List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received

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Following is a list of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received. Elections have tended to have more participation in each successive election, due to the increasing population of the United States, and, in some instances, expansion of the right to vote to larger segments of society. Prior to the election of 1824, most states did not have a popular vote. In the election of 1824, only 18 of the 24 states held a popular vote, but by the election of 1828, 22 of the 24 states held a popular vote. Minor candidates are excluded if they received fewer than 100,000 votes, or less than .1% of the vote in their election year.

Contents

List of presidential candidates by votes in one election

List of presidential candidates by votes in one election [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
CandidateYearPartyPopular voteNotes
Joe Biden 2020 Democratic 81,283,501Winner.
Donald Trump 2020 Republican 74,223,975Runner-up (incumbent).
Barack Obama 2008 Democratic 69,498,516Winner.
Barack Obama 2012 Democratic 65,915,795Winner (incumbent).
Hillary Clinton 2016 Democratic 65,853,514Runner-up. Won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College.
Donald Trump 2016 Republican 62,984,828Winner. Lost the popular vote, but won the Electoral College.
George W. Bush 2004 Republican 62,040,610Winner (incumbent). Last Republican candidate to win the popular vote to date (as of 2023).
Mitt Romney 2012 Republican 60,933,504Runner-up.
John McCain 2008 Republican 59,948,323Runner-up.
John Kerry 2004 Democratic 59,028,444Runner-up.
Ronald Reagan 1984 Republican 54,455,472Winner (incumbent).
Al Gore 2000 Democratic 50,999,897Runner-up. Won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College.
George W. Bush 2000 Republican 50,456,002Winner. Lost the popular vote, but won the Electoral College.
George H. W. Bush 1988 Republican 48,886,597Winner.
Bill Clinton 1996 Democratic 47,401,185Winner (incumbent).
Richard Nixon 1972 Republican 47,168,710Winner (incumbent).
Bill Clinton 1992 Democratic 44,909,889Winner.
Ronald Reagan 1980 Republican 43,903,230Winner.
Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 Democratic 43,127,041Winner (incumbent).
Michael Dukakis 1988 Democratic 41,809,074Runner-up.
Jimmy Carter 1976 Democratic 40,831,881Winner.
Bob Dole 1996 Republican 39,197,469Runner-up.
Gerald Ford 1976 Republican 39,148,634Runner-up (incumbent).
George H. W. Bush 1992 Republican 39,104,550Runner-up (incumbent).
Walter Mondale 1984 Democratic 37,577,352Runner-up.
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1956 Republican 35,579,180Winner (incumbent).
Jimmy Carter 1980 Democratic 35,480,115Runner-up (incumbent).
John F. Kennedy 1960 Democratic 34,220,984Winner.
Richard Nixon 1960 Republican 34,108,157Runner-up.
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952 Republican 34,075,529Winner.
Richard Nixon 1968 Republican 31,783,783Winner.
Hubert Humphrey 1968 Democratic 31,271,839Runner-up.
George McGovern 1972 Democratic 29,173,222Runner-up.
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1936 Democratic 27,752,648Winner (incumbent).
Adlai Stevenson II 1952 Democratic 27,375,090Runner-up.
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1940 Democratic 27,313,945Winner (incumbent).
Barry Goldwater 1964 Republican 27,175,754Runner-up.
Adlai Stevenson II 1956 Democratic 26,028,028Runner-up.
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1944 Democratic 25,612,916Winner (incumbent).
Harry S. Truman 1948 Democratic 24,179,347Winner (incumbent).
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1932 Democratic 22,821,277Winner.
Wendell Willkie 1940 Republican 22,347,744Runner-up.
Thomas E. Dewey 1944 Republican 22,017,929Runner-up.
Thomas E. Dewey 1948 Republican 21,991,292Runner-up.
Herbert Hoover 1928 Republican 21,427,123Winner.
Ross Perot 1992 Independent 19,743,821Established the Reform Party. Highest vote total of any third-party or independent candidate and highest vote total of anyone to not win electoral votes.
Alf Landon 1936 Republican 16,679,543Runner-up.
Warren G. Harding 1920 Republican 16,144,093Winner.
Herbert Hoover 1932 Republican 15,761,254Runner-up (incumbent).
Calvin Coolidge 1924 Republican 15,723,789Winner (incumbent).
Al Smith 1928 Democratic 15,015,464Runner-up.
George Wallace 1968 American Independent 9,901,118Third-party candidate. Last third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state.
James M. Cox 1920 Democratic 9,139,661Runner-up.
Woodrow Wilson 1916 Democratic 9,126,868Winner (incumbent).
Charles Evans Hughes 1916 Republican 8,548,728Runner-up.
John W. Davis 1924 Democratic 8,386,242Runner-up.
Ross Perot 1996 Reform 8,085,294Third-party candidate.
William Howard Taft 1908 Republican 7,678,335Winner.
Theodore Roosevelt 1904 Republican 7,630,557Winner (incumbent).
William McKinley 1900 Republican 7,228,864Winner (incumbent).
William McKinley 1896 Republican 7,112,138Winner.
William Jennings Bryan 1896 Democratic 6,509,052Runner-up. Also endorsed by the Populist Party and the Silver Party.
William Jennings Bryan 1908 Democratic 6,408,979Runner-up.
William Jennings Bryan 1900 Democratic 6,370,932Runner-up.
Woodrow Wilson 1912 Democratic 6,296,284Winner.
John B. Anderson 1980 Independent 5,719,850Independent candidate.
Grover Cleveland 1892 Democratic 5,553,898Winner (former president).
Grover Cleveland 1888 Democratic 5,534,488Runner-up (incumbent). Won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College.
Benjamin Harrison 1888 Republican 5,443,633Winner. Lost the popular vote, but won the Electoral College.
Benjamin Harrison 1892 Republican 5,176,108Runner-up (incumbent).
Alton B. Parker 1904 Democratic 5,083,880Runner-up.
Grover Cleveland 1884 Democratic 4,914,482Winner.
James G. Blaine 1884 Republican 4,856,905Runner-up.
Robert M. La Follette 1924 Progressive 4,831,706Third-party candidate. Also endorsed by the Socialist Party and the Farmer–Labor Party.
Gary Johnson 2016 Libertarian 4,489,235Third-party candidate.
James A. Garfield 1880 Republican 4,453,337Winner.
Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 Democratic 4,444,976Runner-up.
Samuel J. Tilden 1876 Democratic 4,288,546Runner-up. Won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College.
Theodore Roosevelt 1912 Progressive 4,122,721Runner-up (former president).
Rutherford B. Hayes 1876 Republican 4,034,142Winner. Lost the popular vote, but won the Electoral College.
Ulysses S. Grant 1872 Republican 3,597,439Winner (incumbent).
William Howard Taft 1912 Republican 3,486,242Third place (incumbent). Only post-Civil War election in which a candidate from one of the two major parties came in third place.
Ulysses S. Grant 1868 Republican 3,013,790Winner.
Ralph Nader 2000 Green 2,882,955Third-party candidate.
Horace Greeley 1872 Liberal Republican 2,834,761Runner-up. Also endorsed by the Democratic Party.
Horatio Seymour 1868 Democratic 2,708,744Runner-up.
Abraham Lincoln 1864 National Union 2,211,317Winner (incumbent). Lincoln was the only member of the National Union party elected president.
Jo Jorgensen 2020 Libertarian 1,865,724Third-party candidate.
Abraham Lincoln 1860 Republican 1,855,993Winner. Lincoln was the first member of the Republican party elected president. [lower-alpha 1]
James Buchanan 1856 Democratic 1,835,140Winner.
George B. McClellan 1864 Democratic 1,812,807Runner-up.
Franklin Pierce 1852 Democratic 1,605,943Winner.
Jill Stein 2016 Green 1,457,226Third-party candidate.
Winfield Scott 1852 Whig 1,386,942Runner-up.
Stephen A. Douglas 1860 Northern Democratic 1,380,202Runner-up. [lower-alpha 1]
Zachary Taylor 1848 Whig 1,360,235Winner. Taylor was the last member of the Whig party elected president.
John C. Frémont 1856 Republican 1,342,345Runner-up.
James K. Polk 1844 Democratic 1,339,570Winner.
Henry Clay 1844 Whig 1,300,004Runner-up.
Gary Johnson 2012 Libertarian 1,275,971Third-party candidate.
William Henry Harrison 1840 Whig 1,275,583Winner. Harrison was the first member of the Whig party elected president.
Lewis Cass 1848 Democratic 1,223,460Runner-up.
Strom Thurmond 1948 Dixiecrat 1,175,930Third-party candidate.
Henry A. Wallace 1948 Progressive 1,157,328Third-party candidate.
Martin Van Buren 1840 Democratic 1,128,854Runner-up (incumbent).
John G. Schmitz 1972 American Independent 1,100,868Independent candidate.
James B. Weaver 1892 Populist 1,041,028Third-party candidate.
Ed Clark 1980 Libertarian 921,128Third-party candidate.
Eugene V. Debs 1920 Socialist 913,693Third-party candidate.
Eugene V. Debs 1912 Socialist 901,551Third-party candidate.
William Lemke 1936 Union 892,378Third-party candidate.
Norman Thomas 1932 Socialist 884,885Third-party candidate.
Millard Fillmore 1856 American 873,053Third-party candidate. Also endorsed by the Whig Party.
John C. Breckinridge 1860 Southern Democratic 848,019Party split. [lower-alpha 1]
Martin Van Buren 1836 Democratic 763,291Winner.
Eugene McCarthy 1976 Independent 740,460Independent candidate.
Ralph Nader 2008 Independent 739,034Independent candidate.
Evan McMullin 2016 Independent 732,273Independent candidate.
Andrew Jackson 1832 Democratic 702,735Winner (incumbent).
Ralph Nader 1996 Green 685,297Third-party candidate.
Andrew Jackson 1828 Democratic 642,806Winner. Jackson was the first member of the Democratic party elected president.
John Bell 1860 Constitutional Union 590,901Party split. [lower-alpha 1]
Allan L. Benson 1916 Socialist 590,524Third-party candidate.
William Henry Harrison 1836 Whig 550,816Runner-up.
Bob Barr 2008 Libertarian 523,715Third-party candidate.
John Quincy Adams 1828 National Republican 500,897Runner-up (incumbent).
Harry Browne 1996 Libertarian 485,759Third-party candidate.
Henry Clay 1832 National Republican 484,205Runner-up.
Jill Stein 2012 Green 469,627Third-party candidate.
Ralph Nader 2004 Independent 465,151Independent candidate. Also endorsed by the Reform Party.
Pat Buchanan 2000 Reform 448,895Third-party candidate.
Ron Paul 1988 Libertarian 431,750Third-party candidate.
Eugene V. Debs 1908 Socialist 420,852Third-party candidate.
Howie Hawkins 2020 Green 405,035Third-party candidate.
Eugene V. Debs 1904 Socialist 402,810Third-party candidate.
Michael Badnarik 2004 Libertarian 397,265Third-party candidate.
Harry Browne 2000 Libertarian 384,431Third-party candidate.
James B. Weaver 1880 Greenback 308,649Third-party candidate.
Martin Van Buren 1848 Free Soil 291,501Third-party candidate (former president).
Andre Marrou 1992 Libertarian 290,087Third-party candidate.
John Bidwell 1892 Prohibition 270,879Third-party candidate.
Norman Thomas 1928 Socialist 267,478Third-party candidate.
Parley P. Christensen 1920 Farmer–Labor 265,398Third-party candidate.
Silas C. Swallow 1904 Prohibition 259,102Third-party candidate.
Eugene W. Chafin 1908 Prohibition 254,087Third-party candidate.
Clinton B. Fisk 1888 Prohibition 249,819Third-party candidate.
Barry Commoner 1980 Citizens 233,052Third-party candidate.
David Bergland 1984 Libertarian 228,111Third-party candidate.
Frank Hanly 1916 Prohibition 221,302Third-party candidate.
Lenora Fulani 1988 New Alliance 217,221Third-party candidate.
John G. Woolley 1900 Prohibition 210,864Third-party candidate.
Eugene W. Chafin 1912 Prohibition 208,156Third-party candidate.
Darrell Castle 2016 Constitution 203,091Third-party candidate.
Chuck Baldwin 2008 Constitution 199,750Third-party candidate.
Aaron S. Watkins 1920 Prohibition 188,787Third-party candidate.
Norman Thomas 1936 Socialist 187,910Third-party candidate.
Howard Phillips 1996 Taxpayers 184,656Third-party candidate.
Roger MacBride 1976 Libertarian 172,557Third-party candidate.
Lester Maddox 1976 American Independent 170,274Third-party candidate.
Cynthia McKinney 2008 Green 161,797Third-party candidate.
Thomas J. Anderson 1976 American 158,271Third-party candidate.
John P. Hale 1852 Free Soil 155,210Third-party candidate.
Andrew Jackson 1824 Democratic-Republican 151,271Runner-up. Won the popular vote and received the most electoral votes, but lost the electoral college majority and contingent election. [lower-alpha 2]
John St. John 1884 Prohibition 147,482Third-party candidate.
Alson Streeter 1888 Union Labor 146,602Third-party candidate.
Hugh Lawson White 1836 Whig 146,109The Whig Party fielded two different presidential tickets in different parts of the country.
Michael Peroutka 2004 Constitution 143,630Third-party candidate.
Vincent Hallinan 1952 Progressive 140,746Third-party candidate.
James Madison 1812 Democratic-Republican 140,431Winner (incumbent). A limited number of states counted the popular vote.
Norman Thomas 1948 Socialist 139,569Third-party candidate.
John M. Palmer 1896 National Democratic 134,645Third-party candidate.
Benjamin Butler 1884 Anti-Monopoly 134,294Third-party candidate. Also endorsed by the Greenback Party.
DeWitt Clinton 1812 Democratic-Republican 132,781Runner-up. Also endorsed by much of the Federalist Party. A limited number of states counted the popular vote.
Joshua Levering 1896 Prohibition 131,312Third-party candidate.
James Madison 1808 Democratic-Republican 124,732Winner. A limited number of states counted the popular vote.
David Cobb 2004 Green 119,859Third-party candidate.
Norman Thomas 1940 Socialist 116,599Third-party candidate.
Thomas E. Watson 1904 Populist 114,070Third-party candidate.
John Hagelin 1996 Natural Law 113,670Third-party candidate.
John Quincy Adams 1824 Democratic-Republican 113,142Winner. Lost the popular vote and electoral college, but won the contingent election. Adams was the last member of the Democratic-Republican party elected president and the only member of the National Republican party elected president. [lower-alpha 2]
T. Coleman Andrews 1956 States' Rights 108,956Third-party candidate.
Bo Gritz 1992 Populist 106,152Third-party candidate.
Thomas Jefferson 1804 Democratic-Republican 104,110Winner (incumbent). A limited number of states counted the popular vote.
Claude A. Watson 1948 Prohibition 103,708Third-party candidate.
William Z. Foster 1932 Communist 103,307Third-party candidate.
William Wirt 1832 Anti-Masonic 100,715Third-party candidate.
  1. 1 2 3 4 The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War.
  2. 1 2 No candidate won the Electoral College; the election was thrown to the Congress, which chose John Quincy Adams.

List of presidential candidates by lifetime votes

The following list indicates lifetime votes received across multiple elections in which the candidate was the nominee of a political party or was otherwise on a presidential ballot. It does include write-in votes that may have been received by candidates in elections in which they were not candidates.

CandidatePartyPopular voteElections
Donald Trump Republican 137,208,5722016 W, 2020 L
Barack Obama Democratic 135,414,3112008 W, 2012 W
Richard Nixon Republican 113,060,6501960 L, 1968 W, 1972 W
George W. Bush Republican 112,496,6122000 W, 2004 W
Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 103,500,7861932 W, 1936 W, 1940 W, 1944 W
Ronald Reagan Republican 98,358,7021980 W, 1984 W
Bill Clinton Democratic 92,311,0741992 W, 1996 W
George H. W. Bush Republican 87,991,1471988 W, 1992 L
Joe Biden Democratic 81,283,4852020 W
Jimmy Carter Democratic 76,311,9961976 W, 1980 L
Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 69,654,7091952 W, 1956 W
Hillary Clinton Democratic 65,853,5142016 L
Mitt Romney Republican 60,933,5042012 L
John McCain Republican 59,948,3232008 L
John Kerry Democratic 59,028,4442004 L
Adlai Stevenson II Democratic 53,403,1181952 L, 1956 L
Al Gore Democratic 50,999,8972000 L
Thomas E. Dewey Republican 44,009,2211944 L, 1948 L
Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 43,127,0411964 W
Michael Dukakis Democratic 41,809,0741988 L
Bob Dole Republican 39,197,4691996 L
Gerald Ford Republican 39,148,6341976 L
Walter Mondale Democratic 37,577,3521984 L
Herbert Hoover Republican 37,188,3771928 W, 1932 L
John F. Kennedy Democratic 34,220,9841960 W
Hubert Humphrey Democratic 31,271,8391968 L
George McGovern Democratic 29,173,2221972 L
Ross Perot Independent 27,829,1151992 L, 1996 L
Barry Goldwater Republican 27,175,7541964 L
Harry S. Truman Democratic 24,179,3471948 W
Wendell Willkie Republican 22,347,7441940 L
William Jennings Bryan Democratic 19,288,9631896 L, 1900 L, 1908 L
Alf Landon Republican 16,679,5431936 L
Warren G. Harding Republican 16,144,0931920 W
Grover Cleveland Democratic 16,002,8681884 W, 1888 L, 1892 W
Calvin Coolidge Republican 15,723,7891924 W
Woodrow Wilson Democratic 15,423,1521912 W, 1916 W
Al Smith Democratic 15,015,4641928 L
William McKinley Republican 14,341,0021896 W, 1900 W
Theodore Roosevelt Republican 11,753,2781904 W, 1912 L
William Howard Taft Republican 11,164,5771908 W, 1912 L
Benjamin Harrison Republican 10,619,7411888 W, 1892 L
George Wallace American Independent 9,901,1181968 L
James M. Cox Democratic 9,139,6611920 L
Charles Evans Hughes Republican 8,548,7281916 L
John W. Davis Democratic 8,386,2421924 L
Ulysses S. Grant Republican 6,611,2291868 W, 1872 W
Gary Johnson Libertarian 5,765,2062012 L, 2016 L
John B. Anderson Independent 5,719,8501980 L
Alton B. Parker Democratic 5,083,8801904 L
James G. Blaine Republican 4,856,9051880 L
Robert M. La Follette Progressive 4,831,7061924 L
Ralph Nader Green 4,772,4371996 L, 2000 L, 2004 L, 2008 L
James A. Garfield Republican 4,453,3371880 W
Winfield Scott Hancock Democratic 4,444,9761880 L
Samuel J. Tilden Democratic 4,288,5461876 L
Abraham Lincoln Republican 4,067,3101860 W, 1864 W
Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 4,034,1421876 W
Horace Greeley Liberal Republican 2,834,7611872 L
Eugene V. Debs Socialist 2,726,8511900 L, 1904 L, 1908 L, 1912 L, 1920 L
Horatio Seymour Democratic 2,708,7441868 L
Martin Van Buren Democratic 2,183,6461836 W, 1840 L, 1848 L
Jill Stein Green 1,926,8532012 L, 2016 L
Jo Jorgensen Libertarian 1,865,7202020 L
James Buchanan Democratic 1,835,1401856 W
Henry Clay Whig 1,831,7401824 L, 1832 L, 1844 L
William Henry Harrison Whig 1,826,3991836 L, 1840 W
George B. McClellan Democratic 1,812,8071864 L
Norman Thomas Socialist 1,675,4581928 L, 1932 L, 1936 L, 1940 L, 1944 L, 1948 L
Franklin Pierce Democratic 1,605,9431852 W
Andrew Jackson Democratic 1,496,8121824 L, 1828 W, 1832 W
Winfield Scott Whig 1,386,9421852 L
Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democratic 1,380,2021860 L
Zachary Taylor Whig 1,360,2351848 W
James B. Weaver Populist 1,349,6771880 L, 1892 L
John C. Frémont Republican 1,342,3451856 L
James K. Polk Democratic 1,339,5701844 W
Lewis Cass Democratic 1,223,4601848 L
Strom Thurmond Dixiecrat 1,175,9301948 L
Henry A. Wallace Progressive 1,157,3281948 L
John G. Schmitz American Independent 1,100,8681972 L
Ed Clark Libertarian 921,1281980 L
William Lemke Union 892,3781936 L
Millard Fillmore American 873,0531856 L
Harry Browne Libertarian 870,1901996 L, 2000 L
John C. Breckinridge Southern Democratic 848,0191860 L
Eugene McCarthy Independent 796,9991968 L, 1976 L, 1988 L
Evan McMullin Independent 732,2732016 L
John Quincy Adams National Republican 614,0391824 W, 1828 L
John Bell Constitutional Union 590,9011860 L
Allan L. Benson Socialist 590,5241916 L
Bob Barr Libertarian 523,7152008 L
Ron Paul Libertarian 500,3801988 L, 2008 L, 2012 L
Eugene W. Chafin Prohibition 462,2431908 L, 1912 L
Pat Buchanan Reform 448,8952000 L
Howie Hawkins Green 405,0352020 L
Michael Badnarik Libertarian 397,2652004 L
Howard Phillips Taxpayers 326,0451992 L, 1996 L, 2000 L
Lenora Fulani New Alliance 290,8431988 L, 1992 L
Andre Marrou Libertarian 290,0871992 L
John Bidwell Prohibition 270,8791892 L
Parley P. Christensen Farmer–Labor 265,3981920 L
James Madison Democratic-Republican 265,1631808 W, 1812 W
Silas C. Swallow Prohibition 259,1021904 L
Clinton B. Fisk Prohibition 249,8191888 L
John Hagelin Natural Law 234,5091992 L, 1996 L, 2000 L
Barry Commoner Citizens 233,0521980 L
David Bergland Libertarian 228,1111984 L
Frank Hanly Prohibition 221,3021916 L
John G. Woolley Prohibition 210,8641900 L
Darrell Castle Constitution 203,0912016 L
Chuck Baldwin Constitution 199,7502008 L
William Z. Foster Communist 190,5271924 L, 1928 L, 1932 L
Aaron S. Watkins Prohibition 188,7871920 L
Claude A. Watson Prohibition 178,4661944 L, 1948 L
Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 176,5551796 L, 1800 W, 1804 W
Roger MacBride Libertarian 172,5571976 L
Lester Maddox American Independent 170,3731976 L
Cynthia McKinney Green 161,7972008 L
Thomas J. Anderson American 158,7241976 L
John P. Hale Free Soil 155,2101852 L
John St. John Prohibition 147,4821884 L
Alson Streeter Union Labor 146,6021888 L
Hugh Lawson White Whig 146,1091836 L
Michael Peroutka Constitution 143,6302004 L
Thomas E. Watson Populist 142,9321904 L, 1908 L
Vincent Hallinan Progressive 140,7461952 L
DeWitt Clinton Democratic-Republican 134,6741812 L, 1820 L
John M. Palmer National Democratic 134,6451896 L
Benjamin Butler Democratic 134,2941884 L
Joshua Levering Prohibition 131,3121896 L
David Cobb Green 119,8592004 L
Bernie Sanders Independent 111,6092016 L
T. Coleman Andrews States' Rights 108,9561956 L
Bo Gritz Populist 106,1521992 L
William Wirt Anti-Masonic 100,7151832 L

See also

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References

  1. Leip, David. "National election results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
  2. "Presidential Election of 1832: A Resource Guide (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov.
  3. Petersen, Svend (1963). A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections. New York, New York: Frederick Ungar. p. 49. OCLC   500975.
  4. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. History of American Presidential Elections 1789–1968, Volume II.
  5. 1996 Presidential General Election Results.
  6. 2000 Presidential General Election Results by State.
  7. 2004 Presidential General Election Results.
  8. 2008 official Federal Election Commission report.
  9. 2012 official Federal Election Commission report.
  10. 2016 official Federal Election Commission report.
  11. "Official 2020 presidential general election results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  12. "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825". elections.lib.tufts.edu.