There have been women in the United States Army since the Revolutionary War, and women continue to serve in it today. As of 2020, there were 74,592 total women on active duty in the US Army, with 16,987 serving as officers and 57,605 enlisted. While the Army has the highest number of total active duty members, the ratio of women-men is lower than the US Air Force and the US Navy, with women making up 15.5% of total active duty Army in 2020. [3]
Note that some minor wars women served in have been omitted from this history.
A few women fought in the Army in the American Revolutionary War while disguised as men. [4] Deborah Sampson fought until her sex was discovered and she was discharged, and Sally St. Clair died in the war. [4] [5] Anna Maria Lane joined her husband in the Army; [4] her pension notes that she was given $100 a year for life in recognition of the fact that she, "in the Revolutionary War, performed extraordinary military services at the Battle of Germantown, in the garb, and with the courage of a soldier." [6]
The number of women soldiers in the American Civil War is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women again had to disguise themselves as men. [7]
Dr. Mary Edwards Walker became the first female surgeon in the US Army when she was appointed as Assistant Surgeon of the 52nd Ohio Infantry serving in the Battles of First Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chattanooga, and Chickamauga. Walker was also the first and to this day the only woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor. [8]
The United States established the Army Nurse Corps as a permanent part of the Army in 1901; the Corps was all-female until 1955. [9] [10]
Approximately 21,000 women served in the Army Nurse Corps during World War I. [11] In 1917 World War I Army nurses Clara Ayres and Helen Wood became the first female members of the U.S. military killed in the line of duty. They were killed on May 20, 1917, while with Base Hospital #12 aboard USS Mongolia en route to France. The ship's crew fired the deck guns during a practice drill, and one of the guns exploded, spewing shell fragments across the deck and killing Nurses Ayres and Wood. [12] [13]
Hello Girls was the colloquial name for American female switchboard operators in World War I, formally known as the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit; during World War I, these switchboard operators were sworn into the U.S. Army Signal Corps. [14] However, not until 1978 did Congress approve veteran status/honorable discharges for the remaining Hello Girls. [15] The Hello Girls were created in 1917 due to a call by General John J. Pershing to improve the worsening state of communications on the Western front. Applicants had to be bilingual in English and French to ensure that orders would be heard by anyone. Over 7,000 women applied, but only 450 women were accepted. Many of these women were former switchboard operators or employees at telecommunications companies. [14]
The Army established the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps in 1942, which was changed to the Women's Army Corps in 1943. [9] Over 150,000 women served as WACs during World War II. [9]
The Angels of Bataan (also known as the "Angels of Bataan and Corregidor" and "The Battling Belles of Bataan" [16] ) were the members of the Army Nurse Corps (and the Navy Nurse Corps) who were stationed in the Philippines at the outset of the Pacific War (a theatre of World War II) and served during World War II's Battle of the Philippines (1941–42). When Bataan and Corregidor fell to the Japanese in 1942, they, 66 army nurses (and 11 Navy nurses and 1 nurse-anesthetist) were captured and imprisoned in and around Manila. [17] They continued to serve as a nursing unit throughout their status as prisoners of war. [18] They were freed in February 1945. [19]
In January 1943, Captain Frances Keegan Marquis became the first to command a women's expeditionary force, [20] the 149th WAAC Post Headquarters Company. [21] Serving in General Eisenhower's North African headquarters in Algiers, this group of about 200 women performed secretarial, driving, postal, and other non-combat duties. [22]
In May 1943, Dr. Margaret Craighill became the first female doctor to become a commissioned officer in the Army Medical Corps; [23] she was assigned as the Women’s Consultant to the Surgeon General of United States Army commanding the Women’s Health and Welfare Unit and liaison duty with the WAC. During her military service, she was responsible for inspection of the field conditions for all women in the United States Army. This included providing medical care after enlistment, and recommending hygiene courses and other preventative measures, as well as establishing the standards for screening applicants into the WACs and for WAC medical care. [24] She also met with a board of army doctors to create set standards of acceptability, and these were shortly published. [24] Craighill was also responsible for advising the assignment of women medical officers. She recommended that women be assigned positions that were based on their professional qualifications rather than on their gender. [25]
The United States Army Surgeon General's office issued a circular in 1941 that for the first time classified "homosexual proclivities" as disqualifying inductees from military service; the WAC adopted a similar policy in 1944. [26] The WAC instituted strict screening policies for candidates, based on physical appearance and gender and femininity conformity, in order to exclude lesbians from service. WAC policies also condoned heterosexual relationships with servicemen in order to discourage homosexual conduct. [27]
Slightly after the war, in 1947, Florence Blanchfield became the first woman to receive a military commission in the regular army. [28] [29]
In 1948, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act gave women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve forces of the Army. [9]
Army women who had joined the Reserves following World War II were involuntarily recalled to active duty during the Korean War. [9] Although no Women's Army Corps unit was sent to Korea, approximately a dozen WACs, including one officer, served in Seoul and Pusan in secretarial, translator, and administrative positions in 1952 and 1953. [30] As well, many WACs served in support positions in Japan and other overseas locations. [30] Over 500 Army nurses served in the combat zone and many more were assigned to large hospitals in Japan. [9] One Army nurse died in a plane crash on her way to Korea on July 27, 1950, shortly after hostilities began. [9]
In 1967, during the Vietnam War, Public Law 90-130 was signed into law; it removed legal ceilings on women's promotions that had kept them out of the general and flag ranks, and dropped the two percent ceiling on officer and enlisted strengths for women in the armed forces. [31] Women's Army Corps soldiers served in the Vietnam War; at their peak in 1970, WAC presence in Vietnam consisted of some 20 officers and 130 enlisted women. [32]
During the war, Anna Mae Hays, Chief of the Army Nurse Corps, became the first U.S. female brigadier general on June 11, 1970. Minutes later, Elizabeth Hoisington, Director of the Women's Army Corps, became the second. [9] An Army nurse (1st LT Sharon Ann Lane) was the only US military woman to die from enemy fire in Vietnam. Two other Army nurses were awarded the Soldier's Medal for heroism in Vietnam; one was African-American 1LT Diane Lindsay, [33] [34] [35] [36] who was the first black woman to receive the award. [37] [38] [39] [40]
Frontiero v. Richardson , 411 U.S. 677 (1973), was a landmark Supreme Court case [41] which decided that benefits given by the military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex. [42]
West Point admitted its first 119 female cadets in 1976, after Congress authorized the admission of women to the federal service academies in 1975. [43] [44] Four years later 62 female cadets graduated, including the first two black female graduates, Joy Dallas and Priscilla "Pat" Walker Locke. [45] In 1989, Kristin Baker became the first female First Captain, the highest ranking senior cadet at the academy. [46] Rebecca Marier became the academy's first female valedictorian in 1995. [47]
In 1978, the Women's Army Corps was disestablished and its members integrated into the regular Army. [48]
In 1983, 170 women in the Army were part of the United States invasion of Grenada as military police, munitions specialists, and signal operators. [49]
In 1989, Dorothy Pocklington became the first female member of the Army Reserve to attain the rank of brigadier general. [50]
The Gulf War involved the deployment of approximately 26,000 Army women. [51] Two Army women were taken as POWs (Army Specialist Melissa Rathbun-Nealy and Maj. Rhonda Cornum). [52] [53] [54]
Women in the Army served in the Afghanistan War that began in 2001 and ended in 2021, and the American-led combat intervention in Iraq that began in 2014 and ended in 2021. [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]
Women in the Army served in the Iraq War from 2003 until 2011. [60] During that war, Jessica Lynch was captured by Iraqi soldiers while she was serving in the Army; her subsequent recovery by U.S. special operations forces, on April 1, 2003. received considerable media coverage as it was the first successful rescue of an American prisoner of war since World War II and the first ever of a woman. Another female prisoner of war captured while serving in the Army during the Iraq War was Shoshana Johnson, a Panamanian-born American soldier, who was the first black female prisoner of war in the military history of the United States. [61] As well, during the Iraq War Leigh Ann Hester received the Silver Star for her heroic actions on 20 March 2005 during an enemy ambush on a supply convoy near the town of Salman Pak, Iraq; [62] this made her the first female U.S. Army soldier to receive the Silver Star since World War II and the first ever to be cited for valor in close quarters combat. [63]
In all, since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, more than 300,000 American women were deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. According to the Washington-based Service Women’s Action Network (SWAN), a total of 166 women were killed in combat operations and more than 1,000 were injured. [64]
In 2008, Ann Dunwoody became the first female four-star general in the Army; this also made her the first female four-star general in the military. [1] [2]
In 2011, Patricia Horoho became the first female Army surgeon general. [65]
In August 2015, Kristen Marie Griest and Shaye Lynne Haver became the first two women to graduate from the US Army Ranger School. [66] [67] [68] In October 2015, Lisa Jaster became the third woman to graduate from this school, and the first one from the Army Reserves. [69] In April 2016, Griest became the first female infantry officer in the US Army when the Army approved her request to transfer there from a military police unit. [70]
Brig. Gen. Diana Holland became West Point's first woman Commandant of Cadets in January 2016. [71]
In April 2016, Tammy Barnett became the first woman to enlist in the infantry in the U.S. Army, [72] and Kristen Marie Griest became the first female infantry officer in the U.S. Army when the U.S. Army approved her request to transfer there from a military police unit. [73] In May 2016, Shelby Atkins became the first female U.S. Army noncommissioned officer to be granted the infantry military occupational specialty. [74]
On October 26, 2016, ten women became the first female graduates from the United States Army's Infantry Basic Officer Leader's Course at Fort Benning, Georgia. [75]
In 2017, eighteen women graduated from the United States Army's first gender-integrated infantry basic training for enlisted soldiers. [76]
In 2019, Laura Yeager became the first woman to lead a US Army infantry division (specifically, the National Guard's 40th Infantry Division). [77]
According to scholars, since at least as early as 1960, Executive Order 10450 was applied to ban transgender individuals from serving in the United States military. [78] [79] On May 17, 1963, gender transitioned or transitioning individuals were officially prohibited from the United States military by Army Regulation 40-501. This policy reasoned transgender people were medically unqualified to serve because their mental state was considered unfit. [80] Later, after varying restrictions over the years, there stopped being restrictions on people serving in the military due to their being transgender when President Joe Biden signed the "Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform" on January 25, 2021. [81] [82]
In May 2021, Christine Wormuth became the first female United States Secretary of the Army. [83] [84] The Secretary of the Army is the civilian leader of the Army. [85]
As of 2023, women make up 16 percent of the US military. Of these, more than 100 have graduated from the Army's rigorous Ranger School. [86]
In the case Doe v. Alexander (1981), which was about a transgender woman who had been rejected from the United States Army Reserve due to having had sex reassignment surgery, the Army defended their policy of denying enlistment to transsexual persons by stating that supporting transsexuals would raise a medical problem in the form of hormone supplements not always being available for such personnel. [87]
Before the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted in 1993, lesbians and bisexual women were banned from serving in the Army since 1944 (see above). [88] In 1993 the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted, which mandated that the military could not ask servicemembers about their sexual orientation. [89] [90] However, until the policy was ended in 2011 service members were still expelled from the military if they engaged in sexual conduct with a member of the same sex, stated that they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex. [91]
On April 28, 1993, combat exclusion was lifted from aviation positions by Les Aspin, permitting women to serve in almost any aviation capacity. [92]
In 1994, the Pentagon declared:
Service members are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground. [93]
That policy also excluded women being assigned to certain organizations based upon proximity to direct combat or "collocation" as the policy specifically referred to it. [94] According to the Army, collocation occurs when, "the position or unit routinely physically locates and remains with a military unit assigned a doctrinal mission to routinely engage in direct combat." [95]
In 2013, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta removed the military's ban on women serving in combat, overturning the 1994 rule. Panetta's decision gave the military services until January 2016 to seek special exceptions if they believed any positions must remain closed to women. The services had until May 2013 to draw up a plan for opening all units to women and until the end of 2015 to actually implement it. [96] [97]
In September 2015, Ranger School was permanently opened to women. [98] [99] By August 2019, 30 women earned their U.S. Army Ranger tab. [100]
In December 2015, Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women. [101]
In March 2016, Ash Carter approved final plans from military service branches and the U.S. Special Operations Command to open all combat jobs to women, and authorized the military to begin integrating female combat soldiers "right away." [102]
According to scholars, since at least as early as 1960, Executive Order 10450 was applied to ban transgender individuals from serving in the United States military. [78] [79] On May 17, 1963, gender transitioned or transitioning individuals were officially prohibited from the United States military by Army Regulation 40-501. This policy reasoned transgender people were medically unqualified to serve because their mental state was considered unfit. [80] Later, after varying restrictions over the years, there stopped being restrictions on people serving in the military due to their being transgender when President Joe Biden signed the "Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform" on January 25, 2021. [81] [82]
In February 2023, a set of new policies was established by the Department of Defense in order to support military members receiving abortions. Anyone who receives an abortion could travel out of a restrictive state and receive three weeks of administrative leave. [103]
According to a report published in 2011, more women in the US military are sexually assaulted by their fellow soldiers than killed in combat. [104] According to a Pentagon study released in May 2019, sexual assaults in the US military have increased sharply in the past two years, largely due to a 50% increase in assaults against women in uniform. [105] According to United States Commission on Civil Rights report in 2013, a 2010 survey conducted by the United States Department of Defense found that 54% of women and 27% of men did not report assaults due to fear of retaliation or negative experiences after reporting. [106]
The United States Navy Nurse Corps was officially established by Congress in 1908; however, unofficially, women had been working as nurses aboard Navy ships and in Navy hospitals for nearly 100 years. The Corps was all-female until 1965.
The Women's Army Corps (WAC) was the women's branch of the United States Army. It was created as an auxiliary unit, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) on 15 May 1942, and converted to an active duty status in the Army of the United States as the WAC on 1 July 1943. Its first director was Colonel Oveta Culp Hobby. The WAC was disbanded on 20 October 1978, and all WAC units were integrated with male units.
Edith Rogers was an American social welfare volunteer and politician who served as a Republican in the United States Congress. She was the first woman elected to Congress from Massachusetts. Until 2012, she was the longest serving Congresswoman and was the longest serving female Representative until 2018. In her 35 years in the House of Representatives she was a powerful voice for veterans and sponsored seminal legislation, including the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, which provided educational and financial benefits for veterans returning home from World War II, the 1942 bill that created the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), and the 1943 bill that created the Women's Army Corps (WAC). She was also instrumental in bringing federal appropriations to her constituency, Massachusetts's 5th congressional district.
Women have been serving in the military since the inception of organized warfare, in both combat and non-combat roles. Their inclusion in combat missions has increased in recent decades, often serving as pilots, mechanics, and infantry officers.
Two of the least-known roles played by Puerto Rican women and women of Puerto Rican descent have been that of soldier and that of revolutionary. This is a brief account of some the Puerto Rican women who have participated in military actions as members of either a political revolutionary movement or of the Armed Forces of the United States.
Women in combat refers to female military personnel assigned to combat positions. The role of women in the military has varied across the world’s major countries throughout history with several views for and against women in combat. Over time countries have generally become more accepting of women fulfilling combat roles.
Puerto Ricans and people of Puerto Rican descent have participated as members of the United States Armed Forces in the American Civil War and in every conflict which the United States has been involved since World War I. In World War II, more than 65,000 Puerto Rican service members served in the war effort, including the guarding of U.S. military installations in the Caribbean and combat operations in the European and Pacific theatres.
Hispanic Americans, also referred to as Latinos, served in all elements of the American armed forces in the war. They fought in every major American battle in the war. Between 400,000 and 500,000 Hispanic Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War II, out of a total of 16,000,000, constituting 3.1% to 3.2% of the U.S. Armed Forces. The exact number is unknown as, at the time, Hispanics were not tabulated separately, but were included in the general white population census count. Separate statistics were kept for African Americans and Asian Americans.
Many women have served in the United States Navy for over a century. As of 2020, there were 69,629 total women on active duty in the US Navy, with 11,076 serving as officers, and 58,553 enlisted. Of all the branches in the US military, the Navy has the second highest percentage of female active duty service members with women making up 20% of the US Navy in 2020.
The recent history of changes in women's roles includes having women in the military. Every country in the world permits the participation of women in the military, in one form or another. In 2018, only two countries conscripted women and men on the same formal conditions: Norway and Sweden. A few other countries have laws conscripting women into their armed forces, however with some difference such as service exemptions, length of service, and more. Some countries do not have conscription, but men and women may serve on a voluntary basis under equal conditions. Alenka Ermenc was the first female head of armed forces in any of the NATO member states, having served as the Chief of the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces between 2018 and 2020.
The United States Army Nurse Corps (USANC) was formally established by the U.S. Congress in 1901. It is one of the six medical special branches of officers which – along with medical enlisted soldiers – comprise the Army Medical Department (AMEDD). The ANC is the nursing service for the U.S. Army and provides nursing staff in support of the Department of Defense medical plans. The ANC is composed entirely of Registered Nurses (RNs) but also includes Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN).
This article is about the role played by women in the military in the Americas, particularly in the United States and Canada from the First World War to modern times.
This is a timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1900 until 1949.
This article lists events involving women in warfare and the military in the United States from 2000 until 2010. For 2011 onward, please see Timeline of women in warfare and the military in the United States, 2011–present.
American women in World War II became involved in many tasks they rarely had before; as the war involved global conflict on an unprecedented scale, the absolute urgency of mobilizing the entire population made the expansion of the role of women inevitable. Their services were recruited through a variety of methods, including posters and other print advertising, as well as popular songs. Among the most iconic images were those depicting "Rosie the Riveter", a woman factory laborer performing what was previously considered man's work.
There have been women in the United States Marine Corps since 1918, and women continue to serve in the Corps today.
There have been women in the United States Air Force since 1948, and women continue to serve in it today.
This article lists events involving Women in warfare and the military in the United States since 2011. For the previous decade, see Timeline of women in warfare and the military in the United States, 2000–2010.
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