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There are many people of intense Protestant faith to whom Catholicism is a grievous sin, and they have as much right to vote against a man for public office because of that belief. That is not persecution. [37]
Those issues made Smith lose several states of the Solid South that had been carried by Democrats since Reconstruction. [38] However, in many southern states with sizable African American populations, the vast majority of whom could not vote due to poll taxes, restricted primaries, and hostile local election officials, it was widely believed that Hoover supported integration or at least was not committed to maintaining segregation. This overcame opposition to Smith's campaign in areas with large nonvoting black populations. Mississippi Governor Theodore G. Bilbo claimed that Hoover had met with a black member of the Republican National Committee and danced with her. Hoover's campaign quickly denied the "untruthful and ignoble assertion". [39]
Smith's religion helped him with Roman Catholic New England immigrants, especially Irish-Americans and Italian-Americans, which may have explained his narrow victories in traditionally-Republican Massachusetts and Rhode Island and his narrow loss in his home state of New York, where previous Democratic presidential candidates had lost by double digits, but Smith lost by only 2%. [40]
The total vote exceeded that of 1924 by nearly eight million, which was nearly twice the vote cast in 1916 and nearly three times that of 1896. Every section in the Union increased its vote although the Mountain, East South Central and West South Central States did so least of all. The greatest increases were in the heavily populated (Northeastern) Mid-Atlantic and East North Central States, where more than 4,250,000 more votes were cast, more than half of the nationwide increase. There was an increase of over a million each in New York and Pennsylvania. [42] Much of the increase could be attributed to women voting in ever increasing numbers since gaining the national vote in 1920.
Hoover won 200 counties in the Southern United States while Smith won 122 traditionally Republican counties in the Northern United States, with 77 of those counties being majority Catholic. Warren G. Harding had won in all twelve cities with populations above 500,000 in the 1920 election, but Smith won in Cleveland, Milwaukee, New York City, San Francisco, and St. Louis, and lost in Baltimore and Pittsburgh by less than 10,000 votes. Hoover won in the traditionally Democratic Birmingham, Dallas, and Houston. Smith was the first Democratic nominee in the 20th century to win a majority of the twelve largest cities in the country. The net vote totals in the twelve largest cities shifted from Republican to Democratic with Harding having won by 1,540,000 in 1920, Coolidge by 1,308,000 in 1924, while Smith won by 210,000. Samuel Lubell wrote in The Future of American Politics that Franklin D. Roosevelt's victory in the 1932 election was preceded by Smith's increased vote totals in urban areas. [43]
Smith's results in the cities in the election improved upon John W. Davis' results in the 1924 election. The Democratic vote in Boston rose from 35.5% to 66.8%, in Milwaukee from 9.7% to 53.7%, in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 10.1% to 51.2%, San Francisco from 6.4% to 49.4%, in Cleveland from 9.1% to 45.6%, in Chicago from 20.3% to 46.5%, in Pittsburgh from 8.7% to 42.4%, in Philadelphia from 12.1% to 39.5%, in Minneapolis from 6.3% to 38.8%, in Detroit from 7.1% to 36.8%, and in Seattle from 6.6% to 31.9%. In the boroughs of New York City the vote percentages rose from 33.6% to 67.7% in The Bronx, 39.6% to 60.8% in Manhattan, 31.9% to 59.5% in Brooklyn, 31% to 53.4% in Queens, and 42% to 53.4% in Staten Island. He improved in all of those cities from James M. Cox's results in 1920. [43]
Hoover won the election by a wide margin on pledges to continue the economic boom of the Coolidge years. He received more votes than any previous candidate of the Republican Party in every state except five: Rhode Island, Iowa, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Tennessee. [44] The Hoover vote was greater than the Coolidge vote in 2,932 counties; it was less in 143 of the comparable counties. [45] The 21,400,000 votes cast for Hoover also touched the high-water mark for all votes for a presidential candidate until then and were an increase of more than 5,500,000 over the Coolidge vote four years earlier. [2] The Republican ticket made substantial inroads in the South: the heaviest Democratic losses were in the three Southern sections (South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central). The losses included 215 counties that had never before supported a Republican presidential candidate, distributed as follows: Alabama (14), Arkansas (5), Florida (22), Georgia (4), Kentucky (28), Maryland (3), Mississippi (1), Missouri (10), North Carolina (16), Tennessee (3), Texas (64), Virginia (26), West Virginia (4). In Georgia, eight counties recorded more votes cast for "anti-Smith" electors than either major-party candidate. [42]
7.48% of Hoover's votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 47.41% of the vote in that region. This was the best showing for a Republican in that region at that point in time. [46] The electoral votes of North Carolina and Virginia had not been awarded to a Republican since 1872, and Florida had not been carried by a Republican since the heavily disputed election of 1876. Texas was carried by a Republican for the first time in its history, which left Georgia as the only remaining state never carried by a Republican presidential candidate. Georgia would not be won by a Republican until 1964, when Barry Goldwater carried the state. Smith also carried staunchly Democratic Alabama by barely 7,000 votes. In all, Smith carried only six of the eleven states of the former Confederacy, the fewest carried by a Democratic candidate since the end of Reconstruction.
Smith polled more votes than had any previous Democratic candidate in 30 of the 48 states, all but Alabama, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington. In only four of them (Tennessee, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico) did Smith receive fewer votes than Davis had in 1924. [42] Historian Allan Lichtman notes that since the sole defining issue of the election was anti-Catholicism, it radically realigned states' voting patterns. Hoover carried Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia — none of which had backed a post-Reconstruction Republican, while Smith carried historically-Republican Massachusetts and Rhode Island despite the national Republican landslide. In doing so, Smith became the first Democrat to ever win a majority of the vote in Massachusetts, and the first since 1852 to win a majority in Rhode Island. Lichtman further proves this by pointing out that Smith and Hoover had very similar political views save for religion and Prohibition, and yet the 1928 election had a turnout of 57%, despite previous 1920s American elections having their turnouts below 50%. [37]
Smith received nearly as many votes as Coolidge had in 1924, and his vote exceeded Davis's by more than 6,500,000. [42] The Democratic vote was greater than in 1924 in 2080 counties and fell in 997 counties. In only one section did the Democratic vote drop below 38%, the Pacific, which was the only one in which the Republican vote exceeded 60%. However, the Democrats made gains in five sections; of those counties, fourteen had never been Democratic and seven had been Democratic only once. The size and the nature of the distribution of the Democratic vote illustrated Smith's strengths and weaknesses as a candidate. Despite evidence of an increased Democratic vote, Smith's overwhelming defeat in the electoral college and the retention of so few Democratic counties reflected Hoover's greater appeal. Smith won the electoral votes of only the Deep South of the Democratic Solid South, Robinson's home state of Arkansas, and the New England states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, both of which had a large proportion of Catholic voters. His 87 electoral votes were the fewest that a Democratic candidate had won since the 80 votes earned by Horatio Seymour in 1868. Hoover even carried Smith's home state of New York by a narrow margin. Smith carried 914 counties, the fewest in the Fourth Party System. The Republican total leaped to 2,174 counties, a larger number than even the 1920 landslide. [42]
Third-party support sank almost to the vanishing point, as the election of 1928 proved to be a two-party contest to a greater extent than any other in the Fourth Party System. Until the major split before the 1948 election in the Democratic Party between Southern Democrats and the more liberal Northern faction, no further significant third-party candidacies as seen in 1912 and 1924 were to occur. All "other" votes totaled only 1.08 percent of the national popular vote. The Socialist vote sank to 267,478, and in seven states, there were no Socialist votes. [42]
It was the last election in which the Republicans won North Carolina until 1968, the last in which they won Kentucky and West Virginia until 1956, the last in which they won Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington until 1952, the last in which they won Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Oregon until 1948, and the last in which they won Ohio, Wisconsin, and Wyoming until 1944.
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | Electoral vote | Running mate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
Herbert Hoover | Republican | California | 21,427,123 | 58.11% | 444 | Charles Curtis | Kansas | 444 |
Al Smith | Democratic | New York | 15,015,464 | 40.90% | 87 | Joseph T. Robinson | Arkansas | 87 |
Norman Thomas | Socialist | New York | 267,478 | 0.73% | 0 | James H. Maurer | Pennsylvania | 0 |
William Z. Foster | Communist | Massachusetts | 47,351 | 0.12% | 0 | Benjamin Gitlow | New York | 0 |
Verne L. Reynolds | Socialist Labor | Michigan | 21,589 | 0.06% | 0 | Jeremiah D. Crowley | New York | 0 |
William F. Varney | Prohibition | New York | 20,095 | 0.05% | 0 | James A. Edgerton | Virginia | 0 |
Frank Webb | Farmer-Labor | California | 7,591 | 0.03% | 0 | LeRoy R. Tillman | Georgia | 0 |
Other | 321 | 0.00% | — | Other | — | |||
Total | 36,807,012 | 100% | 531 | 531 | ||||
Needed to win | 266 | 266 |
Source (Popular Vote):Leip, David. "1928 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 28, 2005.
Source: [47]
States/districts won by Smith/Robinson |
States/districts won by Hoover/Curtis |
Herbert Hoover Republican | Al Smith Democratic | Norman Thomas Socialist | William Foster Communist | Verne Reynolds Socialist Labor | Margin | State Total | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | # | |
Alabama | 12 | 120,725 | 48.49 | - | 127,797 | 51.33 | 12 | 460 | 0.18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -7,072 | -2.84 | 248,982 | AL |
Arizona | 3 | 52,533 | 57.57 | 3 | 38,537 | 42.23 | - | - | - | - | 184 | 0.20 | - | - | - | - | 13,996 | 15.34 | 91,254 | AZ |
Arkansas | 9 | 77,751 | 39.33 | - | 119,196 | 60.29 | 9 | 429 | 0.22 | - | 317 | 0.16 | - | - | - | - | -41,445 | -20.96 | 197,693 | AR |
California | 13 | 1,162,323 | 64.69 | 13 | 614,365 | 34.19 | - | 19,595 | 1.09 | - | 112 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | 547,958 | 30.50 | 1,796,656 | CA |
Colorado | 6 | 253,872 | 64.72 | 6 | 133,131 | 33.94 | - | 3,472 | 0.89 | - | 675 | 0.17 | - | - | - | - | 120,741 | 30.78 | 392,242 | CO |
Connecticut | 7 | 296,614 | 53.63 | 7 | 252,040 | 45.57 | - | 3,019 | 0.55 | - | 730 | 0.13 | - | 622 | 0.11 | - | 44,574 | 8.06 | 553,031 | CT |
Delaware | 3 | 68,860 | 65.03 | 3 | 36,643 | 34.60 | - | 329 | 0.31 | - | 59 | 0.06 | - | - | - | - | 32,217 | 30.42 | 105,891 | DE |
Florida | 6 | 144,168 | 56.83 | 6 | 101,764 | 40.12 | - | 4,036 | 1.59 | - | 3,704 | 1.46 | - | - | - | - | 42,404 | 16.72 | 253,672 | FL |
Georgia | 14 | 99,369 | 43.36 | - | 129,602 | 56.56 | 14 | 124 | 0.05 | - | 64 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | -30,233 | -13.19 | 229,159 | GA |
Idaho | 4 | 97,322 | 64.22 | 4 | 52,926 | 34.93 | - | 1,293 | 0.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 44,396 | 29.30 | 151,541 | ID |
Illinois | 29 | 1,769,141 | 56.93 | 29 | 1,313,817 | 42.28 | - | 19,138 | 0.62 | - | 3,581 | 0.12 | - | 1,812 | 0.06 | - | 455,324 | 14.65 | 3,107,489 | IL |
Indiana | 15 | 848,290 | 59.68 | 15 | 562,691 | 39.59 | - | 3,871 | 0.27 | - | 321 | 0.02 | - | 645 | 0.05 | - | 285,599 | 20.09 | 1,421,314 | IN |
Iowa | 13 | 623,570 | 61.77 | 13 | 379,311 | 37.57 | - | 2,960 | 0.29 | - | 328 | 0.03 | - | 230 | 0.02 | - | 244,259 | 24.20 | 1,009,489 | IA |
Kansas | 10 | 513,672 | 72.02 | 10 | 193,003 | 27.06 | - | 6,205 | 0.87 | - | 320 | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | 320,669 | 44.96 | 713,200 | KS |
Kentucky | 13 | 558,064 | 59.33 | 13 | 381,070 | 40.51 | - | 837 | 0.09 | - | 293 | 0.03 | - | 340 | 0.04 | - | 176,994 | 18.82 | 940,604 | KY |
Louisiana | 10 | 51,160 | 23.70 | - | 164,655 | 76.29 | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -113,495 | -52.58 | 215,833 | LA |
Maine | 6 | 179,923 | 68.63 | 6 | 81,179 | 30.96 | - | 1,068 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 98,744 | 37.66 | 262,171 | ME |
Maryland | 8 | 301,479 | 57.06 | 8 | 223,626 | 42.33 | - | 1,701 | 0.32 | - | 636 | 0.12 | - | 906 | 0.17 | - | 77,853 | 14.74 | 528,348 | MD |
Massachusetts | 18 | 775,566 | 49.15 | - | 792,758 | 50.24 | 18 | 6,262 | 0.40 | - | 2,461 | 0.16 | - | 772 | 0.05 | - | -17,192 | -1.09 | 1,577,823 | MA |
Michigan | 15 | 965,396 | 70.36 | 15 | 396,762 | 28.92 | - | 3,516 | 0.26 | - | 2,881 | 0.21 | - | 799 | 0.06 | - | 568,634 | 41.44 | 1,372,082 | MI |
Minnesota | 12 | 560,977 | 57.77 | 12 | 396,451 | 40.83 | - | 6,774 | 0.70 | - | 4,853 | 0.50 | - | 1,921 | 0.20 | - | 164,526 | 16.94 | 970,976 | MN |
Mississippi | 10 | 27,153 | 17.90 | - | 124,539 | 82.10 | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -97,386 | -64.20 | 151,692 | MS |
Missouri | 18 | 834,080 | 55.58 | 18 | 662,562 | 44.15 | - | 3,739 | 0.25 | - | - | - | - | 340 | 0.02 | - | 171,518 | 11.43 | 1,500,721 | MO |
Montana | 4 | 113,300 | 58.37 | 4 | 78,578 | 40.48 | - | 1,667 | 0.86 | - | 563 | 0.29 | - | - | - | - | 34,722 | 17.89 | 194,108 | MT |
Nebraska | 8 | 345,745 | 63.19 | 8 | 197,959 | 36.18 | - | 3,434 | 0.63 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 147,786 | 27.01 | 547,144 | NE |
Nevada | 3 | 18,327 | 56.54 | 3 | 14,090 | 43.46 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4,237 | 13.07 | 32,417 | NV |
New Hampshire | 4 | 115,404 | 58.65 | 4 | 80,715 | 41.02 | - | 465 | 0.24 | - | 173 | 0.09 | - | - | - | - | 34,689 | 17.63 | 196,757 | NH |
New Jersey | 14 | 925,285 | 59.77 | 14 | 616,162 | 39.80 | - | 4,866 | 0.31 | - | 1,240 | 0.08 | - | 488 | 0.03 | - | 309,123 | 19.97 | 1,548,195 | NJ |
New Mexico | 3 | 69,645 | 59.01 | 3 | 48,211 | 40.85 | - | - | - | - | 158 | 0.13 | - | - | - | - | 21,434 | 18.16 | 118,014 | NM |
New York | 45 | 2,193,344 | 49.79 | 45 | 2,089,863 | 47.44 | - | 107,332 | 2.44 | - | 10,876 | 0.25 | - | 4,211 | 0.10 | - | 103,481 | 2.35 | 4,405,626 | NY |
North Carolina | 12 | 348,923 | 54.94 | 12 | 286,227 | 45.06 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 62,696 | 9.87 | 635,150 | NC |
North Dakota | 5 | 131,441 | 54.80 | 5 | 106,648 | 44.46 | - | 936 | 0.39 | - | 842 | 0.35 | - | - | - | - | 24,793 | 10.34 | 239,867 | ND |
Ohio | 24 | 1,627,546 | 64.89 | 24 | 864,210 | 34.45 | - | 8,683 | 0.35 | - | 2,836 | 0.11 | - | 1,515 | 0.06 | - | 763,336 | 30.43 | 2,508,346 | OH |
Oklahoma | 10 | 394,046 | 63.72 | 10 | 219,174 | 35.44 | - | 3,924 | 0.63 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 174,872 | 28.28 | 618,427 | OK |
Oregon | 5 | 205,341 | 64.18 | 5 | 109,223 | 34.14 | - | 2,720 | 0.85 | - | 1,094 | 0.34 | - | 1,564 | 0.49 | - | 96,118 | 30.04 | 319,942 | OR |
Pennsylvania | 38 | 2,055,382 | 65.24 | 38 | 1,067,586 | 33.89 | - | 18,647 | 0.59 | - | 4,726 | 0.15 | - | 380 | 0.01 | - | 987,796 | 31.35 | 3,150,610 | PA |
Rhode Island | 5 | 117,522 | 49.55 | - | 118,973 | 50.16 | 5 | - | - | - | 283 | 0.12 | - | 416 | 0.18 | - | -1,451 | -0.61 | 237,194 | RI |
South Carolina | 9 | 5,858 | 8.54 | - | 62,700 | 91.39 | 9 | 47 | 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -56,842 | -82.85 | 68,605 | SC |
South Dakota | 5 | 157,603 | 60.18 | 5 | 102,660 | 39.20 | - | 443 | 0.17 | - | 232 | 0.09 | - | - | - | - | 54,943 | 20.98 | 261,865 | SD |
Tennessee | 12 | 195,388 | 53.76 | 12 | 167,343 | 46.04 | - | 631 | 0.17 | - | 111 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | 28,045 | 7.72 | 363,473 | TN |
Texas | 20 | 367,036 | 51.77 | 20 | 341,032 | 48.10 | - | 722 | 0.10 | - | 209 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | 26,004 | 3.67 | 708,999 | TX |
Utah | 4 | 94,618 | 53.58 | 4 | 80,985 | 45.86 | - | 954 | 0.54 | - | 46 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | 13,633 | 7.72 | 176,603 | UT |
Vermont | 4 | 90,404 | 66.87 | 4 | 44,440 | 32.87 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45,964 | 34.00 | 135,191 | VT |
Virginia | 12 | 164,609 | 53.91 | 12 | 140,146 | 45.90 | - | 250 | 0.08 | - | 173 | 0.06 | - | 180 | 0.06 | - | 24,463 | 8.01 | 305,358 | VA |
Washington | 7 | 335,844 | 67.06 | 7 | 156,772 | 31.30 | - | 2,615 | 0.52 | - | 1,541 | 0.31 | - | 4,068 | 0.81 | - | 179,072 | 35.75 | 500,840 | WA |
West Virginia | 8 | 375,551 | 58.43 | 8 | 263,784 | 41.04 | - | 1,313 | 0.20 | - | 401 | 0.06 | - | - | - | - | 111,767 | 17.39 | 642,752 | WV |
Wisconsin | 13 | 544,205 | 53.52 | 13 | 450,259 | 44.28 | - | 18,213 | 1.79 | - | 1,528 | 0.15 | - | 381 | 0.04 | - | 93,946 | 9.24 | 1,016,831 | WI |
Wyoming | 3 | 52,748 | 63.68 | 3 | 29,299 | 35.37 | - | 788 | 0.95 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 23,449 | 28.31 | 82,835 | WY |
TOTALS: | 531 | 21,427,123 | 58.21 | 444 | 15,015,464 | 40.80 | 87 | 267,478 | 0.73 | - | 48,551 | 0.13 | - | 21,590 | 0.06 | - | 6,411,659 | 17.42 | 36,807,012 | US |
Margin of victory less than 1% (5 electoral votes):
Margin of victory less than 5% (95 electoral votes):
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (60 electoral votes):
Tipping point state:
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)
Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 1892. In the fourth rematch in American history, the Democratic nominee, former president Grover Cleveland, defeated the incumbent Republican President Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland's victory made him the first president in American history to be elected to a non-consecutive second term, a feat not repeated until Donald Trump was elected in 2024. This was the first of two occasions when incumbents were defeated in consecutive elections—the second being Gerald Ford's loss in 1976 to Jimmy Carter followed by Carter's loss in 1980 to Ronald Reagan. The 1892 election saw the incumbent White House party defeated in three consecutive elections, which did not occur again until 2024.
Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 2, 1920. Republican senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio defeated Democratic governor James M. Cox of Ohio. It was the first election held after the end of the First World War, and the first election after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment which gave equal votes to men and women. It was the third presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state, and the last time that the state was not New York. It was the first presidential election to have its results broadcast by radio. Coincidentally, the election was held on Harding's 55th birthday.
Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Republican President Calvin Coolidge won election to a full term. Coolidge was the second vice president, after Theodore Roosevelt, to ascend to the presidency and then win a full term.
Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 1932. Against the backdrop of the Great Depression, incumbent Republican President Herbert Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the governor of New York and the vice presidential nominee of the 1920 presidential election. Roosevelt was the first Democrat in 80 years to simultaneously win an outright majority of the electoral college and popular vote, a feat last accomplished by Franklin Pierce in 1852, as well as the first Democrat in 56 years to win a majority of the popular vote, which was last achieved by Samuel J. Tilden in 1876. Roosevelt was the last sitting governor to be elected president until Bill Clinton in 1992. Hoover became the first incumbent president to lose an election to another term since William Howard Taft in 1912, the last to do so until Gerald Ford lost 44 years later, and the last elected incumbent president to do so until Jimmy Carter lost 48 years later. The election marked the effective end of the Fourth Party System, which had been dominated by Republicans. It was the first time since 1916 that a Democrat was elected president.
Alfred Emanuel Smith was the 42nd governor of New York, serving from 1919 to 1920 and again from 1923 to 1928. He was the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in the 1928 presidential election, losing to Herbert Hoover of the Republican Party.
The 1924 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, at the Public Auditorium, from June 10 to 12.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 18 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. This was the last election in which Alabama had twelve electoral votes: the Great Migration caused the state to lose congressional districts after the 1930 Census produced the first Congressional redistricting since 1911.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Washington took place on November 6, 1928 as part of the 1928 United States presidential election. Washington's voters selected seven voters to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Florida was held on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Florida voters chose six electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Al Smith, Governor of New York, was a candidate for President of the United States in the 1928 election. His run was notable in that he was the first Catholic nominee of a major party, he opposed Prohibition, and he enjoyed broad appeal among women, who had won the right of suffrage in 1920.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Voters chose 20 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the wider United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Arkansas was held on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election. State voters chose nine electors, or representatives to the United States Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice-president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in North Carolina was held on November 6, 1928. North Carolina voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Oklahoma took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. In its early years, Oklahoma was a “Solid South” state whose founding fathers like "Alfalfa Bill" Murray and Charles N. Haskell had disfranchised most of its black population via literacy tests and grandfather clauses, the latter of which would be declared unconstitutional in Guinn v. United States. In 1920 this “Solid South” state, nonetheless, joined the Republican landslide of Warren G. Harding, electing a GOP senator and five congressmen, but in 1922 the Democratic Party returned to their typical ascendancy as the state GOP became heatedly divided amongst themselves.
Republican candidate Herbert Hoover won the state of Illinois in the 1928 United States presidential election, and would emerge victorious from the overall election. State voters chose 29 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1928 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the wider United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.