| Elections in California |
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The following is a list of California ballot propositions broken down by decade. Propositions can be placed on the ballot either through the exercise of the initiative power by the voters or by a vote of the state legislature. The state initiative power was added to the California constitution in 1911 as part of the ethics reform instituted by Governor Hiram Johnson in the early 1910s.
Ballot measures were not numbered prior to the general election of 1914. [1] Until the November 1982 general election, proposition numbers started with "1" for each election. After November 1982, subsequent propositions received sequentially increasing numbers until November 1998 when the count was reset to "1". Starting with November 1998, the count is reset in 10-year cycles.
Until 1960, citizen-led initiative measures appeared on general election ballots only. From 1960 to 2012, initiative measures appeared on primary, general, and special election ballots. [1] In October 2011, Governor Jerry Brown signed into law a bill (Senate Bill No. 202) which requires all future ballot initiatives to be listed only in general elections (held in November in even-numbered years), rather than during any statewide election. Two propositions had already qualified for the next statewide election (which was the June 2012 presidential primaries) prior to the signing of the law, making the June 2012 primaries the last statewide non-general election in California to have statewide initiatives on the ballot. Propositions originating in the State Legislature can still appear on non-general election ballots, as was the case with Propositions 41 and 42 in June 2014. [2]
Some notable propositions which have received a great deal of attention include:
| Proposition (year) | Status | About |
|---|---|---|
| Proposition 4 (1911) | Passed | Granting women the constitutional right to vote in California. |
| Proposition 7 (1911) | Passed | Establishing the constitutional direct democracy powers of initiative and referendum in California. |
| Proposition 8 (1911) | Passed | Establishing the constitutional direct democracy power of recall in California. |
| Proposition 14 (1964) | Passed, then declared unconstitutional in 1967, then repealed in 1974 | Prohibiting government agencies from denying, limiting, or abridging the right of any property owner to decline to sell, lease, or rent residential real property to any person the property owner, in their absolute discretion, chooses. It was declared unconstitutional in 1967, and repealed in 1974 via Proposition 7 |
| Proposition 6 (1978) | Defeated | Barring homosexuality in the public school system. |
| Proposition 13 (1978) | Passed | Significant property tax reduction and limits; imposing 2/3 vote requirement of the Legislature for state taxes and 2/3 voter approval requirement for local special taxes. |
| Proposition 65 (1986) | Passed | Notification of hazardous materials. |
| Proposition 98 (1988) | Passed | School funding (requires minimum percentage of budget to be directed toward education with increases based on inflation). |
| Proposition 184 (1994) | Passed, upheld in 2003, modified in 2012 | Mandatory sentencing for third-strike convictions. Proposition 184 was upheld as constitutional in 2003, and was modified by Proposition 36, in 2012 |
| Proposition 187 (1994) | Passed, then declared unconstitutional in 1997, then killed in 1999. Unenforceable provisions repealed in 2014 | Denying illegal immigrants eligibility to receive public services (immediate stay was federally imposed and is still in effect). Proposition 187 was declared unconstitutional in 1997, and mediation by Governor Gray Davis from a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals lawsuit, in 1999, effectively killed the law. In 2014, the unenforceable provisions of Proposition 187 were repealed by California Senate Bill 396 |
| Proposition 209 (1996) | Passed | Banning affirmative action in the public sector (employment, education, etc.) |
| Proposition 215 (1996) | Passed | Legalizing medical marijuana under California law. |
| Proposition 218 (1996) | Passed | Right to vote on local taxes; assessment and property-related fee reforms; initiative power expansion in regard to local revenue reduction or repeal. Constitutional follow-up to Proposition 13 (1978). |
| Proposition 22 (2000) | Passed, then declared unconstitutional in 2008, then repealed in 2014 [3] | A statute banning same-sex marriage. It was declared unconstitutional, in May 2008, via the In re Marriage Cases, and was repealed in April 2014 [3] . Later, in November 2008, a same-sex marriage ban was added to the State Constitution, via Proposition 8, which itself was later struck down as unconstitutional in 2010, in violation of the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause and due process clause, and was repealed in 2024, via Proposition 3 |
| Proposition 52 (2002) | Defeated | Allowing voting registration on Election Day. |
| Proposition 71 (2004) | Passed | On the use of stem cells in scientific research. |
| Proposition 73 (2005) | Defeated | Parental notification before abortion. |
| Proposition 83 (2006) | Passed | Various restrictions of civil liberties for paroled sex offenders (Jessica's Law). |
| Proposition 85 (2006) | Defeated | Second attempt at Proposition 73. |
| Proposition 8 (2008) | Passed, then declared unconstitutional in 2010, then repealed in 2024 | A state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage in order to override the In re Marriage Cases decision made earlier that year, in May 2008, that legalized same-sex marriage by ruling that Proposition 22 was unconstitutional, leading to its repeal in April 2014. Whilst it did pass, in November 2008, Proposition 8 was later declared unconstitutional in 2010, and was repealed in 2024 with Proposition 3. |
| Proposition 14 (2010) | Passed | Establishing a non-partisan top-two primary in place of semi-closed party primaries. |
| Proposition 19 (2010) | Defeated | Unsuccessful first attempt at legalising marijuana. Legalisation of marijuana later passed in 2016 via Proposition 64 |
| Proposition 34 (2012) | Defeated | Abolition of the death penalty. |
| Proposition 36 (2012) | Passed | Reducing the mandatory minimum sentence's for most individuals convicted under the state's three-strikes law. |
| Proposition 37 (2012) | Defeated | Requiring labeling on raw or processed food offered for sale to consumers if made from plants or animals with genetic material changed in a specified way. |
| Proposition 47 (2014) | Passed | Redefining some nonviolent offenses as misdemeanors, rather than felonies, as they had previously been categorized. Partly repealed by Proposition 36 |
| Proposition 64 (2016) | Passed | Successful second attempt at legalising marijuana for adult users under California law |
| Proposition 1 (2022) | Passed | Constitutional right to reproductive freedom |
| Proposition 3 (2024) | Passed | Constitutional right to same-sex marriage. Repealed Proposition 8 |
| Proposition 6 (2024) | Defeated | Failed attempt to constitutionally prohibit involuntary servitude as a whole, by removing the penal exception clause as punishment for a crime, from the State Constitution |
| Proposition 36 (2024) | Passed | Modified and increased penalties for drug and theft related crimes, and reclassified certain misdemeanors as felonies. Partly repealed Proposition 47 |