1916 Iowa Senate election

1916 Iowa Senate election

←  1914 November 7, 1916 1918  →
30 out of 50 seats in the Iowa Senate 26 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Party Republican Democratic Last election 35 15 Seats after 40 10 Seat change 5 5
Results      Democratic gain     Republican gain      Democratic hold     Republican hold

The 1916 Iowa Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 1916 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in 30 of the senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa Senate.

A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the 1916 elections is provided by the Iowa General Assembly here.

The primary election on June 5, 1916, determined which candidates appeared on the November 7, 1916 general election ballot. ^{[1] [2]}

Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 35 seats to Democrats' 15 seats.

To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 11 Senate seats.

Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1916 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 40 seats and Democrats having 10 seats (a net gain of 5 seats for Republicans).

Summary of Results

• Note: 20 districts with holdover Senators not up for re-election are not listed on this table.

Senate District	Incumbent	Party		Elected Senator	Party
2nd	John H. Taylor		Rep	George Washington Ball		Rep
3rd	James M. Wilson		Rep	James M. Wilson		Rep
4th	John H. Darrah		Rep	Karl Miler Le Compte		Rep
5th	Charles H. Thomas		Rep	James Allen Stephenson		Dem
6th	Albert D. Nye		Rep	Benjamin J. Gibson		Rep
8th	Frank F. Jones		Rep	William C. Ratcliff		Rep
11th	LeMerton Edson Crist		Rep	Aaron VanScoy Proudfoot		Rep
14th	John Fletcher Ream		Dem	Elmer Ellsworth Mitchell		Rep
15th	John Thomas Clarkson		Dem	John Rees Price		Rep
16th	Arthur Craig Savage		Rep	Edward McMurray Smith		Rep
17th	John Wasson Foster		Rep	John Wasson Foster		Rep
19th	Clement F. Kimball		Rep	Clement F. Kimball		Rep
23rd	George Earl Hilsinger		Rep	Albert L. Broxam		Dem
24th	William David Sheean		Dem	John K. Hale		Rep
25th	James A. White		Dem	Otto A. Byington		Dem
26th	Francis A. Heald		Rep	Willis G. Haskell		Rep
27th	Frederic Larrabee		Rep	Perry C. Holdoegel		Rep
28th	Wallace H. Arney		Rep	Wallace H. Arney		Rep
31st	Justin R. Doran		Rep	Ben Edwards		Rep
32nd	Edgar P. Farr		Dem	Charles Franklin Lytle		Rep
33rd	Eli Cushman Perkins		Rep	Thomas Eddy Taylor		Rep
36th	Robert Pollok Quigley		Dem	Byron W. Newberry		Rep
39th	Fred P. Hagemann		Dem	William Thomas Evans		Rep
40th	Albert M. Fellows		Rep	Albert M. Fellows		Rep
41st	Lars W. Boe		Rep	Thomas A. Kingland		Rep
43rd	Thomas J. B. Robinson		Rep	Arthur Lynnwood Rule		Rep
46th	Guy Mark Gillette		Dem	George Franklin Coburn		Rep
47th	Leslie E. Francis		Rep	Henry C. Adams		Rep
49th	Nicholas Balkema		Rep	Nicholas Balkema		Rep
50th	Joseph Holmes Allen		Rep	Howard Spicer Van Alstine		Rep

Source: ^[3]

Detailed Results

Popular vote share by district

Democratic   40–49%   50–59%

Republican   40–49%   50–59%   60–69%   70–79%   90–100%

• NOTE: The 20 districts that did not hold elections in 1916 are not listed here.

District 2 • District 3 • District 4 • District 5 • District 6 • District 8 • District 11 • District 14 • District 15 • District 16 • District 17 • District 19 • District 23 • District 24 • District 25 • District 26 • District 27 • District 28 • District 31 • District 32 • District 33 • District 36 • District 39 • District 40 • District 41 • District 43 • District 46 • District 47 • District 49 • District 50

• Note: If a district does not list a primary, then that district did not have a competitive primary (i.e., there may have only been one candidate file for that district). ^{[4] [5]}

District 2

Iowa Senate, District 2 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George W. Ball	2,761	100.00%
Total votes			2,761	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 2 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	S. H. Bauman	1,162	100.00%
Total votes			1,162	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 2 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George W. Ball	3,835	51.30%
	Democratic	S. H. Bauman	3,631	48.58%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	R. D. Tobin	9	0.12%
Total votes			7,475	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 3

Iowa Senate, District 3 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	James M. Wilson (incumbent)	3,004	100.00%
Total votes			3,004	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 3 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	S. A. Stuckey	2,069	100.00%
Total votes			2,069	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 3 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	James M. Wilson (incumbent)	4,746	51.31%
	Democratic	S. A. Stuckey	4,094	44.26%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	I. S. McCrillis	409	4.42%
Total votes			9,249	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 4

Iowa Senate, District 4 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Karl M. LeCompte	1,829	57.23%
	Republican	George W. Hinkle	1,367	42.77%
Total votes			3,196	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 4 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Joseph E. Doze	1,667	100.00%
Total votes			1,667	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 4 Socialist Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Socialist	Joshua Clark	89	100.00%
Total votes			89	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 4 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Karl M. Le Compte	3,563	49.35%
	Democratic	Joseph E. Doze	3,364	46.59%
	Socialist	Joshua Clark	293	4.06%
Total votes			7,220	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 5

Iowa Senate, District 5 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Scott Skinner	2,692	52.57%
	Republican	E. J. Heaton	2,429	47.43%
Total votes			5,121	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 5 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	James A. Stephenson	5,683	51.35%
	Republican	Scott Skinner	5,385	48.65%
Total votes			11,068	100.00%
	Democratic gain from Republican

District 6

Iowa Senate, District 6 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Benjamin J. Gibson	2,898	100.00%
Total votes			2,898	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 6 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Benjamin J. Gibson	4,285	99.84%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	Carl Stanley	7	0.16%
Total votes			4,292	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 8

Iowa Senate, District 8 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	W. C. Ratcliff	2,412	70.51%
	Republican	F. F. Jones (incumbent)	1,009	29.49%
Total votes			3,421	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 8 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	W. C. Ratcliff	4,453	98.45%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	William Ross	66	1.46%
	Republican	F. F. Jones (incumbent)	4	0.09%
Total votes			4,523	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 11

Iowa Senate, District 11 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Aaron V. Proudfoot	2,827	100.00%
Total votes			2,827	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 11 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	L. J. Klemm	836	100.00%
Total votes			836	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 11 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Aaron V. Proudfoot	3,818	60.89%
	Democratic	L. J. Klemm	2,452	39.11%
Total votes			6,270	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 14

Iowa Senate, District 14 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Elmer E. Mitchell	816	36.51%
	Republican	F. W. Else	727	32.53%
	Republican	W. I. Beans	692	30.96%
Total votes			2,235	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 14 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John F. Ream (incumbent)	1,025	100.00%
Total votes			1,025	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 14 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Elmer E. Mitchell	3,441	57.02%
	Democratic	John F. Ream (incumbent)	2,594	42.98%
Total votes			6,035	100.00%
	Republican gain from Democratic

District 15

Iowa Senate, District 15 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John R. Price	1,996	53.58%
	Republican	S. T. Gray	1,729	46.42%
Total votes			3,725	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 15 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Charles H. Clark	1,750	100.00%
Total votes			1,750	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 15 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John R. Price	4,679	48.88%
	Democratic	Charles H. Clark	4,391	45.87%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	Samuel Cooper	502	5.24%
Total votes			9,572	100.00%
	Republican gain from Democratic

District 16

Iowa Senate, District 16 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Ed. M. Smith	1,626	46.10%
	Republican	George M. White	1,077	30.54%
	Republican	Leo C. Percival	824	23.36%
Total votes			3,527	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 16 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	George M. Pratt	1,048	100.00%
Total votes			1,048	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 16 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Ed. M. Smith	4,197	61.15%
	Democratic	George M. Pratt	2,666	38.85%
Total votes			6,863	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 17

Iowa Senate, District 17 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John W. Foster (incumbent)	5,213	100.00%
Total votes			5,213	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 17 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	T. L. Myers	1,559	100.00%
Total votes			1,559	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 17 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John W. Foster (incumbent)	6,228	55.45%
	Democratic	T. L. Myers	4,872	43.38%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	John Kent	106	0.94%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	H. C. M. Nordley	25	0.22%
Total votes			11,231	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 19

Iowa Senate, District 19 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Clem F. Kimball (incumbent)	3,415	100.00%
Total votes			3,415	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 19 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	J. W. Bell	1,595	100.00%
Total votes			1,595	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 19 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Clem F. Kimball (incumbent)	6,493	55.12%
	Democratic	J. W. Bell	5,287	44.88%
Total votes			11,780	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 23

Iowa Senate, District 23 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	F. W. Myatt	1,098	100.00%
Total votes			1,098	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 23 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	A. L. Broxam	969	100.00%
Total votes			969	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 23 Socialist Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Socialist	Levi Edwards	19	100.00%
Total votes			19	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 23 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	A. L. Broxam	2,368	51.87%
	Republican	F. W. Myatt	2,197	48.13%
Total votes			4,565	100.00%
	Democratic gain from Republican

District 24

Iowa Senate, District 24 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	J. K. Hale	1,655	51.00%
	Republican	C. E. Reed	1,590	49.00%
Total votes			3,245	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 24 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	W. D. Sheean (incumbent)	1,938	100.00%
Total votes			1,938	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 24 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	J. K. Hale	5,131	57.35%
	Democratic	William D. Sheean (incumbent)	3,816	42.65%
Total votes			8,947	100.00%
	Republican gain from Democratic

District 25

Iowa Senate, District 25 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	W. O. Coast	2,440	100.00%
Total votes			2,440	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 25 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	O. A. Byington	1,857	56.68%
	Democratic	James A. White (incumbent)	1,419	43.32%
Total votes			3,276	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 25 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	O. A. Byington	5,364	50.81%
	Republican	W. O. Coast	5,194	49.19%
Total votes			10,558	100.00%
	Democratic hold

District 26

Iowa Senate, District 26 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	W. G. Haskell	3,919	56.73%
	Republican	Herbert C. Ring	2,989	43.27%
Total votes			6,908	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 26 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	W. G. Haskell	8,199	59.16%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	Peter G. Henderson	5,659	40.84%
Total votes			13,858	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 27

Iowa Senate, District 27 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Perry C. Holdoegel	4,375	100.00%
Total votes			4,375	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 27 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	J. J. Coady	1,084	100.00%
Total votes			1,084	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 27 Socialist Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Socialist	J. T. Puckett	35	100.00%
Total votes			35	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 27 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Perry C. Holdoegel	5,882	58.03%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	H. Mullarky	3,856	38.04%
	Socialist	J. T. Puckett	398	3.93%
Total votes			10,136	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 28

Iowa Senate, District 28 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Wallace H. Arney (incumbent)	1,750	53.09%
	Republican	John B. Classen	1,546	46.91%
Total votes			3,296	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 28 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Theo. F. Bradford	412	100.00%
Total votes			412	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 28 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Wallace H. Arney (incumbent)	3,908	62.21%
	Democratic	Theo. F. Bradford	2,374	37.79%
Total votes			6,282	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 31

Iowa Senate, District 31 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Ben Edwards	3,289	55.86%
	Republican	L. M. Bosworth	2,599	44.14%
Total votes			5,888	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 31 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur Dean	765	100.00%
Total votes			765	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 31 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Ben Edwards	7,025	72.52%
	Democratic	Arthur Dean	2,662	27.48%
Total votes			9,687	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 32

Iowa Senate, District 32 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	C. F. Lytle	3,437	51.96%
	Republican	Bertel M. Stoddard	3,178	48.04%
Total votes			6,615	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 32 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	C. F. Lytle	8,270	100.00%
Total votes			8,270	100.00%
	Republican gain from Democratic

District 33

Iowa Senate, District 33 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Thomas E. Taylor (incumbent)	3,511	100.00%
Total votes			3,511	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 33 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Robert Barr	985	100.00%
Total votes			985	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 33 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Thomas E. Taylor (incumbent)	5,374	64.27%
	Democratic	Robert Barr	2,907	34.76%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	F. A. Doolittle	81	0.97%
Total votes			8,362	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 36

Iowa Senate, District 36 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Byron W. Newberry	1,411	100.00%
Total votes			1,411	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 36 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Robert Quigley (incumbent)	1,300	100.00%
Total votes			1,300	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 36 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	B. W. Newberry	3,084	57.40%
	Democratic	Robert Quigley (incumbent)	2,249	41.86%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	Michael McDonough	40	0.74%
Total votes			5,373	100.00%
	Republican gain from Democratic

District 39

Iowa Senate, District 39 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	W. T. Evans	3,271	100.00%
Total votes			3,271	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 39 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	W. T. Evans	5,132	100.00%
Total votes			5,132	100.00%
	Republican gain from Democratic

District 40

Iowa Senate, District 40 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Albert M. Fellows (incumbent)	3,488	100.00%
Total votes			3,488	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 40 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Albert M. Fellows (incumbent)	6,112	92.75%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	J. E. Grauer	478	7.25%
Total votes			6,590	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 41

Iowa Senate, District 41 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Thomas A. Kingland	1,917	35.88%
	Republican	Robert T. St. John	1,756	32.87%
	Republican	Louis A. Jensen	981	18.36%
	Republican	T. C. Rone	689	12.90%
Total votes			5,343	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 41 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	E. E. Branstad	454	100.00%
Total votes			454	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 41 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Thomas A. Kingland	5,177	77.14%
	Democratic	E. E. Branstad	1,466	21.84%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	Joseph Merdica	68	1.01%
Total votes			6,711	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 43

Iowa Senate, District 43 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	A. L. Rule	5,157	69.65%
	Republican	J. E. Stinehart	2,247	30.35%
Total votes			7,404	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 43 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	A. L. Rule	8,042	100.00%
Total votes			8,042	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 46

Iowa Senate, District 46 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George F. Coburn	2,606	59.62%
	Republican	Wilfred P. Dawson	1,765	40.38%
Total votes			4,371	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 46 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George F. Coburn	5,225	51.27%
	Democratic	Guy M. Gillette (incumbent)	4,966	48.73%
Total votes			10,191	100.00%
	Republican gain from Democratic

District 47

Iowa Senate, District 47 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Henry C. Adams	3,409	40.27%
	Republican	L. E. Francis (incumbent)	2,852	33.69%
	Republican	Charles C. Hastings	1,652	19.51%
	Republican	H. Leslie Wildey	553	6.53%
Total votes			8,466	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 47 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Henry C. Adams	9,612	97.89%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	J. Anderson	140	1.43%
	Unknown [lower-alpha 1]	M. L. Soneth	67	0.68%
Total votes			9,819	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 49

Iowa Senate, District 49 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Nicholas Balkema (incumbent)	3,459	57.05%
	Republican	Peter Swenson	2,604	42.95%
Total votes			6,063	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 49 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Peter J. Baadte	1,581	100.00%
Total votes			1,581	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 49 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Nicholas Balkema (incumbent)	6,987	58.49%
	Democratic	Peter J. Baadte	4,958	41.51%
Total votes			11,945	100.00%
	Republican hold

District 50

Iowa Senate, District 50 Republican Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	H. S. Van Alstine	3,702	56.19%
	Republican	E. H. Cunningham	2,886	43.81%
Total votes			6,588	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 50 Democratic Primary Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	W. F. Anderson	1,020	100.00%
Total votes			1,020	100.00%

Iowa Senate, District 50 General Election, 1916

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	H. S. Van Alstine	5,248	61.57%
	Democratic	W. F. Anderson	3,276	38.43%
Total votes			8,524	100.00%
	Republican hold

1. The Iowa General Assembly did not list political party affiliation for all candidates.

See also

• United States elections, 1916
• United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa, 1916
• Elections in Iowa

References

1. "Primary Election 1916 For State Senator" (PDF). Iowa General Assembly . Retrieved June 14, 2021.
2. "General Election 1916 For State Senator" (PDF). Iowa General Assembly . Retrieved June 14, 2021.
3. "Legislators". Iowa Senate . Retrieved June 14, 2021.
4. "Primary Election 1916 For State Senator" (PDF). Iowa General Assembly . Retrieved June 14, 2021.
5. "General Election 1916 For State Senator" (PDF). Iowa General Assembly . Retrieved June 14, 2021.