of supreme court judges from a nonpartisan process to one that would give the governor more discretion and control over a selecting commission. | Failed | 608,458 (24%) | 1,929,470 (76%) |
| Proposition A | Municipal Police Amendment. Would effectively transfer the control over the St. Louis police force from the state government to the city. | Passed | 1,617,443 (63.9%) | 914,143 (36.1%) |
| Proposition B | Tobacco Tax Initiative. Introduces a tax on tobacco products to fund tobacco prevention services in education institutions. | Failed | 1,321,586 (49.2%) | 1,362,005 (50.8%) |
| Proposition E | Health Care Exchange Question. Would prohibit the governor from establishing any state-operated health insurance exchange without approval from the legislature or an amendment. | Passed | 1,573,292 (61.7%) | 976,250 (38.3%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | Right-to-Farm Amendment. Would guarantee farmers and ranchers a right to farm and produce food for others. | Passed [1] | 499,963 (50.12%) | 497,588 (49.88%) |
| Amendment 5 | Right to Bear Arms Amendment. Would provide citizens the 'unalienable' right to keep and bear arms; also restricted rights of convicted felons and the mentally ill to own firearms and removed a restriction on concealed carry. | Passed [2] | 602,863 (60.95%) | 386,308 (39.05%) |
| Amendment 7 | Temporary Sales Tax Increase for Transportation Amendment. Would impose a 0.75% sales and use tax increase for a maximum of ten years to fund transportation projects. | Failed [3] | 408,288 (40.82%) | 591,932 (59.18%) |
| Amendment 8 | Veterans Lottery Ticket Amendment. Would allow the creation of a new lottery ticket to specifically fund veterans' programs. | Failed [4] | 441,520 (45.01%) | 539,519 (54.99%) |
| Amendment 9 | Electronic Data Protection Amendment. Would protect personal electronic communication and data from unreasonable searches and seizures. | Passed [5] | 729,752 (74.75%) | 246,515 (25.25%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 2 | Evidence in Sexual Crimes Against Minors Amendment. Would allow evidence of prior criminal acts to be admissible in prosecutions for sexual crimes involving a victim under the age of eighteen. | Passed [6] | 1,018,773 (71.98%) | 396,519 (28.02%) |
| Amendment 3 | Teacher Performance Evaluation. Would implement teacher performance evaluations to determine their employment status. | Failed [7] | 339,422 (23.57%) | 1,100,628 (76.43%) |
| Amendment 6 | Early Voting Period Amendment. Would establish a six day long early voting period. | Failed [8] | 416,447 (29.70%) | 985,966 (70.30%) |
| Amendment 10 | Gubernatorial Budgetary Recommendations Amendment. Would restrict the governor's power to use and estimate public funds in the budget. | Passed [9] | 791,099 (56.80%) | 601,699 (42.20%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | Sales Tax for Parks and Conservation Measure. Would renew for 10 years a 1984 state amendment which prescribes a 0.1% sales and use tax in order to fund state parks and conservation projects. | Passed [10] | 2,187,773 (79.88%) | 551,117 (20.12%) |
| Amendment 2 | State and Judicial Campaign Contribution Limits Initiative. Would establish various limits on political campaign contributions. Later partially ruled unconstitutional in federal court. | Passed [11] | 1,894,870 (69.95%) | 814,016 (30.05%) |
| Amendment 3 | 60 Cent Cigarette Tax Amendment. Would increase taxes on cigarettes by 60 cents per pack by 2020. | Failed [12] | 1,120,389 (40.45%) | 1,649,723 (59.55%) |
| Amendment 4 | Prohibition on Extending Sales Tax to Previously Untaxed Services Amendment. Would prohibit new sales/use taxes on any service not subject to a sales/use tax before 2015. | Passed [13] | 1,533,909 (56.98%) | 1,158,291 (43.02%) |
| Amendment 6 | Voter ID Requirement Amendment. Would requiem the presentation of voter IDs when voting in elections. | Passed [14] | 1,712,274 (63.01%) | 1,005,234 (36.99%) |
| Proposition A | 23 Cent Cigarette Tax Initiative. Would increases taxes on cigarettes by 23 cents per pack by 2021. | Failed [15] | 1,223,251 (44.81%) | 1,506,644 (55.19%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proposition A | Senate Bill 19, which would enact a right-to-work law | Failed [16] | 453,283 (32.53%) | 939,973 (67.47%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | Lobbying, Campaign Finance, and Redistricting Initiative. Would introduce reforms to campaign finance laws for political candidates, lobbying laws, and change the legislative redistricting process. | Passed [17] | 1,469,093 (62.02%) | 899,613 (37.98%) |
| Amendment 2 | Medical Marijuana and Veteran Healthcare Services Initiative. Would legalize marijuana for medical purposes, tax sales at 4 percent, and redistribute revenue to healthcare services, job training, housing assistance, and other services for veterans | Passed [18] | 1,583,227 (65.59%) | 830,631 (34.41%) |
| Amendment 3 | Medical Marijuana and Biomedical Research and Drug Development Institute Initiative. Would legalize marijuana for medical purposes, tax sales at 15 percent, and redistribute revenue to the creation of a Biomedical Research and Drug Development Institute | Failed [19] | 754,007 (31.50%) | 1,639,622 (68.50%) |
| Amendment 4 | Management and Advertisement of Bingo Games Amendment. For organizations, would repeal constitutional ban on advertising bingo games and reduce the time someone has to be a member before managing a bingo game. | Passed [20] | 1,194,304 (52.39%) | 1,085,158 (47.61%) |
| Proposition B | $12 Minimum Wage Initiative. Would annually increase the minimum wage until reaching $12 in 2023. | Passed [21] | 1,499,002 (62.34%) | 905,647 (37.66%) |
| Proposition C | Medical Marijuana and Veterans Healthcare Services, Education, Drug Treatment, and Public Safety Initiative. Would legalize marijuana for medical purposes, tax sales at 2 percent, and spend revenue on the above services. | Failed [22] | 1,039,251 (43.57%) | 1,345,762 (56.43%) |
| Proposition D | Gas Tax Increase, Olympic Prize Exemption, and Traffic Reduction Fund Measure. Would incrementally increase the gas tax from 17 to 27 cents, and exempt prizes from the Olympics from state taxes. | Failed [23] | 1,109,009 (46.40%) | 1,281,143 (53.60%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 2 | Medicaid Expansion Initiative. Would amend the state constitution to expand Medicaid eligibility under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. | Passed [24] | 672,967 (53.25%) | 590,809 (46.75%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | State Executive Term Limits Amendment. Would limit the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, state auditor, and attorney general to two terms of office. | Failed [25] | 1,363,767 (47.16%) | 1,527,782 (52.84%) |
| Amendment 3 | Redistricting Process and Criteria, Lobbying, and Campaign Finance Amendment. Would replace the nonpartisan demographer with a bipartisan commission appointed by the governor for legislative redistricting and repeals many provisions of Amendment 1 passed in 2018. | Passed [26] | 1,489,503 (51.01%) | 1,430,358 (48.99%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | State Treasurer Investment Authority Amendment. Would allow the state treasurer to invest state funds in securities. | Failed [27] | 896,279 (45.68%) | 1,065,773 (54.32%) |
| Amendment 3 | Marijuana Legalization Initiative. Would legalize recreational marijuana use for adults over 21 and enact a 6 percent tax on its sale. | Passed [28] | 1,092,432 (53.10%) | 965,020 (46.90%) |
| Amendment 4 | Allow Legislature to Require a City to Increase Funding without State Reimbursement for a Police Force Established by State Board Amendment. Would allow the legislature to increase the minimum funding for a police force. | Passed [29] | 1,269,826 (63.19%) | 739,783 (36.81%) |
| Amendment 5 | Department of the National Guard Amendment. Would provide the state's national guard with an executive department separate from the Department of Public Safety. | Passed [30] | 1,197,677 (60.22%) | 791,231 (39.78%) |
| Question | Missouri Constitutional Convention Question. Would indicate support for calling a state constitutional convention. | Failed [31] | 633,228 (32.25%) | 1,330,427 (67.75%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | Exempt Childcare Facility Property Taxes Amendment. Would exempt childcare facilities from property taxes. | Failed | 491,161 (45.28%) | 593,465 (54.72%) |
| Amendment 4 | Increase Police Funding Amendment. Would increase the minimum funding for the Kansas City police department. | Passed | 549,919 (51.13%) | 525,657 (48.87%) |
| Proposal | Description | Result | Yes votes | No votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amendment 2 | Sports Betting Initiative. Would legalize and regulate sports wagering for adults over 21, allow license fees and a 10% wagering tax, and allocate revenue towards education. | Passed | 1,478,652 (50.05%) | 1,475,691 (49.95%) |
| Amendment 3 | Right to Reproductive Freedom Initiative. Would legalize abortion before fetal viability. | Passed | 1,538,659 (51.60%) | 1,443,022 (48.40%) |
| Amendment 5 | Osage River Gambling Boat License Initiative. Would allow the Missouri Gaming Commission to issue one additional gambling boat license to operate on the Osage River. | Failed | 1,380,949 (47.54%) | 1,523,889 (52.46%) |
| Amendment 6 | Levying of Fees to Support Salaries of Law Enforcement Personnel Amendment. Would allow for the levying of taxes to fund the salaries of sheriffs and prosecutors. | Failed | 1,112,081 (39.39%) | 1,711,527 (60.61%) |
| Amendment 7 | Require Citizenship to Vote and Prohibit Ranked-Choice Voting Amendment. Would prohibit non-citizens from voting in state elections as well as any form of voting other than one based on single-vote plurality. | Passed | 1,966,852 (68.44%) | 906,851 (31.56%) |
| Proposition A | Minimum Wage and Earned Paid Sick Time Initiative. Would annually increase the minimum wage until reaching $15 in 2026 and require employers to provide one hour of paid sick leave for every 30 hours worked. | Passed | 1,693,064 (57.57%) | 1,247,658 (42.43%) |
In the politics of the United States, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens of many U.S. states to place legislation on the ballot for a referendum or popular vote, either enacting new legislation, or voting down existing legislation. Citizens, or an organization, might start a popular initiative to gather a predetermined number of signatures to qualify the measure for the ballot. The measure is placed on the ballot for the referendum, or actual vote.
In the United States, increased restrictions and labeling of cannabis as a poison began in many states from 1906 onward, and outright prohibitions began in the 1920s. By the mid-1930s cannabis was regulated as a drug in every state, including 35 states that adopted the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act. The first national regulation was the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937.
The Constitution of the State of Colorado is the foundation of the laws and government of the U.S. state of Colorado. The Colorado State Constitution was drafted on March 14, 1876; approved by Colorado voters on July 1, 1876; and took effect upon the statehood of Colorado on August 1, 1876. As of 2020, the constitution has been amended at least 166 times. The Constitution of Colorado derives its authority from the sovereignty of the people. As such, the people of Colorado reserved specific powers in governing Colorado directly; in addition to providing for voting for Governor, state legislators, and judges, the people of Colorado have reserved initiative of laws and referendum of laws enacted by the legislature to themselves, provided for recall of office holders, and limit tax increases beyond set amounts without explicit voter approval, and must explicitly approve any change to the constitution, often with a 55% majority. The Colorado state constitution is one of the longest in the United States.
The California state elections was held on Election Day, November 6, 2012. On the ballot were eleven propositions, various parties' nominees for the United States presidency, the Class I Senator to the United States Senate, all of California's seats to the House of Representatives, all of the seats of the State Assembly, and all odd-numbered seats of the State Senate.
In the United States, cannabis is legal in 39 of 50 states for medical use and 24 states for recreational use. At the federal level, cannabis is classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, determined to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use, prohibiting its use for any purpose. Despite this prohibition, federal law is generally not enforced against the possession, cultivation, or intrastate distribution of cannabis in states where such activity has been legalized. Beginning in 2024, the Drug Enforcement Administration has initiated a review to potentially move cannabis to the less-restrictive Schedule III.
The legal history of cannabis in the United States began with state-level prohibition in the early 20th century, with the first major federal limitations occurring in 1937. Starting with Oregon in 1973, individual states began to liberalize cannabis laws through decriminalization. In 1996, California became the first state to legalize medical cannabis, sparking a trend that spread to a majority of states by 2016. In 2012, Washington and Colorado became the first states to legalize cannabis for recreational use.
Cannabis in Montana has been legal for both medical and recreational use since January 1, 2021, when Initiative 190 went into effect. Prior to the November 2020 initiative, marijuana was illegal for recreational use starting in 1929. Medical cannabis was legalized by ballot initiative in 2004. The Montana Legislature passed a repeal to tighten Montana Medical Marijuana (MMJ) laws which were never approved by the governor. However, with the new provisions, providers could not service more than three patients. In November 2016 Bill I-182 was passed, revising the 2004 law and allowing providers to service more than three patients. In May 2023, numerous further bills on cannabis legalization and other related purposes passed the Montana Legislature. The Governor of Montana is yet to either sign or veto the bill.
The Adult Use of Marijuana Act (AUMA) was a 2016 voter initiative to legalize cannabis in California. The full name is the Control, Regulate and Tax Adult Use of Marijuana Act. The initiative passed with 57% voter approval and became law on November 9, 2016, leading to recreational cannabis sales in California by January 2018.
Cannabis in Arizona is legal for recreational use. A 2020 initiative to legalize recreational use passed with 60% of the vote. Possession and cultivation of recreational cannabis became legal on November 30, 2020, with the first state-licensed sales occurring on January 22, 2021.
Cannabis in Missouri is legal for recreational use. A ballot initiative to legalize recreational use, Amendment 3, passed by a 53–47 margin on November 8, 2022. Possession for adults 21 and over became legal on December 8, 2022, with the first licensed sales occurring on February 3, 2023.
Cannabis in Florida is illegal for recreational use. Possession of up to 20 grams is a misdemeanor offense, punishable by up to a year in jail, a fine of up to $1000, and the suspension of one's driver's license. Several cities and counties have enacted reforms to apply lesser penalties, however.
The California state elections in 2020 were held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. Unlike previous election cycles, the primary elections were held on Super Tuesday, March 3, 2020.
Arizona Proposition 207 was a voter initiative that appeared on the November 3, 2020, Arizona general election ballot to legalize cannabis for recreational use. Passing with 60% of the vote, the initiative legalized the possession of up to an ounce of cannabis, licensed sales at dispensaries, and personal cultivation of up to six plants. Along with Montana, New Jersey and South Dakota, Arizona is one of four states that legalized recreational marijuana via ballot measures in 2020.
Mississippi state elections in 2020 were held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. Its primaries were held on March 10, 2020, with runoffs taking place on June 23.
The 2022 California elections took place on November 8, 2022. The statewide direct primary election was held on June 7, 2022.
2022 Missouri Constitutional Amendment 3, also known as the Marijuana Legalization Initiative, was a ballot measure to amend the Constitution of Missouri to legalize cannabis at the state level in Missouri. The measure was on the November 7, 2022, general ballot and was approved by voters with a margin of 53–47 percent.
The following is a list of ballot measures, whether initiated by legislators or citizens, which had been certified to appear on various states' ballots during the 2024 United States elections. Those which did not make on the ballot are included on the page but their status is noted that they did not appear on the ballot.
