List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates

• Top-left: Victoria Woodhull is considered the first female presidential candidate for her 1872 candidacy.
• Top-right: Hillary Clinton was the first woman nominated for president by a major political party and the first woman to win the national popular vote in 2016.
• Center: Kamala Harris became the first female vice president in 2020. She became the second woman nominated for president by a major political party, in 2024.

The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice presidential nominees and invitees. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state (or, before the institution of government-printed ballots, had ballots circulated by their parties). They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.

History

19th century

• Lydia Maria Child and Lucretia Mott received one vote apiece for president at the 1847 convention of the Liberty League, a caucus of the abolitionist Liberty Party. ^[1] Mott was a candidate for vice president at the rump Liberty Party's 1848 convention, where she finished fifth out of a field of nine candidates. ^[2]

• Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to formally run for president. She announced her candidacy in a letter to the New York Herald and was nominated by the national convention of the Equal Rights Party for the 1872 election. ^{[3] [4]} Frederick Douglass was nominated for vice president by the convention, but took no part in Woodhull's campaign. ^[5] Only 33 at the time of the election, she was thus ineligible to serve as president due to the age requirement established by the United States Constitution. Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections records no votes for Woodhull in any state. ^[6]

• Belva Ann Lockwood was twice a candidate for president, in 1884 and 1888. In 1884, she was nominated by the national convention of the Equal Rights Party, with Marietta Stow for vice president. In a petition to the United States Congress, Lockwood claimed to have received 4,149 votes in six states; she further alleged that election officials in Pennsylvania had destroyed ballots bearing her name. ^[7] The members of the electoral college from Indiana, after voting for Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks as pledged, cast a second, "complimentary vote" for Lockwood and Stow. ^[8]

20th century

• Laura Clay and Cora Wilson Stewart received one vote apiece at the 1920 Democratic National Convention on the 33rd and 36th ballots, respectively. They were the first women voted for as candidates for president at the national convention of a major American political party. ^[9]

• Former Wyoming Governor Nellie Tayloe Ross was a candidate for vice president at the 1928 Democratic National Convention. Her name was mentioned as a potential candidate as early as 1927, and the possibility of her nomination was the subject of serious speculation. Ross was formally nominated at the convention by Mrs. T. S. Oliver of Wyoming, who praised her "honesty, sincerity, and courage;" W. R. Chapman gave the seconding speech. She received 31 votes, finishing third out of a field of eleven candidates. ^[10]

• Charlotta Bass was the Progressive Party nominee for vice president in 1952. She was the first Black woman nominated for the office by an American political party. ^[11]

• Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith was a candidate for the Republican Party nomination in 1964, becoming the first woman to seek the nomination of a major party for president. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries and finished second in the Illinois primary with 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at the national convention of a major political party. ^[12]

• Charlene Mitchell was the first Black woman to run for president and the first to receive valid votes in a general election. ^[13] She received 1,076 votes in four states (California, Minnesota, Ohio, and Washington) as the nominee of the Communist Party in the 1968 election. ^[14]

• New York Representative Shirley Chisholm was the first woman to run in the Democratic primary, the first Black candidate to contest the nomination of a major party, and the first such candidate to win a primary. She received the votes of 152 delegates at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, placing fourth in a field of 13 candidates. Her campaign drew support from prominent national feminist and civil rights leaders, including Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan, who attempted unsuccessfully to stand as Chisholm delegates in the New York presidential primary. ^[15]

• Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink was a candidate in the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries. She was the first Asian American woman to run for president. ^[16]

• Tonie Nathan , the Libertarian Party's vice presidential candidate in 1972, was the first woman to receive an electoral vote, via faithless elector Roger MacBride. ^[17]

• New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro was the first woman nominated for vice president by a major political party. Several figures had suggested the nomination of a female candidate ahead of the 1984 presidential election, including Kathy Bonk, communications director for the National Organization for Women, and Thomas E. Donilon, the national campaign coordinator for the Walter Mondale campaign. Ferraro was selected from a field of potential running mates, including Dianne Feinstein, Barbara Mikulski, and Pat Schroeder. ^[18] Despite initial enthusiasm following her nomination, the Mondale–Ferarro ticket was defeated in the fall, carrying only Minnesota and Washington, D.C.

• Lenora Fulani became the first Black woman to achieve ballot access in fifty states as the nominee of the New Alliance Party in the 1988 presidential election. Fulani was again a candidate in the 1992 election. ^[19]

• Winona LaDuke was the vice presidential nominee of the Green Party in 1996 and 2000 elections. ^[20] In 2016, she received a faithless electoral vote for vice president from Washington, the first Indigenous American woman to do so. ^[21]

• Former U.S. Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, but withdrew prior to the primaries. ^[22]

21st century

• Illinois Senator Carol Mosely Braun ran in the 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries. She withdrew from the race on January 15, 2004, four days before the Iowa caucus. ^[23]

• Alaska Governor Sarah Palin was the second woman nominated for vice president by a major party and the first woman nominated by a Republican National Convention. She and her running mate, Arizona Senator John McCain, lost the 2008 United States presidential election to their Democratic challengers, Illinois Senator Barack Obama and Delaware Senator Joe Biden.

• New York Senator Hillary Clinton became the first woman to be listed as a presidential candidate in every state and territory in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries. ^[24] Despite narrowly losing the nomination, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any female primary candidate in American history. Clinton later became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of pledged delegates in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and was formally nominated by the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016. ^{[25] [26]} As a major party nominee, Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate and the first to carry a state in a general election. Clinton became the first woman to win the national popular vote, receiving nearly 66 million ballots to Donald Trump's 63 million, but lost the electoral college and thus the presidency. ^[27]

• The Green Party has run a female candidate for president four times: Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012, 2016, and 2024. Stein's 1.5 million votes in 2016 represent the third-largest total for a female presidential candidate in U.S. history as of 2024. Pat LaMarche in 2004, Rosa Clemente in 2008, Cheri Honkala in 2012, and Angela Nicole Walker in 2020 were Green Party candidates for vice president.

• The Party for Socialism and Liberation has nominated a female presidential candidate in every election which the party has contested: Gloria La Riva in 2008, 2016, and 2020; Peta Lindsay in 2012, and Claudia De la Cruz in 2024. (La Riva in 2016 and 2020 and De la Cruz in 2024 were jointly nominated by the Peace and Freedom Party.) ^{[28] [29] [30] [31] [32]}

• Minnesota Representative Michele Bachmann was a candidate in the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries. On August 13, 2011, she won the Ames Straw Poll with 28.6% of the vote, the first woman to do so. ^[33] Despite this, she finished sixth in the Iowa caucus and suspended her campaign shortly thereafter, on January 4, 2012. ^[34]

• Roseanne Barr was a candidate in the 2012 Green Party presidential primaries. ^[35] She was defeated by Stein, and subsequently ran as the nominee of the Peace and Freedom Party, garnering 67,326 votes. ^[36]

• Carly Fiorina was a candidate in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries before suspending her campaign on February 10, 2016. ^[37] On April 27, Texas Senator Ted Cruz announced Fiorina would be his vice presidential running mate in the event he won the Republican nomination; however, Cruz withdrew from the race on May 3 after losing the Indiana primary. ^{[38] [39]}

• Faith Spotted Eagle received a faithless electoral vote from Washington in 2016, becoming the first Indigenous American to receive an electoral vote for president. ^[40]

• Six women ran in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries: Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren , California Senator Kamala Harris , Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar , New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand , Hawaii Representative Tulsi Gabbard , and author Marianne Williamson . All six women subsequently participated in at least one televised debate. Prior to 2020, only five women had ever appeared on a major party's primary debate stage (Chisholm in 1972, Braun in 2004, Bachman in 2012, Clinton in 2008 and 2016, and Fiorina in 2016). ^[41] The opening night of the first debate, which took place on June 26–27, 2019, was a major milestone, as it featured three women: Warren, Klobuchar, and Gabbard; Harris, Gillibrand, and Williamson participated on the second night. ^[42] This was the first major party presidential primary in which multiple women competed. ^[43]

• Jo Jorgensen was the Libertarian nominee for president in 2020. She is the first woman to be nominated for president by that party. Jorgensen's 1.9 million votes represent the second-highest total for a female presidential candidate.

• Harris was subsequently the 2020 Democratic vice presidential candidate. She became the first female, Black, and Asian American vice president upon winning the 2020 election, defeating the Republican candidate, incumbent Vice President Mike Pence. ^[44] Following Joe Biden's withdrawal from the 2024 election, Harris announced her candidacy for the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination. ^[45] On July 22, she received enough pledged delegate support to become the presumptive Democratic nominee for president. ^[46] She later went on be officially nominated by the Democratic National Convention by roll call on August 6, 2024, but subsequently lost to former president Donald Trump in the general election. ^{[47] [48]}

• Williamson challenged Biden in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries. ^[49] Although she did not win pledged delegate support in any contest, her 473,761 votes represented the third-best showing for any candidate, behind Biden and Minnesota Representative Dean Phillips. (Uncommitted delegates received 706,591 votes.) ^[50] After twice suspending and resuming her campaign, Williamson ended her candidacy for the last time on June 29, 2024, after deciding not to challenge Harris at the 2024 Democratic National Convention. ^[51]

• Former South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley ran in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries. She received 97 delegates and over 4 million popular votes, finishing second to the eventual nominee, former President Trump. ^{[52] [53]} On March 3, 2024, she became the first woman to win a Republican primary. ^[54]

Presidential candidates

Candidates who received electoral college votes

Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Electoral votes	Total electoral votes	Winner
2016	Hillary Clinton	Democratic Party	Tim Kaine	227	538	Donald Trump
2024	Kamala Harris	Democratic Party	Tim Walz	226 (projected) [55]

General election candidates by popular vote

This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have competed for President of the United States in a general election and received over 40,000 votes.

† Popular vote winner

Year	Picture	Name	Party	Votes	Elected president
2024		Kamala Harris	Democratic Party	>68,000,000 (preliminary) [55]	Donald Trump
2016		Hillary Clinton	Democratic Party	65,853,514†	Donald Trump
2020		Jo Jorgensen	Libertarian Party	1,865,724 [56]	Joe Biden
2016		Jill Stein	Green Party	1,457,218	Donald Trump
2024				>643,000 (preliminary) [55]
2012				468,907 [57]	Barack Obama
1988		Lenora Fulani	New Alliance Party	217,219 [58]	George H. W. Bush
2008		Cynthia McKinney	Green Party	161,797 [59]	Barack Obama
1972		Linda Jenness	Socialist Workers Party	83,380 [a]	Richard Nixon
1992		Lenora Fulani	New Alliance Party	73,714 [60]	Bill Clinton
1984		Sonia Johnson	Citizens Party	72,200 [61]	Ronald Reagan
2012		Roseanne Barr	Peace and Freedom Party	67,326 [62]	Barack Obama
1976		Margaret Wright	People's Party	49,024 [63]	Jimmy Carter
1940		Gracie Allen	Surprise Party	42,000 [64]	Franklin D. Roosevelt

Primary election candidates by popular vote

This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have sought their party's presidential nomination in at least one primary or caucus and received over 5,000 votes. Note that Kamala Harris, the 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidate, is not listed because she did not participate in the primaries. ^[b]
  Party nominee

Year	Picture	Name	Party	Votes	Contests won	Party nominee
2008		Hillary Clinton	Democratic Party	17,857,501 [68]	23	Barack Obama
2016		Hillary Clinton	Democratic Party	16,914,722 [69]	34	Hillary Clinton
2024		Nikki Haley	Republican Party	4,381,799	2	Donald Trump
2020		Elizabeth Warren	Democratic Party	2,780,679 [70]	0	Joe Biden
2020		Amy Klobuchar	Democratic Party	524,375 [70]	0	Joe Biden
2024		Marianne Williamson	Democratic Party	443,784	0	Kamala Harris [b]
1972		Shirley Chisholm	Democratic Party	430,703 [71]	1 [c]	George McGovern
2020		Tulsi Gabbard	Democratic Party	261,253 [70]	0	Joe Biden
1964		Margaret Chase Smith	Republican Party	227,007 [73]	0	Barry Goldwater
2004		Carol Moseley Braun	Democratic Party	103,189 [74]	0	John Kerry
1996		Elvena Lloyd-Duffie	Democratic Party	91,929 [75]	0	Bill Clinton
2012		Michele Bachmann	Republican Party	41,170 [76]	0	Mitt Romney
2016		Carly Fiorina	Republican Party	40,666 [76]	0	Donald Trump
1996		Heather Anne Harder	Democratic Party	29,156 [77] [78] [79]	0	Bill Clinton
2020		Marianne Williamson	Democratic Party	22,334 [70]	0	Joe Biden
2024		Terrisa Bukovinac	Democratic Party	18,931	0	Kamala Harris [b]
2024		Jill Stein	Green Party	16,597	20	Jill Stein
1972		Patsy Mink	Democratic Party	8,286 [80]	0	George McGovern
1964		Fay Carpenter Swain	Democratic Party	7,140 [81]	0	Lyndon B. Johnson
2024		Rachel Swift	Republican Party	7,017	0	Donald Trump
2020		Jo Jorgensen	Libertarian Party	5,123 [82]	2	Jo Jorgensen

All candidates

Party nominees

Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes	Ballot access
1872	Victoria Woodhull	Equal Rights Party	Frederick Douglass	[d]	0 states
1884	Belva Ann Lockwood	National Equal Rights Party	Marietta Stow [83]	4,149	6 states [84]
1888	Belva Ann Lockwood	National Equal Rights Party	First: Alfred Love Second: Charles Stuart Wells [e]	[f]
1940	Gracie Allen	Surprise Party	Not applicable	42,000
1952	Ellen Linea W. Jensen	Washington Peace Party
	Mary Kennery [85]	American Party
	Agnes Waters	National Woman's Party
1968	Charlene Mitchell	Communist Party	Michael Zagarell	1,075	2 states [86]
1972	Linda Jenness	Socialist Workers Party	Andrew Pulley	83,380 [a]	25 states
	Evelyn Reed	Socialist Workers Party	Andrew Pulley	13,878
1976	Margaret Wright	People's Party	Benjamin Spock	49,024
1980	Ellen McCormack	Right to Life Party	Carroll Driscoll	32,327
	Maureen Smith	Peace and Freedom Party	Elizabeth Cervantes Barron	18,116
	Deirdre Griswold	Workers World Party	Gavrielle Holmes [g]	13,300
1984	Sonia Johnson	Citizens Party	Richard Walton	72,200	19 states [87]
	Gavrielle Holmes [h]	Workers World Party	Gloria La Riva [i]	2,656 [j]	2 states
1988	Lenora Fulani	New Alliance Party	Joyce Dattner	217,219	34 states
			Wynonia Burke		4 states
			Mamie Moore		9 states
	Willa Kenoyer	Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party	Ron Ehrenreich	3,928
1992	Lenora Fulani	New Alliance Party	Maria Elizabeth Muñoz	73,714
	Helen Halyard	Socialist Equality Party	Fred Mazelis	3,050
	Isabell Masters	Looking Back Party	Walter Masters	327
	Gloria La Riva	Workers World Party	Larry Holmes	181
1996	Monica Moorehead	Workers World Party	Gloria La Riva	29,083
	Marsha Feinland	Peace and Freedom Party	Kate McClatchy	25,332
	Mary Cal Hollis	Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party	Eric Chester	4,766
	Diane Beall Templin	The American Party	Gary Van Horn	1,847
	Isabell Masters	Looking Back Party	Shirley Jean Masters	752
2000	Monica Moorehead	Workers World Party	Gloria La Riva	4,795
	Cathy Gordon Brown	Independent	Sabrina R. Allen	1,606
2004	Diane Beall Templin	American Party	Albert B. "Al" Moore	(lost ballot status)
2008	Cynthia McKinney	Green Party	Rosa Clemente	161,797	32 states
	Gloria La Riva	Party for Socialism and Liberation	Eugene Puryear [k]	7,427
	Diane Beall Templin	The American Party	Linda Patterson	(lost ballot status)
2012	Jill Stein	Green Party	Cheri Honkala	468,907	36 states
	Roseanne Barr	Peace and Freedom Party	Cindy Sheehan	67,326
	Peta Lindsay	Party for Socialism and Liberation	Yari Osorio	9,388
2016	Hillary Clinton	Democratic Party	Tim Kaine	65,853,516	50 states + DC
	Jill Stein	Green Party	Ajamu Baraka	1,457,044	43 states + DC
	Gloria La Riva	Peace and Freedom Party [88]	Dennis Banks	43,742	8 states [89]
	Alyson Kennedy	Socialist Workers Party	Osborne Hart	10,348	7 states [90]
	Monica Moorehead	Workers World Party	Lamont Lilly	3,722
	Lynn S. Kahn	Independent	Kathleen Monahan	5,610
	Khadijah Jacob-Fambro	Revolutionary Party	Milton Fambro	748
2020	Jo Jorgensen	Libertarian Party	Spike Cohen	1,865,724 [56]	50 states + DC [91]
	Barbara Bellar	Republican Party (write-in)	Kendra Bryant		10 states
	Shereen A. Elbaz	Democratic Party (write-in)	None		Washington
	Betsy P. Elgar	Constitution Party (write-in)	None		Washington
	Katherine Forbes	Independent	None		Minnesota, Utah
	Alyson Kennedy	Socialist Workers Party	Malcolm Jarrett	6,791	6 states
	Kathryn Gibson	Independent	None		3 states
	Lois Marie Gillaspie-Greenwood	Independent	None		West Virginia
	Tara Renee Hunter	Independent	None		Michigan
	Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro	Unaffiliated	Khadijah Jacob Sr.		Colorado
	Ricki Sue King	Genealogy Know Your Family History	Dayna R. Chandler		Iowa
	Gloria La Riva	Party for Socialism and Liberation	Sunil Freeman (12 states) [l] /Leonard Peltier (IL, MN, TX)	85,464	15 states
	Susan B. Lochocki	Independent	None		5 states
	Valerie McCray	Independent	None		Indiana
	Deborah Rouse	Independent	Sheila Cannon		11 states
	Jade Simmons [93]	Independent	Claudeliah Roze (LA, TX)/Melissa Nixon (FL)	6,958	3 states
	Mary Ruth Caro Simmons	Write-in	Sherrie Dow		9 states
	Silvia Stagg	Republican Party (write-in)	None		10 states
	Sheila "Samm" Tittle	Constitution Party	David Carl Sandige	1,806	New Mexico
	Sharon Wallace	Democratic Party (write-in)	Karen M. Short		Maryland
	Angela Marie Walls-Windhauser	Independent	Charles Tolbert		Florida
	Karynn Weinstein	Independent	David Weinstein		Connecticut
	Demetra Wysinger	WXYZ New Day	Cedric D. Jefferson		Alaska, Minnesota
2024	Kamala Harris [b]	Democratic Party	Tim Walz		50 states + DC
	Claudia De la Cruz	Party for Socialism and Liberation	Karina Garcia		16 states [94]
	Laura Ebke	Libertarian Party of New Mexico	Trisha Butler		New Mexico
	Rachele Fruit	Socialist Workers Party	Dennis Richter [m]		5 states
	Mattie Preston	Godliness, Truth, Justice Party	Shannel Conner		Louisiana
	Jasmine Sherman	Green Party of Alaska	Tanda BluBear	(not on the ballot)
	Jill Stein	Green Party	Butch Ware		33 states
Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes	Ballot access

Not nominated by party

Candidates who failed to receive their parties' nomination.

Year	Name	Party	Details	Party nominee
1884	Abigail Scott Duniway	Equal Rights	Rejected nomination.	Belva Ann Lockwood
1920	Laura Clay	Democratic		James M. Cox
	Cora Wilson Stewart
1924	Cora Wilson Stewart	Democratic	1 vote on 1st and 15th ballots	John W. Davis
1940	Anna Milburn [95]	National Greenback	Declined nomination	John Zahnd
1964	Margaret Chase Smith [96]	Republican	Received 227,007 votes in Republican primary and won 27 delegates at the Republican convention	Barry Goldwater
	Fay T. Carpenter Swain	Democratic	7,140 votes in Indiana primary [81]	Lyndon B. Johnson
1972	Shirley Chisholm [96]	Democratic	152 votes at convention	George McGovern
	Patsy Mink [96]
	Bella Abzug [96]
1976	Barbara Jordan	Democratic	1 vote at convention	Jimmy Carter
	Ellen McCormack [96]		22 votes at national convention
1980	Koryne Kaneski Horbal	Democratic	5 votes at convention	Jimmy Carter
	Alice Tripp		2 votes at convention
1984	Martha Kirkland	Democratic	1 vote at convention	Walter Mondale
	Mary Ruwart	Libertarian	77 votes at convention (1st ballot); 99 votes at convention (2nd ballot; 3rd place overall)	David Bergland
	Tonie Nathan		53 votes at convention (1st ballot; 4th place)
1988	Pat Schroeder	Democratic		Michael Dukakis
1992	Tennie Rogers	Republican	754 votes in Texas primary [77]	George H. W. Bush
	Georgiana Doerschuck		58 votes in New Hampshire primary [97]
	Caroline Killeen	Democratic	96 votes in New Hampshire primary [98]	Bill Clinton
1996	Elvena E. Lloyd-Duffie	Democratic	13,025 votes in AR primary; [79] 10,876 votes (6th place) in TX primary; [77] 40,758 in OK primary (3rd place); [99] 11,620 votes (3rd place) in LA primary; [100] 15,650 votes (2nd place) in IL primary [100]	Bill Clinton
	Heather Anne Harder		28,772 votes (3rd place) in TX primary; [77] 376 votes in NH primary [78] and two Republican write-in votes; 6 votes in IL primary [79]
	Caroline Killeen		118 votes in New Hampshire primary [98]
	Susan Gail Ducey	Republican	539 votes (9th place) in AZ primary; [79] 152 votes (12th place) in NH primary; [101] 1,092 votes (8th place) in TX primary [77]	Bob Dole
	Isabell Masters		1052 votes (7th place) in Oklahoma primary [102]
	Mary "France" LeTulle		650 votes (9th place) in Texas primary; [77] 290 votes in Nevada primary [100]
	Georgiana Doerschuck		140 votes in New Hampshire primary [97]
	Tennie Rogers		35 votes at Mississippi primary; 12 votes in New Hampshire primary [79]
2000	Heather Anne Harder	Democratic	1,358 votes in AZ primary; 192 votes (8th place) in NH primary, 1 Republican write-in vote [103] [104]	Al Gore
	Elizabeth Dole	Republican	231 write-in votes in NH primary [103]	George W. Bush
	Dorian Yeager		98 votes (10th place) in NH primary [105]
	Angel Joy Chavis Rocker [106]		6 votes in Alabama straw poll [107]
2004	Lorna Salzman	Green	40 votes at convention (5th place)	David Cobb
	JoAnne Bier Beeman		14 votes at national convention
	Carol A. Miller		10 votes at national convention
	Sheila Bilyeu		2 votes at national convention
	Florence Walker	Democratic	246 votes (6th place) in Washington, D.C., primary [108]	John Kerry
	Katherine Bateman		68 votes (14th place) in New Hampshire primary [108]
	Jeanne Chebib		43 votes (12th place) in the Washington, D.C., primary [108]
	Caroline Killeen		31 votes (19th place) in New Hampshire primary [108]
	Mildred T. Glover		11 votes (22nd place) in New Hampshire primary; 4,039 votes (8th place) in Maryland primary [108]
	Carol Moseley Braun		Withdrew in January 2004; 103,189 votes [74]
	Millie Howard	Republican	239 votes (13th place) in New Hampshire primary	George W. Bush
2008	Hillary Clinton	Democratic	Second place in the Democratic primaries, winning 1,726½ delegate votes and more primaries than any other woman in history.	Barack Obama
	Caroline Killeen		11 votes in New Hampshire primary
	Mary Ruwart	Libertarian	152 votes at convention (2nd place; reached 1st place on 5th ballot before being defeated on 6th ballot)	Bob Barr
	Christine Smith		6 votes at national convention (8th place)
	Kat Swift	Green	38 votes at national convention (3rd place)	Cynthia McKinney
	Elaine Brown		Withdrew in December 2007; 9 pledged delegates (6th place)
	Nan Garrett		Withdrew in February 2007 [109]
	Susan Gail Ducey	Republican	2 votes (3-way tie for 8th place) in Tulsa, Oklahoma straw poll	John McCain
2012	Susan Gail Ducey	Constitution	15 votes at national convention	Virgil Goode
	Roseanne Barr	Green	72 votes at national convention (2nd place)	Jill Stein
	Michele Bachmann	Republican	Withdrew in January 2012.	Mitt Romney
2016	Carly Fiorina	Republican	Withdrew in February 2016 with 1 pledged delegate in Iowa (10th place with 40,666 votes) [110] [111]	Donald Trump
	Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry	Green	13 votes at national convention (3rd place)	Jill Stein
2020	Souraya Faas	Alliance	Withdrew before convention.	Rocky De La Fuente
	Elizabeth Warren	Democratic	Withdrew in March 2020 with 83 pledged delegates. [112]	Joe Biden
	Amy Klobuchar		Withdrew in March 2020 with 7 pledged delegates. [112]
	Tulsi Gabbard		Withdrew in March 2020 with 2 pledged delegates.
	Kamala Harris		Withdrew in December 2019. Became the 2020 Democratic nominee for vice president, and is the current vice president.
	Kirsten Gillibrand		Withdrew in August 2019.
	Marianne Williamson		Withdrew in January 2020.
	Cherie DeVille		Withdrew in January 2019. [113]
	Sorinne Ardeleanu	Libertarian	2 write-in votes at convention (1st ballot); 1 write-in vote at convention (4th ballot)	Jo Jorgensen
	Laura Ebke		1 write-in vote at convention (3rd ballot)
	Souraya Faas		Withdrew in May 2020 after failing to qualify in the nomination round.
	Kim Ruff		11 votes in the nomination round.
	Susan Buchser Lochocki	Green	1 vote at national convention	Howie Hawkins
	Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry
2024	Jacqueline Abernathy	American Solidarity	207 votes in online primary	Peter Sonski
	Susan Buchser-Lochocki	Green (Alaska)	Unregistered candidate	Jasmine Sherman
	Nikki Haley	Republican	Withdrew in March 2024 with 97 pledged delegates	Donald Trump
	Brittany Jones	Green (Alaska)	Unaffiliated candidate	Jasmine Sherman
	Mary Maxwell	Republican	287 votes (9th place) in New Hampshire primary	Donald Trump
	Jasmine Sherman [n]	Green	72 votes with 10 pledged delegates; 13 delegates at convention	Jill Stein
	Rachel Swift	Republican	7,019 votes	Donald Trump
	Suzzanna Tanner	Green (Alaska)	Independent candidate	Jasmine Sherman
	Samm Tittle	Constitution	2 votes at national convention	Randall Terry
	Marianne Williamson	Democratic	Withdrew in July 2024. [114]	Kamala Harris [b]
Year	Name	Party	Details	Nomination winner

Vice presidential candidates

Candidates who received electoral college votes

  Elected vice president

Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Electoral votes	Total electoral votes	Winner
2020	Kamala Harris	Democratic Party	Joe Biden	306	538	Kamala Harris
2008	Sarah Palin	Republican Party	John McCain	173	538	Joe Biden
1984	Geraldine Ferraro	Democratic Party	Walter Mondale	13		George H. W. Bush
2016	Elizabeth Warren	Not applicable [o]	Not applicable	2		Mike Pence
	Maria Cantwell	Not applicable [p]	Not applicable	1
	Susan Collins	Not applicable [q]	Not applicable	1
	Carly Fiorina	Not applicable [r]	Not applicable	1
	Winona LaDuke	Not applicable [s]	Not applicable	1
1972	Tonie Nathan	Libertarian Party [t]	John Hospers	1		Spiro Agnew

General election candidates by popular vote

This list includes female candidates who have run for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes. Note that the vote for vice president is not separate in the United States and is identical to that for the presidential nominees. ^[115]
  Elected vice president

No.	Year	Picture	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes	Elected vice president
1	2020		Kamala Harris	Democratic Party	Joe Biden	81,268,924 [56]	Kamala Harris
2	2008		Sarah Palin	Republican Party	John McCain	59,948,323	Joe Biden
3	1984		Geraldine Ferraro	Democratic Party	Walter Mondale	37,577,352	George H. W. Bush
4	2000		Winona LaDuke	Green Party	Ralph Nader	2,883,105	Dick Cheney
5	1996					596,780	Al Gore
6	2016		Mindy Finn	Independent	Evan McMullin	731,991	Mike Pence
7	1996		Jo Jorgensen	Libertarian Party	Harry Browne	485,798	Al Gore
8	2012		Cheri Honkala	Green Party	Jill Stein	469,628	Joe Biden
9	2000		Ezola Foster	Reform Party	Pat Buchanan	449,225	Dick Cheney
10	2020		Angela Walker	Green Party	Howie Hawkins	404,021	Kamala Harris
11	1992		Nancy Lord	Libertarian Party	Andre Marrou	290,087	Al Gore
12	1980		LaDonna Harris	Citizens Party	Barry Commoner	233,052	George H. W. Bush
13	2008		Rosa Clemente	Green Party	Cynthia McKinney	161,797	Joe Biden
14	1988		Joyce Dattner	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	143,858	Dan Quayle
15	1952		Charlotta Bass	Progressive Party	Vincent Hallinan	140,023	Richard Nixon
16	2004		Pat LaMarche	Green Party	David Cobb	119,859	Dick Cheney

All candidates

Party nominees

Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes
1884	Marietta Stow [83]	National Equal Rights Party	Belva Ann Lockwood	4,149
1924	Marie Brehm	Prohibition Party	Herman P. Faris	56,289
1932	Florence Garvin	National Party	John Zahnd	1,645
1936	Florence Garvin	Greenback Party	John Zahnd
1948	Grace Carlson	Socialist Workers Party	Farrell Dobbs	13,614
1952	Charlotta Bass	Progressive Party	Vincent Hallinan	140,023
	Myra Tanner Weiss	Socialist Workers Party	Farrell Dobbs	10,312
	Vivien Kellems [116] [117]	Constitution Party* [u]	Douglas MacArthur	943* [v] [118] [119]
1956	Georgia Cozzini	Socialist Labor Party	Eric Hass	44,300
	Myra Tanner Weiss	Socialist Workers Party	Farrell Dobbs	7,797
	Ann Marie Yezo	American Third Party	Henry B. Krajewski	1,829
1960	Myra Tanner Weiss	Socialist Workers Party	Farrell Dobbs	60,166
	Georgia Cozzini	Socialist Labor Party	Eric Hass	47,521
1968	Peggy Terry [w]	Peace and Freedom Party	Eldridge Cleaver
1972	Genevieve Gundersen	Socialist Labor Party	Louis Fisher	53,814
	Tonie Nathan	Libertarian Party	John Hospers	3,674
1976	Willie Mae Reid	Socialist Workers Party	Peter Camejo	90,986
	Constance Blomen	Socialist Labor Party	Jules Levin	9,616
1980	La Donna Harris	Citizens Party	Barry Commoner	233,052
	Wretha Hanson [x]	Citizens Party	Barry Commoner	8,564 [y]
	Angela Davis	Communist Party	Gus Hall	43,871
	Eileen Shearer	American Independent Party	John Rarick	41,268
	Matilde Zimmermann	Socialist Workers Party	Andrew Pulley [z]	40,105
	Elizabeth Cervantes Barron	Peace and Freedom Party	Maureen Smith	18,106
	Gavrielle Holmes	Workers World Party	Deirdre Griswold	13,213
	Naomi Cohen	Workers World Party	Deirdre Griswold	3,790 [aa]
	Diane Drufenbrock	Socialist Party	David McReynolds	6,898
1984	Geraldine Ferraro	Democratic Party	Walter Mondale	37,577,352
	Maureen Kennedy Salaman	Populist Party	Bob Richards	66,168
	Nancy Ross	New Alliance Party	Dennis L. Serrette	46,852
	Angela Davis	Communist Party	Gus Hall	36,386
	Andrea Gonzales [ab]	Socialist Workers Party	Melvin T. Mason	24,672
	Matilde Zimmermann	Socialist Workers Party	Melvin T. Mason
	Gloria La Riva [i]	Workers World Party	Larry Holmes/Gavrielle Holmes	15,329
	Helen Halyard [ac]	Socialist Equality Party	Edward Winn	10,801
	Jean T. Brust [123]	Socialist Equality Party	Edward Winn
	Emma Wong Mar	Peace and Freedom Party	Sonia Johnson
1988	Joyce Dattner [ad]	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	143,858
	Mamie Moore [ae]	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	26,487
	Florence M. Rice	Consumer Party	Eugene McCarthy	25,109
	Joan Andrews	Right to Life Party	William A. Marra	20,504
	Helen Halyard	Socialist Equality Party	Edward Winn	18,693
	Kathleen Mickells	Socialist Workers Party	James "Mac" Warren	15,604
	Wynonia Burke [af]	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	11,888
	Vikki Murdock	Peace and Freedom Party	Herbert G. Lewin	10,370
	Gloria La Riva	Workers World Party	Larry Holmes	7,846
	Alpha Sunde Smaby [ag]	Minnesota Progressive Party	Eugene McCarthy	5,403
	Maureen Smith [ah]	Peace and Freedom Party	Eugene McCarthy	243
	Emma Wong Mar	Peace and Freedom Party/Ind. Socialist	Herbert G. Lewin	219
	Debra Freeman	National Economic Recovery Party	Lyndon LaRouche
	Susan Gardner	Independent	Eugene McCarthy
1992	Nancy Lord	Libertarian Party	Andre Marrou	290,087
	Maria Elizabeth Muñoz	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	73,714
	Asiba Tupahache	Peace and Freedom Party	Ronald Daniels	27,961
	Barbara Garson	Socialist Party	J. Quinn Brisben	3,057
	Willie Mae Reid	Socialist Workers Party	James "Mac" Warren
	Estelle DeBates	Socialist Workers Party	James "Mac" Warren
	Doris Feimer	The American Party	Robert J. Smith	292
	Joann Roland	Third Party	Eugene Arthur Hem
1996	Winona LaDuke	Green Party	Ralph Nader	596,780 [ai]
	Muriel Tillinghast [aj]	Green Party	Ralph Nader	75,956 [ak]
	Anne Goeke [al]	Green Party	Ralph Nader	12,135 [am]
	Jo Jorgensen	Libertarian Party	Harry Browne	485,798
	Kate McClatchy	Peace and Freedom Party	Marsha Feinland	25,332
	Rosemary Giumarra	Independent	Charles E. Collins	8,952
	Laura Garza	Socialist Workers Party	James Harris	8,476
	Rachel Bubar Kelly	Prohibition Party	Earl Dodge	1,298
	Connie Chandler	Independent Party of Utah	A. Peter Crane	1,101
	Shirley Jean Masters	Looking Back Party	Isabell Masters	752
	Anne Northrop	AIDS Cure Party	Steve Michael	408
2000	Winona LaDuke	Green Party	Ralph Nader	2,883,105
	Ezola B. Foster	Reform Party	Pat Buchanan	449,225
	Margaret Trowe	Socialist Workers Party	James Harris	7,378
	Mary Cal Hollis	Socialist Party	David McReynolds	5,602
	Gloria La Riva	Workers World Party	Monica Moorehead	4,795
	Sabrina R. Allen	Independent	Cathy Gordon Brown	1,606
2004	Pat LaMarche	Green Party	David Cobb	119,859
	Janice Jordan	Peace and Freedom Party	Leonard Peltier	27,607
	Mary Alice Herbert	Socialist Party	Walt Brown	10,837
	Margaret Trowe [an]	Socialist Workers Party	James Harris	7,102
	Arrin Hawkins	Socialist Workers Party	Róger Calero	3,689
	Karen Sanchirico [ao]	Independent	Ralph Nader	6,168 [ap]
	Jennifer A. Ryan	Christian Freedom Party	Thomas J. Harens	2,387
	Teresa Gutierrez	Workers World Party	John Parker	1,646
	Marilyn Chambers	Personal Choice Party	Charles Jay	946
	Irene M. Deasy	Independent	Stanford Andress	804
2008	Sarah Palin	Republican Party	John McCain	59,948,323
	Rosa Clemente	Green Party	Cynthia McKinney	161,797
	Alyson Kennedy	Socialist Workers Party	Róger Calero	7,197
	Andrea Marie Psoras [124]	Vote Here Party	Jeffrey H. Boss	604
	Patricia Rubacky	New American Independent Party	Frank McEnulty	[aq]
2012	Cheri Honkala	Green Party	Jill Stein	469,628
	Cindy Sheehan	Peace and Freedom Party	Roseanne Barr	67,326
	Maura DeLuca	Socialist Workers Party	James Harris	4,117
	Virginia Abernethy	American Third Position Party	Merlin Miller	2,701
	Phyllis Scherrer	Socialist Equality Party	Jerry White	1,279
2016	Mindy Finn	Independent	Evan McMullin	449,640
	Angela Nicole Walker	Socialist Party USA	Mimi Soltysik	2,540
	Hannah Walsh	United States Pacifist Party	Bradford Lyttle	334
	Kathleen Monahan	Independent	Lynn S. Kahn	5,610
2020	Dawn Neptune Adams	Oregon Progressive Party	Dario Hunter	5,403
	Karla Ballard	Independent	Brock Pierce	49,700
	Margaret Bayliss	Dirigo	M. D. Mitchell
	Anne Beckett	Independent	Robert Morrow
	Kendra Bryant	Republican Party (write-in)	Barbara Bellar
	Sheila Cannon	Independent	Deborah Rouse
	Dayna Chandler	Genealogy Know Your Family History	Ricki Sue King
	Sherrie Dow	None (write-in)	Mary Ruth Caro Simmons
	Veronica Ehrenreich	Independent	Ryan Ehrenreich
	Susan C. Fletcher	Independent	Timothy A. Stevens
	Kamala Harris	Democratic Party	Joe Biden	81,281,888
	Alyssa Howard	Independent	Shawn Howard
	Taja Yvonne Iwanow	Independent American	Kyle Kopitke
	Khadijah Jacob Sr.	Unaffiliated	Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro
	Jennifer Jairala	Independent	Abram Loeb
	Tiara Lusk	Life and Liberty Party	J. R. Myers	1,372 [ar]
	Cynthia McKinney	Green Party of Alaska	Jesse Ventura	3,291
	Melissa Nixon	Independent	Jade Simmons	181 [as]
	Liz Parrish	Transhumanist Party	Charlie Kam
	Raechelle Pope	Independent	Michael Laboch
	Darlene Raley	Republican Party (write-in)	Albert Raley
	Claudeliah Roze	Independent	Jade Simmons	6,777
	Norissa Santa Cruz	Socialist Equality Party	Joseph Kishore
	Karen M. Short	Democratic Party (write-in)	Sharon Wallace
	Elizabeth Storm	Independent	Joe McHugh	2,843
	Jennifer Tepool	Unaffiliated	Jordan "Cancer" Scott
	Michelle Tidball	Birthday Party	Kanye West	70,294
	Angela Nicole Walker	Green Party/Socialist Party USA	Howie Hawkins	404,021
	Rachel Wells	Independent	Kasey Wells
2024	Melina Abdullah	Independent	Cornel West
	Tanda BluBear	Green Party of Alaska	Jasmine Sherman	N/A
	Trisha Butler	Libertarian Party of New Mexico	Laura Ebke
	Stephanie Cholensky	Socialist Party USA	Bill Stodden
	Shannel Conner	Godliness, Truth, Justice Party	Mattie Preston
	Andrea Denault	Approval Voting Party	Blake Huber
	Crystal Ellis	Independent	Shiva Ayyadurai
	Karina Garcia	Party for Socialism and Liberation	Claudia De la Cruz
	Lauren Onak	American Solidarity Party	Peter Sonski
	Nicole Shanahan [at]	Independent	Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes

Not nominated by party

Year	Name	Party	Details	Nomination winner
1848	Lucretia Mott [126]	Liberty Party	5 of 84 votes	Charles C. Foote
1884	Clemence S. Lozier	Equal Rights Party	Declined nomination.	Marietta Stow
1924	Lena Springs	Democratic Party	several to 50 votes in national convention	Charles W. Bryan
1928	Nellie Tayloe Ross	Democratic Party	31 votes in national convention	Joseph T. Robinson
1952	India Edwards	Democratic Party		John Sparkman
	Sarah T. Hughes
1972	Shirley Chisholm	Democratic Party	20 votes in national convention	Thomas Eagleton
	Frances Farenthold		405 votes in national convention
	Martha Griffiths		1 vote in national convention
	Patricia Harris		1 vote in national convention
	Eleanor McGovern		1 vote in national convention
	Martha Mitchell		1 vote in national convention
	Maggie Kuhn	People's Party	declined nomination	Benjamin Spock
1976	Anne Armstrong	Republican Party	subject of draft campaign; 6 votes in national convention	Bob Dole
	Barbara Jordan	Democratic Party	17 votes in national convention	Walter Mondale
	Nancy Palm	Republican Party	1 vote in national convention	Bob Dole
1984	Shirley Chisholm	Democratic Party	3 votes in national convention	Geraldine Ferraro
	Jeane J. Kirkpatrick	Republican Party	1 vote in primary	George H. W. Bush
1992	Susan K.Y. Shargal	Democratic Party	1,097 votes (2nd place) in New Hampshire primary	Al Gore
	Mary Ruwart	Libertarian Party	129 votes at convention (1st ballot); 64 votes at convention (2nd ballot)	Nancy Lord
2000	Gail Lightfoot [127]	Libertarian Party	7 votes at convention (1st ballot; 6th place)	Art Olivier
2004	Tamara Millay [128]	Libertarian Party	220 votes at convention (2nd place)	Richard Campagna
2008	Mary Alice Herbert	Socialist Party		Stewart Alexander
2012	Susan Gayle Ducey	Constitution Party	8 votes at convention (5th place)	Darrell Castle
2016	Alicia Dearn	Libertarian Party	29 votes at convention (5th place)	William Weld
	Carly Fiorina	Republican Party	Joined the ticket of Ted Cruz; suspended campaign six days later	Mike Pence
2020	Sorinne Ardeleanu	Libertarian Party	3 write-in votes at convention in 3 ballots (1 per ballot)	Spike Cohen
	Laura Ebke		1 write-in vote at convention (1st ballot)
2024	Elise Stefanik	Republican Party	Shortlisted for selection	JD Vance

See also

• List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
• List of female governors in the United States
• Edith Wilson (sometimes nicknamed "the first female president of the United States")
• Female president of the United States in popular culture

Notes

1. In 1972 in Arizona, Pima and Yavapai counties had a ballot malfunction that counted many votes for both a major party candidate and Linda Jenness of the Socialist Workers Party. A court ordered that the ballots be counted for both. As a consequence, Jenness received 16% and 8% of the vote in Pima and Yavapai, respectively. 30,579 of her 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties. Some sources don't count these votes for Jenness.
2. Incumbent president Joe Biden competed in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries and became presumptive nominee on March 12 after securing enough delegates in the Georgia, Mississippi, Northern Mariana Islands, and Washington primaries. ^[65] However, Biden withdrew from the presidential race on July 21 following age and health concerns. ^[66] Biden would subsequently endorse Harris and she launched her campaign the same day. She became the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee on July 22 and became the official nominee on August 5 after a formal roll call vote by the Democratic National Convention. ^[67]
3. Shirley Chisholm won the New Jersey primary in 1972 which was a non-delegate-awarding, presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn. At the Democratic convention she won a plurality of delegates from Mississippi and Louisiana, neither of which held primaries. ^[72]
4. Victoria Woodhull's votes don't appear to have been counted. See, e.g. Victoria Woodhull, the Spirit to Run the White House for more information.
5. Lockwood first ran with Love, but when she dropped out of the race, she ended up choosing Wells as the final candidate.
6. Belva Ann Lockwood won an unspecified number of votes in 1888 that was fewer than her 1884 total of 4,149. See Frances A. Cook, Belva Ann Lockwood: For Peace, Justice, and President.
7. Naomi Cohen appeared on the ballot in Ohio in place of Deirdre Griswold's running mate Gavrielle Holmes
8. Gavrielle Holmes was an alternate candidate for Larry Holmes.
9. Milton Vera was an alternate candidate for Gloria La Riva in some states, including Iowa and Ohio.
10. The vote total is for the Gavrielle Holmes ticket only.
11. Robert Moses was on the ballot in some states.
12. Freeman replaced the original vice presidential nominee, Leonard Peltier of Peace and Freedom, who withdrew for health reasons. ^[92]
13. Margaret Trowe was originally named the party's vice presidential nominee but withdrew due to health issues.
14. Sherman is the Green Party of Alaska nominee but not on the ballot in Alaska.
15. Elizabeth Warren was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote each from faithless electors in Hawaii and Washington.
16. Maria Cantwell was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
17. Susan Collins was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
18. Carly Fiorina was not a candidate for vice president in the general election in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Texas faithless elector.
19. Winona LaDuke was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
20. Tonie Nathan and John Hospers received one electoral vote from a Virginia faithless elector.
21. The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; Harry F. Byrd seems to have been considered the main vice presidential candidate.
22. The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; the votes included here are ones known to be for the MacArthur-Kellems ticket specifically and not the MacArthur-Byrd ticket. The MacArthur-Kellems ticket's total might have been higher than 943.
23. Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd was Cleaver's running mate in some states, and Jerry Rubin had also been nominated. ^[120]
24. Wretha Hanson appeared on a ballot line in Ohio in place of Barry Commoner's official running mate La Donna Harris.
25. The vote total is for the Commoner-Hanson ticket in Ohio only. ^[121]
26. Richard H. Congress or Clifton DeBerry were the Socialist Workers Party's presidential candidate in some states, but Zimmerman was on all three tickets as the vice presidential candidate.
27. The vote total is for the Griswold-Cohen ticket in Ohio only. ^[122]
28. Matilde Zimmerman was an alternate candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states, including Ohio.
29. Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states, including Ohio.
30. Three male candidates were alternates for Dattner in three states, including California and Oregon.
31. Mamie Moore was an alternate candidate for Dattner in nine states, including Hawaii.
32. Burke was an alternate candidate for Dattner in four states, including Alaska.
33. Smaby was on the ballot only in Minnesota.
34. Smith was on the ballot as a write-in only in California.
35. Excludes votes for Nader in Iowa, New York, and Vermont.
36. Muriel Tillinghast appeared on a ballot line in New York in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
37. Vote total for the Nader-Tillinghast ticket in New York only.
38. Anne Goeke appeared on a ballot line in Iowa and Vermont in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
39. Vote total for the Nader-Goeke ticket in Iowa and Vermont only.
40. Margaret Trowe was an alternate for Arrin Hawkins.
41. Karen Sanchirico appeared on a ballot line in Montana in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Peter Camejo.
42. The vote total is for the Nader-Sanchirico ticket in Montana only.
43. Rubacky was McEnulty's running mate in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Maine, though the party had no ballot access in any state except Colorado. McEnulty had nine other running mates. ^[125]
44. Vote total is for the Myers-Lusk ticket in Arkansas only.
45. Vote total is for the Simmons-Nixon ticket in Florida only.
46. Kennedy and Shanahan withdrew in August 2024 but remained on the ballot in 30 states and as write-in candidates in Pennsylvania.

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External links

• Freeman, Jo, The Women Who Ran for President (2007)
• Maurer, Elizabeth. "First but Not the Last: Women who Ran for President". National Women's History Museum. 2016.