1916 United States presidential election in California

U.S. Senate
U.S. Senate
	1849 ; 1850 ; 1852 sp ; 1856 ; 1857 sp ; 1860 ; 1860 sp ; 1868 ; 1872 ; 1873 ; 1873 sp ; 1878 ; 1880 ; 1885 ; 1886 sp ; 1887 ; 1891 ; 1891 sp ; 1893 ; 1895 sp ; 1897 ; 1900 sp ; 1903 ; 1905 ; 1909 ; 1911 ; 1914 ; 1916 ; 1920 ; 1922 ; 1926 ; 1928 ; 1932 ; 1934 ; 1938 ; 1940 ; 1944 ; 1946 ; 1946 sp ; 1950 ; 1952 ; 1954 sp ; 1956 ; 1958 ; 1962 ; 1964 ; 1968 ; 1970 ; 1974 ; 1976 ; 1980 ; 1982 ; 1986 ; 1988 ; 1992 ; 1992 sp ; 1994 ; 1998 ; 2000 ; 2004 ; 2006 ; 2010 ; 2012 ; 2016 ; 2018 ; 2022 ; 2022 sp ; 2024 ; 2024 sp ; 2028 ;

U.S. President
U.S. President
	1852 ; 1856 ; 1860 ; 1864 ; 1868 ; 1872 ; 1876 ; 1880 ; 1884 ; 1888 ; 1892 ; 1896 ; 1900 ; 1904 ; 1908 ; 1912 ; 1916 ; 1920 ; 1924 ; 1928 ; 1932 ; 1936 ; 1940 ; 1944 ; 1948 ; 1952 ; 1956 ; 1960 ; 1964 ; 1968 ; 1972 ; 1976 ; 1980 ; 1984 ; 1988 ; 1992 ; 1996 Dem ; Rep ; ; 2000 Dem ; Rep ; ; 2004 Dem ; Rep ; ; 2008 Dem ; Rep ; ; 2012 Dem ; Rep ; ; 2016 Dem ; Rep ; ; 2020 Dem ; Rep ; ; 2024 Dem ; Rep ; ;

1916 United States presidential election in California
Turnout	79.57% (of registered voters) 7.89 pp ; 57.91% (of eligible voters) 12.80 pp
Wilson 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%	Hughes 40–50% 50–60% 70–80%
President before election; Woodrow Wilson ; Democratic	Elected President; Woodrow Wilson ; Democratic

Last updated November 03, 2024

The 1916 United States presidential election in California took place on November 7, 1916 as part of the 1916 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Although very close, this was not as close as the previous election or the critical 1892 election in California, and was only the third-closest state in a thrilling election behind New Hampshire and Minnesota. As of 2024, no subsequent presidential election in California has been decided by a smaller margin, although California was decided by less than one point in 1948 and 1960. This was the closest result where California's electoral votes were not split.

Following on from breaking half-a-dozen county droughts in 1912, Wilson became the first Democrat to carry Placer County, Plumas County, and Santa Barbara County, since Stephen A. Douglas in 1860, and the first to carry the counties of Contra Costa and Santa Cruz since James Buchanan in 1856.^[2] If Hughes had won California, he would have won the Electoral College despite losing the national popular vote by three points. This is the last election in which a Republican candidate carried Los Angeles County but failed to carry the state of California. Until 2020 this had been the most recent election when California would decide the overall winner of a presidential election, despite routinely having among the highest, or highest number of electoral votes after the next reapportionment following the 1930 census. Had Hughes carried the state, he would have been elected with 267 electoral votes to Wilson's 264.

Results

General Election Results^[3]
Party		Pledged to	Elector	Votes
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Francis J. Heney	466,289
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Edward L. Doheny	465,936
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Jo V. Snyder	465,092
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Irving C. Ackerman	464,926
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	L. F. Puter	464,824
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	John F. Barry	464,808
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Oscar Hocks	464,731
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	James F. Peck	464,680
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Lorin A. Handley	464,515
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	R. F. Del Valle	464,477
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Virginia M. Spinks	464,233
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Mary Marshall Wiley	464,206
	Democratic Party	Woodrow Wilson	Carrie L. Tyler	463,709
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	J. F. Carlston	462,516
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	John A. Britton	462,004
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	T. S. Montgomery	461,828
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	Willis H. Booth	461,826
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	W. F. Chandler	461,610
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	Albert E. Boynton	461,588
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	J. C. Needham	461,505
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	Joseph Scott	461,354
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	Rudolph J. Taussig	461,301
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	Louise Harvey Clarke	460,941
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	Mary Roberts Coolidge	460,908
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	A. J. Wallace	460,826
	Republican Party	Charles Evans Hughes	J. P. Baumgartner	460,821
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	Scott Anderson	42,898
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	Joseph Bredsteen	42,562
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	M. P. Christensen	42,412
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	Mollie Bloom Flagg	42,394
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	W. Scott Lewis	42,354
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	Ethel Lynn	42,330
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	Arnold R. Holston	42,327
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	C. W. Kingsley	42,320
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	Noble A. Richardson	42,312
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	Harry M. McKee	42,273
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	Ben F. Wilson	42,263
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	George W. Woodbey	42,232
	Socialist Party	Allan L. Benson	A. E. Briggs	42,178
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Annie E. K. Bidwell	27,713
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Horace A. Johnson	27,408
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Fred F. Wheeler	27,208
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Robert Rogers	27,156
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Elam Biggs	27,116
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Minnie Goldthwaite	27,082
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	C. C. Selecman	27,067
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Wiley J. Phillips	27,050
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	A. K. Nash	27,027
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Ada E. Ferris	27,017
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Walter O. Woolever	27,013
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	Thomas K. Beard	26,980
	Prohibition Party	J. Franklin Hanly	C. S. Corkhill	26,894
	Write-in		Scattering	187
Votes cast^{[lower-alpha 1]}				999,603

Results by county

County	Woodrow Wilson Democratic		Charles Evans Hughes Republican		Allan L. Benson Socialist		J. Franklin Hanly Prohibition		Scattering Write-in		Margin		Total votes cast^{[lower-alpha 2]}
County	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	Total votes cast^{[lower-alpha 2]}
Alameda	43,748	42.84%	51,417	50.34%	5,422	5.31%	1,544	1.51%	0	0.00%	-7,669	-7.51%	102,131
Alpine	23	27.71%	60	72.29%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	-37	-44.58%	83
Amador	1,766	56.28%	1,209	38.53%	125	3.98%	38	1.21%	0	0.00%	557	17.75%	3,138
Butte	4,888	50.55%	3,956	40.91%	436	4.51%	389	4.02%	0	0.00%	932	9.64%	9,669
Calaveras	1,524	53.06%	1,175	40.91%	135	4.70%	38	1.32%	0	0.00%	349	12.15%	2,872
Colusa	1,998	62.89%	1,011	31.82%	123	3.87%	45	1.42%	0	0.00%	987	31.07%	3,177
Contra Costa	6,092	46.82%	5,731	44.05%	886	6.81%	302	2.32%	0	0.00%	361	2.77%	13,011
Del Norte	471	41.35%	499	43.81%	144	12.64%	25	2.19%	0	0.00%	-28	-2.46%	1,139
El Dorado	1,755	57.67%	1,068	35.10%	187	6.15%	33	1.08%	0	0.00%	687	22.58%	3,043
Fresno	14,241	49.95%	11,707	41.07%	1,648	5.78%	912	3.20%	0	0.00%	2,534	8.89%	28,508
Glenn	1,797	53.87%	1,342	40.23%	101	3.03%	94	2.82%	2	0.06%	455	13.64%	3,336
Humboldt	4,103	36.27%	5,786	51.14%	1,063	9.40%	361	3.19%	0	0.00%	-1,683	14.88%	11,313
Imperial	3,273	49.15%	2,694	40.46%	363	5.45%	329	4.94%	0	0.00%	579	8.69%	6,659
Inyo	966	47.92%	846	41.96%	152	7.54%	52	2.58%	0	0.00%	120	5.95%	2,016
Kern	9,566	59.86%	5,611	35.11%	553	3.46%	251	1.57%	0	0.00%	3,955	24.75%	15,981
Kings	2,905	51.86%	2,221	39.65%	256	4.57%	220	3.93%	0	0.00%	684	12.21%	5,602
Lake	1,164	52.13%	791	35.42%	182	8.15%	96	4.30%	0	0.00%	373	16.70%	2,233
Lassen	1,323	55.75%	877	36.96%	143	6.03%	30	1.26%	0	0.00%	446	18.79%	2,373
Los Angeles	114,070	42.58%	135,554	50.59%	8,076	3.01%	10,061	3.76%	160	0.06%	-21,484	-8.02%	267,921
Madera	1,880	54.01%	1,323	38.01%	183	5.26%	86	2.56%	6	0.17%	557	16.00%	3,481
Marin	3,789	43.82%	4,328	50.05%	424	4.90%	106	1.23%	0	0.00%	-539	-6.23%	8,647
Mariposa	802	58.24%	451	32.75%	95	6.90%	29	2.11%	0	0.00%	351	25.49%	1,377
Mendocino	3,371	45.14%	3,494	46.79%	453	6.07%	150	2.01%	0	0.00%	-123	-1.65%	7,468
Merced	2,637	50.36%	2,132	40.72%	285	5.44%	182	3.48%	0	0.00%	505	9.64%	5,236
Modoc	1,222	58.25%	768	36.61%	79	3.77%	29	1.38%	0	0.00%	454	21.64%	2,098
Mono	158	48.47%	137	42.02%	26	7.98%	5	1.53%	0	0.00%	21	6.44%	326
Monterey	3,878	48.28%	3,599	44.81%	364	4.53%	191	2.38%	0	0.00%	279	3.47%	8,032
Napa	3,088	41.39%	3,914	52.46%	304	4.07%	155	2.08%	0	0.00%	-826	-11.07%	7,461
Nevada	2,548	56.58%	1,586	35.22%	279	6.20%	90	2.00%	0	0.00%	962	21.36%	4,503
Orange	6,474	34.54%	10,609	56.59%	643	3.43%	1,020	5.44%	0	0.00%	-4,135	-22.06%	18,746
Placer	3,375	58.28%	1,954	33.74%	314	5.42%	148	2.56%	0	0.00%	1,421	24.54%	5,791
Plumas	1,025	56.50%	663	36.55%	102	5.62%	24	1.32%	0	0.00%	362	19.96%	1,814
Riverside	4,561	33.44%	7,452	54.64%	790	5.79%	836	6.13%	0	0.00%	-2,891	-21.20%	13,639
Sacramento	14,538	54.63%	10,696	40.19%	833	3.13%	546	2.05%	0	0.00%	3,842	14.44%	26,613
San Benito	1,688	51.80%	1,440	44.19%	91	2.79%	40	1.23%	0	0.00%	248	7.61%	3,259
San Bernardino	9,398	39.92%	11,932	50.68%	805	3.42%	1,410	5.99%	0	0.00%	-2,534	-10.76%	23,545
San Diego	16,815	46.02%	16,978	46.47%	1,612	4.41%	1,132	3.10%	0	0.00%	-163	-0.45%	36,537
San Francisco	78,225	52.45%	63,093	42.30%	6,423	4.31%	1,404	0.94%	7	0.00%	15,132	10.15%	149,152
San Joaquin	11,454	55.44%	7,861	38.05%	789	3.82%	557	2.70%	0	0.00%	3,593	17.39%	20,661
San Luis Obispo	3,539	49.85%	2,854	40.20%	547	7.71%	159	2.24%	0	0.00%	685	9.65%	7,099
San Mateo	4,485	43.08%	5,207	50.01%	540	5.19%	179	1.72%	0	0.00%	-722	-6.93%	10,411
Santa Barbara	5,198	49.65%	4,453	42.54%	470	4.49%	347	3.31%	1	0.01%	745	7.12%	10,469
Santa Clara	14,185	43.40%	16,592	50.77%	1,006	3.08%	887	2.71%	11	0.03%	-2,407	-7.37%	32,681
Santa Cruz	4,511	47.76%	4,228	44.76%	383	4.05%	324	3.43%	0	0.00%	283	3.00%	9,446
Shasta	2,828	52.39%	2,008	37.20%	449	8.32%	113	2.09%	0	0.00%	820	15.19%	5,398
Sierra	594	58.35%	360	35.36%	55	5.40%	9	0.88%	0	0.00%	234	22.99%	1,018
Siskiyou	3,447	57.15%	2,059	34.13%	417	6.91%	109	1.81%	0	0.00%	1,388	23.01%	6,032
Solano	5,678	58.37%	3,536	36.35%	322	3.31%	192	1.97%	0	0.00%	2,142	22.02%	9,728
Sonoma	8,377	43.35%	9,733	50.37%	921	4.77%	293	1.52%	0	0.00%	-1,356	-7.02%	19,324
Stanislaus	5,490	46.98%	4,401	37.66%	729	6.24%	1,067	9.13%	0	0.00%	1,089	9.32%	11,687
Sutter	1,543	53.52%	1,211	42.00%	80	2.77%	49	1.70%	0	0.00%	332	11.52%	2,883
Tehama	2,534	52.92%	1,739	36.32%	334	6.98%	181	3.78%	0	0.00%	795	16.60%	4,788
Trinity	661	54.81%	424	35.16%	104	8.62%	17	1.41%	0	0.00%	237	19.65%	1,206
Tulare	7,299	46.87%	6,845	43.96%	895	5.75%	533	3.42%	0	0.00%	454	2.92%	15,572
Tuolumne	1,584	54.21%	1,057	36.17%	237	8.11%	44	1.51%	0	0.00%	527	18.04%	2,922
Ventura	2,835	39.30%	3,980	55.18%	260	3.60%	138	1.91%	0	0.00%	-1,145	-15.87%	7,213
Yolo	2,922	53.12%	2,334	42.43%	167	3.04%	78	1.42%	0	0.00%	588	10.69%	5,501
Yuba	1,980	54.49%	1,530	42.10%	93	2.56%	31	0.85%	0	0.00%	450	12.38%	3,634
Total	466,289	46.65%	462,516	46.27%	42,898	4.29%	27,713	2.77%	187	0.02%	3,773	0.38%	999,603

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

Notes

↑ Based on totals for highest elector on each ticket
↑ Based on the highest elector on each ticket

Related Research Articles

The 1916 United States presidential election was the 33rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeated former associate justice of the Supreme Court Charles Evans Hughes, the Republican candidate.

The 2000 United States presidential election in California took place on November 7, 2000, as part of the wider 2000 United States presidential election. Voters chose 54 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1996 United States presidential election in California took place on November 5, 1996, as part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Voters chose 54 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. California, was won by Incumbent President Bill Clinton (D) over Senator Bob Dole (R), with Clinton winning 51.1% to 38.21% by a margin of 12.89%. Billionaire businessman Ross Perot finished in third, with 6.96% of the popular vote.

The 1992 United States presidential election in California took place on November 3, 1992, and was part of the 1992 United States presidential election. Voters chose 54 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1988 United States presidential election in California took place on November 8, 1988, and was part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose 47 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1984 United States presidential election in California took place on November 6, 1984, as part of the 1984 United States presidential election. State voters chose 47 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. California voted for the Republican incumbent and former California Governor, Ronald Reagan, in a landslide over the Democratic challenger, former Minnesota Senator and Vice President Walter Mondale. Reagan easily won his home state with a comfortable 16.24% margin and carried all but five counties. Despite this, California's margin was 1.97% more Democratic than the nation as a whole.

The 1980 United States presidential election in California took place on November 4, 1980, as part of the 1980 United States presidential election. State voters chose 45 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1976 United States presidential election in California took place on November 2, 1976, as part of the 1976 United States presidential election. State voters chose 45 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1964 United States presidential election in California took place on November 3, 1964, as part of the 1964 United States presidential election. State voters chose 40 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1932 United States presidential election in California took place on November 8, 1932 as part of the 1932 United States presidential election. State voters chose 22 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1928 United States presidential election in California took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1920 United States presidential election in California took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election in which all 48 states participated. California voters chose 13 electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio and his running mate, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, against Republican challenger U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio and his running mate, Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts.

The 1912 United States presidential election in California took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1880 United States presidential election in California was held on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose six representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1864 United States presidential election in California took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1860 United States presidential election in California took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1856 United States presidential election in California took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. California voted for the Democratic nominee, former Secretary of State James Buchanan, over the American Party nominee, former Whig President Millard Fillmore, and the Republican nominee, former U.S. Senator and Military Governor of California John C. Frémont.

The 1916 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 7, 1916 as part of the 1916 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1916 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 7, 1916, as part of the 1916 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1916 United States presidential election in Washington took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1916 United States presidential election in which all contemporary 48 states participated. Voters chose seven electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting Democratic incumbents Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall, against Republican challengers Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes and his running mate, former Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks.

References

↑ "Historical Voter Registration and Participation in Statewide General Elections 1910-2018" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
↑ Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, pp. 153-155 ISBN 0786422173
↑ Statement of Vote at General Election held on November 7, 1916 in the State of California. Sacramento, California. 1968. pp. 8–15. Retrieved July 15, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[4] Based on totals for highest elector on each ticket

[5] Based on the highest elector on each ticket

[1] "Historical Voter Registration and Participation in Statewide General Elections 1910-2018" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Retrieved May 5, 2022.

[2] Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, pp. 153-155 ISBN 0786422173

[3] Statement of Vote at General Election held on November 7, 1916 in the State of California. Sacramento, California. 1968. pp. 8–15. Retrieved July 15, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

v t e (1915 ←) 1916 United States elections (→ 1917)
U.S. President	Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
U.S. Senate	Arizona Arkansas (Special) California Connecticut Delaware Florida Indiana (Special) Indiana Maine Maine (Special) Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
U.S. House of Representatives	Alabama Arizona Arkansas California 10th sp Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Territory Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi 5th sp Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia 2nd sp Wisconsin Wyoming
Gubernatorial	Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Lt. Gov Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Missouri Lt. Gov Montana Nebraska Lt. Gov New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin
State legislatures	Iowa Senate
General	Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming