Bates County | |
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![]() Bates County Courthouse in Butler | |
![]() Location within the U.S. state of Missouri | |
![]() Missouri's location within the U.S. | |
Coordinates: 38°16′N94°20′W / 38.26°N 94.34°W | |
Country | ![]() |
State | ![]() |
Founded | January 29, 1841 [1] |
Named for | Frederick Bates |
Seat | Butler |
Largest city | Butler |
Area | |
• Total | 851 sq mi (2,200 km2) |
• Land | 837 sq mi (2,170 km2) |
• Water | 15 sq mi (40 km2) 1.7% |
Population (2020) | |
• Total | 16,042 |
• Density | 19/sq mi (7.3/km2) |
Time zone | UTC−6 (Central) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
Congressional district | 4th |
Website | www |
Bates County is a county located in the west central part of the U.S. state of Missouri, two counties south of the Missouri River and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,042. [2] Its county seat is Butler. [3] The county was organized in 1841 and named after Frederick Bates, the second Governor of Missouri. [4]
This mostly rural county has an overwhelmingly ethnic European-American population, which has declined in number since the early 20th century as people have moved to cities.
The borderlands of Kansas and Missouri were battlegrounds for insurgents during the American Civil War, with raids going back and forth across the border. Bates County is noted as the site for the first combat engagement during the war of African-American soldiers serving with the Union and against Confederate forces, which occurred on October 28–29, 1862. The First Kansas Colored Division (part of the state militia) fought Confederate guerrillas at the Battle of Island Mound four miles north of present-day Rich Hill, Missouri, and the Union forces won.
The Kansas soldiers were badly outnumbered but stood their ground, fighting valiantly. The skirmish was covered by The New York Times , which noted the men's bravery at a time when many people questioned whether former slaves could make good soldiers. [5] Their heroic action preceded President Abraham Lincoln's announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 and establishment of the United States Colored Troops.
Following a massacre of men and boys and the burning of Lawrence, Kansas, by Confederate bushwhackers in the summer of 1863, the United States General Ewing ordered the evacuation of the civilian population from rural areas of Bates and nearby counties except for within a mile of certain Union-controlled cities, in order to cut off sources of support for Confederate insurgents. This was done under Order No. 11. The county had been a base of Confederate guerrillas. But, Ewing's order generated outrage and added to support of guerrillas in some areas.
This mostly rural county continued to support agriculture in the decades after the Civil War. Since the early 20th century, population has declined as people have moved to cities for work.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 851 square miles (2,200 km2), of which 837 square miles (2,170 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (1.7%) is water. [8]
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 3,669 | — | |
1860 | 7,215 | 96.6% | |
1870 | 15,960 | 121.2% | |
1880 | 25,381 | 59.0% | |
1890 | 32,223 | 27.0% | |
1900 | 30,141 | −6.5% | |
1910 | 25,869 | −14.2% | |
1920 | 23,933 | −7.5% | |
1930 | 22,068 | −7.8% | |
1940 | 19,531 | −11.5% | |
1950 | 17,534 | −10.2% | |
1960 | 15,905 | −9.3% | |
1970 | 15,468 | −2.7% | |
1980 | 15,873 | 2.6% | |
1990 | 15,025 | −5.3% | |
2000 | 16,653 | 10.8% | |
2010 | 17,049 | 2.4% | |
2020 | 16,042 | −5.9% | |
U.S. Decennial Census [9] 1790-1960 [10] 1900-1990 [11] 1990-2000 [12] 2010-2020 [2] |
As of the census [13] of 2000, there were 16,653 people, 6,511 households, and 4,557 families residing in the county. The population density was 20 people per square mile (7.7 people/km2). There were 7,247 housing units at an average density of 8 units per square mile (3.1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.33% White, 0.61% Black or African American, 0.59% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. Approximately 1.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 6,511 households, out of which 32.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.80% were married couples living together, 7.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.00% were non-families. 26.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.50% under the age of 18, 7.50% from 18 to 24, 26.00% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 17.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $30,731, and the median income for a family was $36,470. Males had a median income of $30,298 versus $19,772 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,477. About 11.50% of families and 14.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.30% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over.
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2010), Bates County is regarded as being a part of the Bible Belt, with evangelical Protestantism being the most predominant religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Bates County who adhere to a religion are Southern Baptists (34.21%), United Methodists (15.78%), and Christian Churches and Churches of Christ (14.48%).
Race | Num. | Perc. |
---|---|---|
White (NH) | 14,799 | 92.3% |
Black or African American (NH) | 155 | 1% |
Native American (NH) | 92 | 0.6% |
Asian (NH) | 48 | 0.3% |
Pacific Islander (NH) | 9 | 0.06% |
Other/Mixed (NH) | 604 | 3.81% |
Hispanic or Latino | 335 | 2.1% |
Politics are divided at the local level in Bates County. Republicans hold a majority of the elected positions in the county.
Bates County, Missouri | |||
---|---|---|---|
Elected countywide officials | |||
Assessor | Carl Bettels | Republican | |
Circuit Clerk | Shelli White | Republican | |
County Clerk | Jami Page | Republican | |
Commissioner (Presiding) | Jim Wheatley | Republican | |
Commissioner (Northern District) | Ken Mooney | Republican | |
Commissioner (Southern District) | Trent Nelson | Republican | |
Coroner | Greg Mullinax | Republican | |
Prosecuting Attorney | Hugh C. Jenkins | Republican | |
Public Administrator | Brenda Doody | Democratic | |
Recorder | Danyelle Baker | Republican | |
Sheriff | Chad Anderson | Republican | |
Surveyor | W.C. “Bill” Lethcho | Democratic | |
Treasurer/Collector | Jimmy Platt | Democratic |
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third Parties |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 76.70%6,410 | 21.08% 1,762 | 2.21% 185 |
2016 | 59.64%4,772 | 37.36% 2,989 | 3.00% 240 |
2012 | 45.46% 3,513 | 51.40%3,972 | 3.14% 243 |
2008 | 41.75% 3,431 | 55.43%4,555 | 2.82% 232 |
2004 | 53.22%4,479 | 45.09% 3,795 | 1.69% 142 |
2000 | 48.88% 3,783 | 49.02%3,794 | 2.10% 162 |
1996 | 34.70% 2,483 | 63.33%4,531 | 1.97% 141 |
1992 | 42.06% 3,204 | 57.94%4,414 | 0.00% 0 |
Bates County is split between three legislative districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, all of which are held by Republicans.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Michael Davis | 244 | 71.98% | -28.02 | |
Democratic | Neal Barnes | 95 | 28.02% | +28.02 | |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Jack Bondon | 200 | 100.00% | +25.33 | |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Rodger Reedy | 438 | 100.00% | +29.83 | |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Rodger Reedy | 254 | 70.17% | -1.80 | |
Democratic | Joan Shores | 108 | 29.83% | +1.80 | |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Patricia Pike | 5,850 | 78.42% | +6.72 | |
Democratic | Jim Hogan | 1,610 | 21.58% | -4.87 | |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Patricia Pike | 4,332 | 71.70% | -28.30 | |
Democratic | Jim Hogan | 1,598 | 26.45% | +26.45 | |
Constitution | Stephen Biles | 112 | 1.85% | +1.85 | |
All of Bates County is a part of Missouri's 31st Senatorial District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Rick Brattin (R-Harrisonville).
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Rick Brattin | 6.323 | 77.76% | +6.74 | |
Democratic | Raymond Kinney | 1,808 | 22.24% | +22.24 | |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Ed Emery | 5,373 | 71.02% | +9.57 | |
Independent | Tim Wells | 1,459 | 19.29% | ||
Libertarian | Lora Young | 733 | 9.69% | +9.69 | |
All of Bates County is included in Missouri's 4th Congressional District and is currently represented by Vicky Hartzler (R-Harrisonville) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Hartzler was elected to a sixth term in 2020 over Democratic challenger Lindsey Simmons.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Vicky Hartzler | '6,539 | 78.88% | +5.43 | |
Democratic | Lindsey Simmons | 1,556 | 18.77% | -5.11 | |
Libertarian | Steven K. Koonse | 195 | 2.35% | -0.32 | |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Vicky Hartzler | 4,893 | 73.45% | -0.24 | |
Democratic | Renee Hoagenson | 1,591 | 23.88% | +1.83 | |
Libertarian | Mark Bliss | 178 | 2.67% | -1.59 | |
Bates County, along with the rest of the state of Missouri, is represented in the U.S. Senate by Josh Hawley (R-Columbia) and Roy Blunt (R-Strafford).
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Josh Hawley | 4,467 | 66.82% | +23.37 | |
Democratic | Claire McCaskill | 1,906 | 28.51% | -19.76 | |
Independent | Craig O'Dear | 183 | 2.74% | ||
Libertarian | Japheth Campbell | 89 | 1.33% | -6.95 | |
Green | Jo Crain | 40 | 0.60% | +0.60 | |
Blunt was elected to a second term in 2016 over then-Missouri Secretary of State Jason Kander.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Roy Blunt | 4,630 | 58.06% | +14.61 | |
Democratic | Jason Kander | 2,866 | 35.94% | -12.33 | |
Libertarian | Jonathan Dine | 259 | 3.25% | -5.02 | |
Green | Johnathan McFarland | 126 | 1.58% | +1.58 | |
Constitution | Fred Ryman | 94 | 1.18% | +1.18 | |
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 6,597 | 78.18% | 1,672 | 19.82% | 169 | 2.00% |
2016 | 6,001 | 74.24% | 1,618 | 20.02% | 464 | 5.74% |
2012 | 5,020 | 64.60% | 2,557 | 32.90% | 194 | 2.50% |
2008 | 4,833 | 58.35% | 3,271 | 39.49% | 179 | 2.16% |
2004 | 5,004 | 59.11% | 3,398 | 40.14% | 64 | 0.76% |
2000 | 4,245 | 54.48% | 3,386 | 43.45% | 161 | 2.07% |
1996 | 2,904 | 40.69% | 3,224 | 45.17% | 1,009 | 14.14% |
1992 | 2,499 | 32.33% | 2,993 | 38.72% | 2,238 | 28.95% |
1988 | 3,574 | 51.57% | 3,332 | 48.08% | 24 | 0.35% |
1984 | 4,223 | 59.38% | 2,889 | 40.62% | 0 | 0.00% |
1980 | 4,061 | 54.00% | 3,297 | 43.84% | 163 | 2.17% |
1976 | 3,350 | 43.60% | 4,288 | 55.80% | 46 | 0.60% |
1972 | 5,314 | 63.76% | 3,020 | 36.24% | 0 | 0.00% |
1968 | 4,087 | 49.49% | 3,370 | 40.81% | 801 | 9.70% |
1964 | 3,514 | 40.50% | 5,162 | 59.50% | 0 | 0.00% |
1960 | 5,429 | 58.16% | 3,906 | 41.84% | 0 | 0.00% |
1956 | 5,467 | 55.97% | 4,300 | 44.03% | 0 | 0.00% |
1952 | 6,002 | 60.03% | 3,995 | 39.95% | 2 | 0.02% |
1948 | 4,156 | 48.71% | 4,371 | 51.22% | 6 | 0.07% |
1944 | 5,122 | 55.46% | 4,096 | 44.35% | 18 | 0.19% |
1940 | 5,727 | 53.33% | 4,978 | 46.36% | 33 | 0.31% |
1936 | 5,022 | 46.60% | 5,681 | 52.71% | 74 | 0.69% |
1932 | 3,395 | 35.02% | 6,220 | 64.16% | 79 | 0.81% |
1928 | 6,133 | 62.70% | 3,594 | 36.74% | 54 | 0.55% |
1924 | 4,552 | 47.11% | 4,722 | 48.87% | 389 | 4.03% |
1920 | 5,039 | 51.91% | 4,433 | 45.66% | 236 | 2.43% |
1916 | 2,597 | 42.88% | 3,255 | 53.75% | 204 | 3.37% |
1912 | 1,383 | 22.95% | 3,057 | 50.72% | 1,587 | 26.33% |
1908 | 2,754 | 44.07% | 3,248 | 51.98% | 247 | 3.95% |
1904 | 2,956 | 47.11% | 2,967 | 47.28% | 352 | 5.61% |
1900 | 2,731 | 39.26% | 3,591 | 51.62% | 634 | 9.11% |
1896 | 2,522 | 32.63% | 5,073 | 65.64% | 133 | 1.72% |
1892 | 1,928 | 27.65% | 3,007 | 43.12% | 2,039 | 29.24% |
1888 | 2,674 | 38.07% | 3,556 | 50.63% | 794 | 11.30% |
At the presidential level, Bates County has become solidly Republican in recent years. Bates County strongly favored Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020. Bill Clinton was the last Democratic presidential nominee to carry Bates County in 1996 with a plurality of the vote, and a Democrat hasn't won majority support from the county's voters in a presidential election since Jimmy Carter in 1976.
Like most rural areas throughout Missouri, voters in Bates County generally adhere to socially and culturally conservative principles which tend to influence their Republican leanings, at least on the state and national levels. Despite Bates County's longstanding tradition of supporting socially conservative platforms, voters in the county have a penchant for advancing populist causes. In 2018, Missourians voted on a proposition (Proposition A) concerning right to work, the outcome of which ultimately reversed the right to work legislation passed in the state the previous year. 75.43% of Bates County voters cast their ballots to overturn the law.
The 2020 presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties were held in Missouri on March 10. On the Democratic side, former Vice President Joe Biden (D-Delaware) both won statewide and carried Bates County by a wide margin. Biden went on to defeat President Donald Trump in the general election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Joe Biden | 602 | 63.77 | ||
Democratic | Bernie Sanders | 273 | 28.92 | ||
Democratic | Tulsi Gabbard | 18 | 1.91 | ||
Democratic | Others/Uncommitted | 51 | 5.40 | ||
Incumbent President Donald Trump (R-Florida) faced a primary challenge from former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld, but won both Bates County and statewide by overwhelming margins.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Donald Trump | 947 | 97.83 | ||
Republican | Bill Weld | 2 | 0.21 | ||
Republican | Others/Uncommitted | 19 | 1.96 | ||
The 2016 presidential primaries for both the Republican and Democratic parties were held in Missouri on March 15. Businessman Donald Trump (R-New York) narrowly won the state overall and carried a plurality of the vote in Bates County. He went on to win the presidency.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Donald Trump | 1,306 | 46.04 | ||
Republican | Ted Cruz | 1,080 | 38.07 | ||
Republican | John Kasich | 199 | 7.01 | ||
Republican | Marco Rubio | 143 | 5.04 | ||
Republican | Others/Uncommitted | 109 | 3.84 | ||
On the Democratic side, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (D-New York) narrowly won statewide, but Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) won a majority of the vote in Bates County.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bernie Sanders | 632 | 53.12 | ||
Democratic | Hillary Clinton | 518 | 43.53 | ||
Democratic | Others/Uncommitted | 40 | 3.36 | ||
The 2012 Missouri Republican Presidential Primary's results were nonbinding on the state's national convention delegates. Voters in Bates County supported former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum (R-Pennsylvania), who finished first in the state at large, but eventually lost the nomination to former Governor Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts). Delegates to the congressional district and state conventions were chosen at a county caucus, which selected a delegation favoring Santorum. Incumbent President Barack Obama easily won the Missouri Democratic Primary and renomination. He defeated Romney in the general election.
In 2008, the Missouri Republican Presidential Primary was closely contested, with Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) prevailing and eventually winning the nomination.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | John McCain | 594 | 37.71 | ||
Republican | Mike Huckabee | 503 | 31.94 | ||
Republican | Mitt Romney | 368 | 23.37 | ||
Republican | Ron Paul | 71 | 4.51 | ||
Republican | Others/Uncommitted | 39 | 2.48 | ||
Then-Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes than any candidate from either party in Bates County during the 2008 presidential primary. Despite initial reports that Clinton had won Missouri, Barack Obama (D-Illinois), also a Senator at the time, narrowly defeated her statewide and later became that year's Democratic nominee, going on to win the presidency.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Hillary Clinton | 1,427 | 63.51 | ||
Democratic | Barack Obama | 676 | 30.08 | ||
Democratic | Others/Uncommitted | 144 | 6.41 | ||
Bates County is divided into 24 townships:
Webster County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 39,085. Its county seat is Marshfield. The county was organized in 1855 and named for U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of State Daniel Webster.
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Stoddard County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,672. The county seat is Bloomfield. The county was officially organized on January 2, 1835, and is named for Amos Stoddard, the first American commandant of Upper Louisiana.
Lafayette County is a county in the western portion of Missouri, part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 32,984. Its county seat is Lexington. The county was organized November 16, 1820, from Cooper County and originally named Lillard County for James Lillard of Tennessee, who served in the first state constitutional convention and first state legislature. It was renamed Lafayette County on February 16, 1825, in honor of Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de La Fayette, who was then visiting the United States.
Holt County is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,223. It's county seat is Oregon. The county was organized February 15, 1841. Originally named Nodaway County, it was soon renamed for David Rice Holt (1803–1840), a Missouri state legislator from Platte County.
Daviess County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,430. Its county seat is Gallatin. The county was organized December 29, 1836, from Ray County and named for Major Joseph Hamilton Daveiss, a soldier from Kentucky who was killed in 1811 at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Cass County is a county located in the western part of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 107,824. Its county seat is Harrisonville; however, the county contains a portion of Kansas City, Missouri. The county was organized in 1835 as Van Buren County, but was renamed in 1849 after U.S. Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, who later became a presidential candidate.
Carroll County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 8,495. Its county seat is Carrollton. The county was organized on January 2, 1833, from part of Ray County and named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Callaway County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 United States Census, the county's population was 44,283. Its county seat is Fulton. With a border formed by the Missouri River, the county was organized November 25, 1820, and named for Captain James Callaway, grandson of Daniel Boone. The county has been historically referred to as "The Kingdom of Callaway" after an incident in which some residents confronted Union troops during the U.S. Civil War.
Caldwell County is a county located in Missouri, United States. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 8,815. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Its county seat is Kingston. The county was organized December 29, 1836, and named by Alexander Doniphan to honor John Caldwell, who participated in George Rogers Clark's Native American Campaign of 1786 and was the second Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.
Butler County is a county located in the southeast Ozark Foothills Region in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 Census, the county's population was 42,130. The largest city and county seat is Poplar Bluff. The county was officially organized from Wayne County on February 27, 1849, and is named after former U.S. Representative William O. Butler (D-Kentucky), who was also an unsuccessful candidate for Vice President of the United States. The first meeting in the Butler County Courthouse was held on June 18, 1849.
Buchanan County is located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 84,793. Its county seat is St. Joseph. When originally formed in 1838, the county was named Roberts County, after settler Hiram Roberts. It was renamed in 1839 for James Buchanan, then a U.S. Senator and later President of the United States. The county was formed from land annexed to Missouri, as were five other counties.
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Barry County is a county located in the southwest portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 34,534. Its county seat is Cassville. The county was organized in 1835 and named after William Taylor Barry, a U.S. Postmaster General from Kentucky. The town of Barry, also named after the postmaster-general, was located just north of Kansas City, not in Barry County.
Andrew County is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 18,135. Its county seat is Savannah. The county was organized January 29, 1841, and named for Andrew Jackson Davis, a lawyer and prominent citizen of St. Louis.
Butler is a city in Bates County, Missouri, United States and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The population was 4,219 at the 2010 census. The county seat of Bates County, the city is named for William Orlando Butler, a noted American military and political figure of the early and mid-19th century. It is located approximately 50 mi (80 km) south of Kansas City, Missouri on U.S. Route 71-Interstate 49.
Hume is a city in southwest Bates County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. The population was 283 at the 2020 census.
Mound Township is one of twenty-four townships in Bates County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 819.
New Home Township is one of twenty-four townships in Bates County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 222.
The Battle of Island Mound State Historic Site is located in a rural area of Bates County, Missouri, in the western part of the state. The site was established to preserve the area of the American Civil War battle that took place in October 28–29, 1862 between Union forces and Confederate guerrillas. The battle was significant as the first time African-American troops on the Union side engaged enemy white troops in the Civil War. A correspondent of The New York Times reported on the battle; the headline noted the "desperate bravery" of the African Americans in achieving Union victory.