Iowa caucuses

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The Iowa caucuses are quadrennial electoral events for the Democratic and Republican parties in the U.S. state of Iowa. Unlike primary elections, where registered voters cast ballots at polling places on election day, Iowa caucuses are meetings where voters gather to discuss and select candidates for their registered party. Political parties hold the caucuses, in contrast to most state-run primaries. [1] Both presidential and midterm elections in Iowa use caucuses. [2] The caucuses are also held to select delegates to county conventions and party committees, among other party activities. [3] [4]

Contents

The Iowa caucuses are noteworthy as the first major contest of the United States presidential primary season. [5] Although caucus-goers have been unrepresentative of the nation's overall demographic, [6] caucuses are still seen by some as a strong indicator of how a presidential candidate will do in later contests. [7] Candidates who do poorly in the Iowa caucus frequently drop out in the following days. [8]

The 2020 Iowa Republican caucuses and the 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses took place on February 3, 2020. The Democratic caucus proved controversial after difficulties and errors in the reporting of the final vote totals. [9] Iowa Democratic Party Chair Troy Price resigned on February 12, 2020, over the chaos resulting from the caucus. [10]

On February 4, 2023, the Democratic National Committee approved a new calendar for the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries, moving the South Carolina Democratic primary to be held first on February 3, and pushing the Iowa Democratic caucuses later to March. [11] The Republican National Committee still announced plans to hold the Iowa Republican caucuses first in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries. [12] By October 6, the Democratic National Committee reached a compromise in which the in-person Iowa Democratic caucuses focusing on party business could still be held in January, but voting on presidential candidates would be done via mail-in ballots until Super Tuesday, March 5. [13]

Background

Political parties in Iowa have used caucuses to select party leaders and candidates for office since the 1800s. [14] Before 1907, parties selected all candidates for political office through the caucus system. [14] Iowa held a presidential primary in 1916, but returned to the caucus system in 1917 due to high costs and low participation. [14]

After the 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Democratic Party leaders decided to make changes to their presidential nomination process by spreading out the schedule in each state. Because Iowa had a complex process of precinct caucuses, county conventions, district conventions, and a state convention, they chose to start early. In 1972, Iowa was the first state to hold its Democratic caucus, and it had the first Republican caucus four years later. [15]

Under Iowa law, political parties are required to hold caucuses every two years to select delegates to county conventions and party committees. [3]

For Republicans, the Iowa caucus used to follow the Iowa Straw Poll in August of the preceding year. The Iowa Straw Poll was held six times, beginning in 1979, but only three Straw Poll winners went on to win the caucus the following year. The Straw Poll was discontinued in June 2015.

With an emphasis on retail politics, candidates have often pursued the "full Grassley" or Iowa 99, as they visit all of the counties of the state.

Process

A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in Iowa City, Iowa Iowa City Caucus.jpg
A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in Iowa City, Iowa

The Iowa caucuses operate differently from the primary election used by most other states (see U.S. presidential primary). The caucuses are generally defined as "gatherings of neighbors". Rather than going to polls and casting ballots, Iowans gather at a set location in each of Iowa's precincts. Typically, these meetings occur in schools, churches, public libraries, or even individuals' houses. Caucuses are held every two years, during both the presidential and midterm election seasons, but those that receive national attention are the presidential preference caucuses, held every four years. The rules of the caucus process to determine delegates to national conventions are determined by the party and differ substantially between the Democratic and Republican parties.

In addition to the voting and the presidential preference choices, caucus-goers begin the process of writing their parties' platforms by introducing resolutions. [16]

Criticisms

Public focus has been increasingly drawn to the Iowa caucus procedure. Public confidence in the integrity of the caucus system was heavily undermined after the 2020 Iowa Democratic caucus in which numerous irregularities were revealed, including disputed caucus totals following the use of a new smartphone app developed for the caucus, and a failure to publish official results for nearly a week. [17]

Many political figures have also echoed concerns. Sen. Dick Durbin (D-IL): "I think the Democratic caucus in Iowa is a quirky, quaint tradition which should come to an end. As we try to make voting easier for people across America, the Iowa caucus is the most painful situation we currently face for voting." Former presidential candidate Julián Castro, who has long been critical of the Iowa caucuses, blasted the process: "It's a mess. What we saw out there and heard about are, consistently, errors in the way that this process was done, whether in the initial phase or the realignment. Inconsistencies in how it was done across precinct sites, caucus sites. It is a total mess." [18]

Democratic Party

Each precinct divides its delegate seats among the candidates in proportion to caucus goers' votes. Participants indicate their support for a particular candidate by standing in a designated area of the caucus site (forming a preference group). An area may also be designated for an "uncommitted" group. Participants may try to convince their neighbors to support their candidates. [16] Each preference group might informally deputize a few members to recruit supporters from the other groups and, in particular, from among those undecided. Undecided participants might visit each preference group to ask its members about their candidate.

After some time, the electioneering is temporarily halted, and the supporters for each candidate (and for "uncommitted") are counted. At this point, the caucus officials determine which candidates or groups are viable, potentially including the "uncommitted" group. [16] Depending on the number of county delegates to be elected, the viability threshold is no less than 15% of attendees. (For four or more delegates, the threshold is 15%. For three delegates, the threshold is the total number of voters, divided by 6, roughly 16.66%. For two delegates, the threshold is 25%. For one delegate, there is no threshold, and the delegate is elected by a majority vote of eligible voters in attendance, following the first round of alignment.) [19] For a candidate (or the "uncommitted" group) to earn any delegates from a particular precinct, the candidate or group must have the support of at least the percentage of participants required by the viability threshold. Once viability is determined, participants have an opportunity to realign: although supporters of viable candidates or groups are locked into their choice, the supporters of nonviable candidates or groups may find a viable candidate or group to support, join with supporters of another nonviable candidate or group to secure a delegate for one of the two, or abstain. This realignment is a distinction of caucuses in that (unlike in most primaries) a voter's second choice can help a candidate.

When the voting is closed, a final headcount is conducted, and each precinct apportions delegates to the county convention. These numbers are reported to the state party, which counts the total number of delegates for each candidate (and delegates who are "uncommitted") and reports the results to the media. Most of the participants go home, leaving a few to finish the business of the caucus: each preference group elects its delegates, and then the groups reconvene to elect local party officers and discuss the platform. The delegates are chosen by the precinct then go to a later caucus, the county convention, to choose delegates to the district convention and state convention. Most of the delegates to the Democratic National Convention are selected at the district convention, with the remaining ones selected at the state convention. Delegates to each level of convention are initially bound to support their chosen candidate but can later switch in a process very similar to what occurs at the precinct level; however, as major shifts in delegate support are rare, the media declares the candidate with the most delegates on the precinct caucus night the winner and relatively little attention is paid to the later caucuses.

In 2014, the Iowa Democratic Party introduced changes to the caucus system to allow members of the military to participate in a statewide caucus and establish satellite caucuses for voters with disabilities and others who have trouble making it to the physical location of the caucuses. They will also work for the passage of a new law that requires employers to allow employees to take time off for the caucuses. [20]

In 2016, the Iowa Democratic Party held the first-ever tele-caucus for members of the military serving outside Iowa and their families; Iowans in the Peace Corps and Diplomatic Corps; and students and Iowans living abroad. [21] [22] In addition, it held satellite caucuses in 2020, in an attempt to improve accessibility and participation in the Iowa caucuses. [23] Starting in 2020, 10% of state convention delegates will be assigned through tele-caucuses. [24]

Beginning with the 2020 caucus, the Iowa Democratic Party publishes not only "State Delegate Equivalents", based on a calculation of likely delegate results after the state caucus is held, but also a statewide raw vote count after the first alignment round (including results for all non-viable candidates) and a statewide raw vote count for all viable candidates after the second alignment round. [25]

Republican Party

The process of selecting Iowa delegates to the Republican National Convention prior to the 2016 election cycle started with the selection of delegates to the county conventions, which in turn affected the delegates elected to district conventions who also served as delegates to the state convention where delegates were chosen for the national convention.

This process rewarded candidate organizers who not only got supporters to the caucus sites but also got supporters willing to serve as delegates to county conventions and willing to vote for other delegates who supported a specific candidate. In 2012, this process resulted in Ron Paul supporters dominating the Iowa delegation to the Republican National Convention, having 22 of the 28 Iowa delegates, with Mitt Romney getting the other six delegates.

Because the delegates elected at the caucuses are not required to declare a candidate preference, the media does not always have a purely objective way to determine the success of individual candidates at the caucuses. The media focused on the secret ballot polling conducted at the caucus sites and have generally referred to this non-binding poll as the caucus. There were irregularities in the 2012 caucus site polling results, including the fact that eight precinct results went missing and were never counted.

Because of the irregularities in the process and the fact that the totals reported to the media were unrelated to the delegate selection process, there have been changes in both how the caucus site secret ballot polling is sent to state party headquarters and in how Iowa delegates to the national convention are required to vote.

Beginning with the 2012 presidential election, Iowa switched from the old winner-take-all allocation to proportional allocation. The change was made to prolong the race, giving lesser-known candidates a chance and making it harder for a frontrunner to secure the majority early. It was also hoped that this change in the election system would energize the base of the party. [26] [27]

Starting in 2016, caucus results have become binding when selecting delegates. [28] Acting in accordance with a mandate from the Republican National Committee, the delegates are bound on the first ballot to vote for candidates in proportion to the votes cast for each candidate at the caucus sites. [29]

History

Since 1972, the Iowa caucuses have had a 55% success rate at predicting which Democrat, and a 43% success rate at predicting which Republican, will go on to win the nomination of their political party for president at that party's national convention. [30] [31]

2004

Since Republican President George W. Bush did not face any opposition in 2004, only Democratic caucuses were held. The meetings ran from 6:30 p.m. until approximately 7:00 p.m. on January 19, 2004, with a turnout of about 124,000 caucus-goers. [32] The county convention occurred on March 13, the district convention on April 24, and the state convention on June 26. Delegates could and did change their votes based on further developments in the race; for instance, in 2004 the delegates pledged to Dick Gephardt, who left the race after the precinct caucuses, chose a different candidate to support at the county, district, and state level.

The number of delegates each candidate receives eventually determines how many state delegates from Iowa that candidate will have at the Democratic National Convention. Iowa sends 56 delegates to the DNC out of a total of 4,366.

Of the 45 delegates that were chosen through the caucus system, 29 were chosen at the district level. Ten delegates were at-large delegates, and six were "party leader and elected official" (PLEO) delegates; these were assigned at the state convention. There were also 11 other delegates, eight of whom were appointed from local Democratic National Committee members; two were PLEO delegates and one was elected at the state Democratic convention. John Kerry won the Iowa caucuses with 38% of the vote, John Edwards coming second.

2008

Election results by county. Red for Mike Huckabee, Green for Mitt Romney, Yellow for Ron Paul Iowa Republican Presidential Caucuses Election Results by County, 2008.svg
Election results by county. Red for Mike Huckabee, Green for Mitt Romney, Yellow for Ron Paul
purple for Barack Obama, Orange John Edwards, Yellow for Hillary Clinton IowaPresidentialPrimaryResults2008.svg
purple for Barack Obama, Orange John Edwards, Yellow for Hillary Clinton

The 2008 Iowa Democratic caucuses and 2008 Iowa Republican caucuses took place January 3 at 7 p.m. CT. [33] Candidates spent tens of millions of dollars on local television advertisements [34] and hundreds of paid staff [35] in dozens of field offices. [36] Barack Obama (D) and Mike Huckabee (R) were the eventual winners.

2012

The 2012 Iowa caucuses took place on Tuesday, January 3, starting at 7 p.m. CST. Incumbent president Barack Obama only faced minor opposition in the Democratic caucus and received 98% of the vote, [37] but the Republican caucus was heavily contested between several challengers. Initial results reported that Mitt Romney beat out Rick Santorum by just 8 votes, [38] but when the final results came out two weeks later Rick Santorum secured the victory over Romney by a margin of 34 votes with Ron Paul in a strong 3rd. Results were certified by the Caucus, but not by the Republican party, who declared it a split decision due to missing reports from 8 precincts, [39] but who later certified the caucus as a win for Santorum. [40] The caucus winner changed yet again when the Iowa delegate totals were finally determined giving Ron Paul the win along with several other states that same weekend. [41]

2016

Election results by county. Yellow for Ted Cruz, Blue for Donald Trump, Red for Marco Rubio 2016 IA GOP Presidential primary.svg
Election results by county. Yellow for Ted Cruz, Blue for Donald Trump, Red for Marco Rubio
Yellow for Hillary Clinton, Green for Bernie Sanders 2016 Iowa Democratic Presidential Caucuses election by county.svg
Yellow for Hillary Clinton, Green for Bernie Sanders
Democratic precinct 61, 2016 Precinct 61 (24144916814).jpg
Democratic precinct 61, 2016

The 2016 Iowa caucuses took place on Monday, February 1. The counting started at 7 p.m. CST and lasted one hour, after the caucus discussions. [42] For the first time, results were electronically sent to both Democratic and Republican headquarters. [43]

In the Democratic caucus, Hillary Clinton received 45% of the vote and 23 pledged delegates, defeating Bernie Sanders, with 41% and 21 delegates. [44] The Republican caucus awarded delegates to nine candidates: 8 to Ted Cruz, with 28% of the vote; 7 each to Donald Trump and Marco Rubio, with 24% and 23% respectively; 3 to Ben Carson, with 9%; and 1 delegate each to five other candidates. [45]

2020

Iowa Caucus Precinct 15 in Ames (2020) During First Alignment Iowa Caucus Precinct 15 in Ames (2020) During First Alignment.jpg
Iowa Caucus Precinct 15 in Ames (2020) During First Alignment

The 2020 Iowa caucuses occurred on Monday, February 3. The results of the 2020 Iowa Democratic caucus were delayed due to "inconsistencies in the reporting of three sets of results," according to Mandy McClure, the party's communications director. "In addition to the tech systems being used to tabulate results, we are also using photos of results and a paper trail to validate that all results match and ensure that we have confidence and accuracy in the numbers we report. This is simply a reporting issue, the app did not go down and this is not a hack or an intrusion. The underlying data and paper trail is sound and will simply take time to further report the results."

Delays in reporting were attributed to the failure of a new reporting app for the Iowa Democratic Party presidential caucus, including an inability to download or launch the app as well as an inability for the app to function well once launched; the failure of the backup phone number system after too many people attempted to call the phone number due to the failing app; and confusion over the correct way to count and calculate the initial and final popular votes as well as state delegate equivalent values.

A complete official count of the first alignment popular vote, the second alignment popular vote, and state delegate equivalents was released on February 6, 3 days after Iowa Democrats voted. However, various outlets including The New York Times and NBC News reported logical inconsistencies in certain precincts (such as state delegate equivalents being awarded to the wrong candidates and more people voting for the second alignment than the first alignment). This led the Democratic National Committee chairman Tom Perez to request the state Democratic Party (which runs the caucuses) to "recanvass" or recalculate the results including state delegate equivalents.

The app in question was provided by a 5-month-old company, Shadow Inc., which failed to develop and test the product adequately. [46] The CEO and founder, Tara McGowan, also founded the ACRONYM corporation in 2017 and Courier Newsroom in 2019. Her husband, Michael Halle, is a senior strategist to the campaign of Pete Buttigieg. Multiple unverified claims of the Buttigieg campaign funding the organization, having investment interests in, and even sharing partial ownership in either company have been made. However, the only verified transactions between the Buttigieg campaign and either entity is a contract for text and messages services. The Joe Biden campaign had also contracted with Shadow, Inc for the same services, as well as former candidate Kirsten Gillibrand. After the app failure, McGowan distanced herself and ACRONYM from Shadow Inc., stating that it was an "independent" entity. Both companies are founded and directed by McGowan and Halle, and they share the same registered address. While the corporation's official website doesn't officially name its members, data gathered from LinkedIn reveals that its top executives were all involved in one way or another with Hillary Clinton's 2016 election campaign. James Hickey (Shadow, Inc.'s Chief Operating Officer) and Krista Davis (its Chief Software Architect) were both vital to the digital aspect of her campaign. [47] [48] [49]

2024

The 2024 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses were held on January 15, 2024, [50] with 40 delegates to the 2024 Republican National Convention allocated on a proportional basis. [51] The winner was Donald Trump, followed by Ron DeSantis and Nikki Haley.

Iowa's Democratic presidential caucuses had in-person gatherings on January 15 focusing only on party business. Voting on candidates will be done exclusively via mail-in ballots from January 12 until Super Tuesday, March 5, 2024. This was the result of a compromise between the Iowa Democratic Party and the Democratic National Committee. Iowa traditionally holds its race first during the presidential primary and caucuses season, but the DNC originally wanted South Carolina to instead hold its race first on February 3. 46 delegates to the Democratic National Convention will be allocated to presidential candidates. [52]

Democratic results

Notes: An asterisk indicates a write-in candidate. Candidates in bold won the primary. Candidates in italics were incumbent presidents.

Republican results

Notes: An asterisk indicates a write-in candidate. Candidates in bold won the primary. Candidates in italics were incumbent presidents.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Feeling caucus confusion? Your guide to how Iowa works". AP News. January 4, 2024. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Cedar Rapids Gazette". Newspaperarchive.com. November 5, 2008. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Redlawsk, David; Tolbert, Caroline J.; Donovan, Todd (2011). Why Iowa? : how caucuses and sequential elections improve the presidential nominating process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 48. ISBN   9780226706955. OCLC   606053997.
  4. ↑ Larimer, Christopher W. (Christopher Wesley). Gubernatorial stability in Iowa : a stranglehold on power. ISBN   978-1-137-52814-8. OCLC   934936718.
  5. ↑ Malone, Clare (January 29, 2016). "Ann Selzer Is The Best Pollster In Politics". FiveThirtyEight.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  6. ↑ "More than 90 percent of Iowa caucus-goers are white, according to entrance polls". theweek.com. The Week. February 3, 2020. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  7. ↑ "DemDaily: First in the Nation". demlist.com. July 11, 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Why Iowa is so important in the presidential election". The Economist. January 31, 2016. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  9. ↑ Scanlan, Quinn; Karson, Kendall; Cunningham, Meg. "Iowa caucus: What we know and what went wrong". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Iowa Democratic Party chair resigns after caucus fiasco". NBC News. February 12, 2020. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  11. ↑ Will Weissert (February 4, 2023). "Dems decide to shake up start of 2024 presidential primary". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  12. ↑ "When are the Iowa caucuses? Great question". Politico. June 10, 2023. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  13. ↑ "DNC's new calendar, will release caucus results on Super Tuesday". Iowa Public Radio. October 6, 2023. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 Winebrenner, Hugh (January 23, 2015). "The Evolution of the Iowa Precinct Caucuses". The Annals of Iowa. 46 (8): 618–635. doi: 10.17077/0003-4827.8941 .
  15. ↑ Sanders, Sam (January 30, 2016). "Why Does Iowa Vote First, Anyway?". NPR. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 Lynch, James Q. (November 19, 2007). "What happens at a caucus?". iowacaucus.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007.
  17. ↑ Bilaval, Saib. "There Are Enough Irregularities in the Iowa Caucus to Warrant Scrutiny: the Problems". Films For Action. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  18. ↑ Lopez, German (February 4, 2020). ""A total mess": Critics call for an end to Iowa's first-in-the-nation status". Vox. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  19. ↑ "Iowa Delegate Selection Plan for the 2020 Democratic National Convention" (PDF). The Iowa Democratic Party. September 19, 2019. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  20. ↑ Wilson, Reid (August 1, 2014). "Iowa Democrats propose changes to caucus system". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  21. ↑ Tompkins, Al (February 1, 2016). "Covering the Iowa caucuses? Here's what you need to know". Poynter.org. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  22. ↑ Lapowsky, Issie (January 11, 2016). "Tech Is Finally Disrupting the Archaic Iowa Caucuses". Wired. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  23. ↑ Stevens, Matt (February 6, 2020). "What Are Iowa's Satellite Caucuses? And How Did They Help Bernie Sanders?". The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  24. ↑ Rynard, Pat (February 12, 2019). "How Iowa's Caucus Reform Will Change Campaign Strategies". Iowa Starting Line. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  25. ↑ Johnson, John (December 16, 2019). "For the First Time in the Iowa Caucuses, 3 'Winners' Are Possible". Newser. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  26. ↑ Goldberg, Jonah (March 5, 2012). "GOP, be careful what you wish for". USA Today . Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  27. ↑ George, Cameron (February 24, 2012). "Long, damaging presidential..." The Hill . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Iowa GOP's tricky task: Set convention voting rules". Des Moines Register. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  29. ↑ "The Green Papers Republican Detailed Delegate Allocation – 2016". Green Papers. February 1, 2016. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  30. ↑ McDermott, Monika (January 5, 2012). "Iowa's bad track record for picking GOP winners". CBS News . Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  31. ↑ Story Hinckley, How the Iowa caucus predicts presidential losers, not winners Archived February 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , The Christian Science Monitor January 26, 2016
  32. ↑ "Iowa Caucuses a Challenge For Pollsters, Poll Positions: Low Turnout, Chance To Vote for Second Choice Make Contest Difficult To Forecast". CBS News. November 28, 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
  33. ↑ "Iowa Caucuses 101: Arcane Rules Have Huge Impact on Outcome". CNN. January 3, 2008. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  34. ↑ Healy, Patrick (December 28, 2007). "Iowa Saturated by Political Ads". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  35. ↑ "Clinton, Obama, Edwards Wage Door-to-Door Fight for Iowa Voters". Bloomberg. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  36. ↑ "Where the Iowa Field Offices Are". MyDD. December 27, 2007. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009.
  37. 1 2 "Caucus Night Reporting". Iowa Democrats. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  38. ↑ "2012 Iowa Caucuses". Fox News Network. January 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012.
  39. 1 2 "Iowa GOP declares caucuses 'split decision'". Fox News Network. January 19, 2012. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  40. ↑ "Santorum declared Iowa winner". Politico. January 21, 2012. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  41. ↑ Grace Wyler (June 16, 2012). "Ron Paul Wins The Iowa Caucuses At Last". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  42. ↑ Schultheis, Emily (August 25, 2014). "The Date of the 2016 Iowa Caucus Is Set. For Now". National Journal. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  43. ↑ "Microsoft on the hot seat in Iowa". The Hill. January 31, 2016. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Iowa Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  45. ↑ "Iowa Caucus Results – 2016 Election". CNN. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  46. ↑ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (February 6, 2020). "How the Iowa caucus app went wrong and how open source could have helped". ZDNet website Archived February 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  47. ↑ "Acronym, the dark money group behind the Iowa caucuses app meltdown, explained". February 5, 2020. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  48. ↑ Stein, Lachlan Markay (February 4, 2020). "Investors Rush to Scrub Ties to Firm Behind Iowa Clusterf*ck". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  49. ↑ "Maker of Glitchy Iowa Caucus App Has Democratic Party Ties". The New York Times. Associated Press. February 4, 2020. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020.
  50. ↑ Cohen, Ethan (July 8, 2023). "Iowa Republicans will hold 2024 caucuses on January 15". CNN . Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  51. ↑ "Iowa Republican Presidential Nominating Process". thegreenpapers.com. March 5, 2023. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  52. ↑ "Iowa Democratic Delegation 2024". The Green Papers . Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  53. ↑ "Election Center 2008 Primaries and Caucuses". CNN. January 4, 2008. Archived from the original on May 7, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  54. 1 2 2016 Election Central (February 2016). "2016 Iowa Caucus Results – Open Thread". 2016 Election Central. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  55. ↑ "How the Iowa caucus rule changes complicated this year's count". VOX. February 4, 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  56. ↑ "IDP Caucus 2020 Results". thecaucuses.org. February 10, 2020. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  57. ↑ Iowa Caucus Results Archived February 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times . February 2, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Live Results: Iowa Republican Caucuses". The New York Times . February 3, 2019. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  59. ↑ Forgey, Quint (February 3, 2019). "Trump wins Iowa GOP caucuses". Politico . Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  60. ↑ Romano, Andrew (January 16, 2024). "Trump wins historic landslide in Iowa caucuses as DeSantis edges Haley for second". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024.

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The 2008 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 4, 2008, as part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nevada presidential caucuses</span> Electoral event

The Nevada presidential caucuses are an electoral event in which citizens met in precinct caucuses to elect delegates to the corresponding county conventions. In 2021, Harry Reid passed legislation (AB321) to include primaries in hopes of increasing voter turn-out. Nevada has for decades and still does have a caucus. The caucus is where the delegates receive the votes that will be carried to the National Convention and not the primaries. There are 17 counties in Nevada and the state has 26 delegates. The Nevada caucuses began in 1981. The Kerry/Dean caucus was held on February 14, 2004. In 2008 the DNC gave Nevada the official first in the west status reflecting the growing importance of the West as well as Nevada's electoral bellwether status. The 2008 Nevada caucuses were the third major electoral event in the nominating process for President of the United States. In 2016, the Democratic caucus was held on February 20 and the Republican caucus was held on February 23.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Texas Republican presidential primary</span>

The 2008 Texas Republican presidential primary took place on March 4, 2008. John McCain won the primary election, giving him enough delegate votes to guarantee his nomination at the 2008 Republican National Convention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Republican Party presidential primaries</span>

Voters of the Republican Party elected state delegations to the 2012 Republican National Convention in presidential primaries. The national convention then selected its nominee to run for President of the United States in the 2012 presidential election. There were 2,286 delegates chosen, and a candidate needed to accumulate 1,144 delegate votes at the convention to win the nomination. The caucuses allocated delegates to the respective state delegations to the national convention, but the actual election of the delegates were, many times, at a later date. Delegates were elected in different ways that vary from state to state. They could be elected at local conventions, selected from slates submitted by the candidates, selected at committee meetings, or elected directly at the caucuses and primaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries</span> Selection of the Democratic Party nominee

From January 3 to June 5, 2012, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 2012 United States presidential election. President Barack Obama won the Democratic Party nomination by securing more than the required 2,383 delegates on April 3, 2012, after a series of primary elections and caucuses. He was formally nominated by the 2012 Democratic National Convention on September 5, 2012, in Charlotte, North Carolina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 United States presidential election in Iowa</span>

The 2012 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 6, 2012, as part of the 2012 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Iowa voters chose six electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate, Congressman Paul Ryan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 United States presidential election in Iowa</span>

The 1992 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 3, 1992, as part of the 1992 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Results of the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries</span>

This article contains the results of the 2016 Republican presidential primaries and caucuses, the processes by which the Republican Party selected delegates to attend the 2016 Republican National Convention from July 18–21. The series of primaries, caucuses, and state conventions culminated in the national convention, where the delegates cast their votes to formally select a candidate. A simple majority (1,237) of the total delegate votes (2,472) was required to become the party's nominee and was achieved by the nominee, businessman Donald Trump of New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses</span>

The 2016 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses were held on Monday February 1 in Iowa, as usual marking the Democratic Party's first nominating contest in their series of presidential primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</span> Selection of the Democratic Party nominee

Presidential primaries and caucuses were organized by the Democratic Party to select the 3,979 pledged delegates to the 2020 Democratic National Convention held on August 17–20 to determine the party's nominee for president in the 2020 United States presidential election. The elections took place in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, five U.S. territories, and through Democrats Abroad, and occurred between February 3 and August 11.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses</span>

The 2020 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses, the first nominating contest in the Democratic Party primaries for the 2020 presidential election, took place on February 3, 2020. Pete Buttigieg received the most state delegate equivalents (SDEs) and therefore the most delegates, with one SDE and two delegates more than Bernie Sanders, who had narrowly won the popular vote with 26.5%. It was the first time that the Iowa caucuses published the popular vote results of their contest. Buttigieg became the first openly gay person to ever earn the most delegates in a state's presidential contest in the United States. The Iowa caucuses were closed caucuses, wherein only registered members of a party were eligible to vote, and awarded 49 delegates to the 2020 Democratic National Convention, of which 41 were pledged delegates allocated on the basis of the results of the caucuses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 United States presidential election in Iowa</span>

The 2020 United States presidential election in Iowa was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Iowa voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, incumbent President Donald Trump of Florida, and running mate Vice President Mike Pence of Indiana against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden of Delaware, and his running mate California Senator Kamala Harris. Iowa has six electoral votes in the Electoral College.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Nevada Democratic presidential caucuses</span>

The 2020 Nevada Democratic presidential caucuses took place on February 22, 2020, with early voting on February 14–18, and was the third nominating contest in the Democratic Party primaries for the 2020 presidential election, following the New Hampshire primary the week before. The Nevada caucuses were a closed caucus, meaning that only registered Democrats could vote in this caucus. The state awarded 49 delegates towards the national convention, of which 36 were pledged delegates allocated on the basis of the results of the caucuses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses</span>

The 2020 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses took place on Monday, February 3, 2020, as the first caucus or primary in the Republican Party presidential primaries for the 2020 presidential election. The Iowa caucuses are a closed caucus, with Iowa awarding 40 pledged delegates to the Republican National Convention, allocated on the basis of the results of the caucuses. Incumbent president Donald Trump received about 97 percent of the vote to clinch 39 delegates, while Bill Weld received enough votes to clinch 1 delegate.

This article contains the results of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses, the processes by which the Democratic Party selected delegates to attend the 2020 Democratic National Convention from August 17–20, 2020. The series of primaries, caucuses, and state conventions culminated in the national convention, where the delegates cast their votes to formally select a candidate. A simple majority (1,990) of the total delegate votes (3,979) was required to become the nominee.

"Uncommitted" is a voting option in some United States presidential primaries. This option is listed along with the names of individuals running for the position and is often described as "none of the above". Depending on state and party thresholds, voting uncommitted may allow states to send uncommitted delegates to a party's nominating convention.

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