1928 United States presidential election in Texas

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1928 United States presidential election in Texas
Flag of Texas.svg
  1924 November 6, 1928 1932  
  Herbert Hoover - NARA - 532049.jpg Unsuccessful 1928.jpg
Nominee Herbert Hoover Al Smith
Party Republican Democratic
Home state California New York
Running mate Charles Curtis Joseph T. Robinson
Electoral vote200
Popular vote367,036341,032
Percentage51.77%48.10%

Texas Presidential Election Results 1928.svg
County Results

President before election

Calvin Coolidge
Republican

Elected President

Herbert Hoover
Republican

The 1928 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Voters chose 20 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Contents

Ever since statehood, Texas had been one of the strongest states in the nation for the Democratic Party, owing to its early history as a southern state based around slavery. Even during Reconstruction when African Americans were briefly enfranchised, the Republican Party won just one statewide election. By the time Texas participated in its first postbellum election in 1872, cracks were emerging in Republican Reconstruction plans, so that the Democratic "Redeemers" gained control of Southern legislatures by 1874. [1]

After "Redemption" and the passing of a new constitution in 1876 the GOP became confined largely to areas of abolitionist German "Forty-Eighter" settlement in the Hill Country, [2] and to a few South Texas counties where local Republican bosses could outcompete their Democratic equivalents. [3] The Terrell Election Law created a poll tax that, from 1902, disenfranchised virtually all remaining African-American voters, the vast majority of Mexican Americans, and also most poor whites. [4] Voter turnout among males over twenty-one fell from over eighty percent to under thirty percent following introduction of the poll tax. [5] The period following this disfranchisement nonetheless saw a substantial amount of typically "Progressive" reform under Governors James Stephen Hogg and Thomas M. Campbell, and despite this progressive faction ceding power in 1906 to the conservatives, Texas proved solid in its support for progressive candidate Woodrow Wilson at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. [6] In the meantime, Texas continued to vote solidly Democratic: between 1904 and 1924 no Republican nominee reached 24% of the statewide vote total. [7]

Hoover won Texas by a narrow margin of 3.67 percent. His victory in the state made him the first Republican presidential candidate to carry Texas. [lower-alpha 1] He produced a swing of over 32 percent compared to the vote for Calvin Coolidge in 1924; however, there were huge variations. The traditionally Republican Texas German counties of Comal and Guadalupe, along with the former 1920 Ferguson counties of Lee and Washington voted overwhelmingly for Smith in appreciation of his views on Prohibition: [9] in Comal County, which had been Robert La Follette's strongest nationwide in 1924, [10] the Democratic vote rose from 13 to 78%, thus supporting La Follette's family's endorsement of Smith after he died.

In contrast, numerous Baptist High Plains counties saw Hoover gain over fifty percent relative to Coolidge due to vehement opposition to Catholicism and repeal of Prohibition. [11] Hoover was also helped by a powerful vote from the emerging middle class in Dallas–Fort Worth and Houston: [12] his combined margin in Harris, Dallas and Tarrant Counties was slightly larger than his statewide plurality. [13] East Texas, the earliest-settled region of the state with greatest white resentment of the Republican Party's association with Reconstruction, and South Texas, in which white voters had similar fears of Mexican-American political power, remained normally loyal to Smith. [14]

Texas wouldn't support another Republican presidential candidate until 1952 when Texan-born Dwight D. Eisenhower carried the state. As of the 2020 presidential election , this is the last election in which Maverick County voted for a Republican presidential candidate. [15]

Results

1928 United States presidential election in Texas [16]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
Republican Herbert Hoover 367,03651.77%20
Democratic Al Smith 341,03248.10%0
Socialist Norman Thomas 7220.10%0
Communist William Z. Foster 2090.03%0
Totals708,999100.00%20
Voter turnout (voting age)24.8% [17]

Results by county

1928 United States presidential election in Texas by county [18]
CountyHerbert Hoover
Republican
Al Smith
Democratic
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal votes cast
# %# %# %# %
Anderson 1,81450.94%1,74749.06%00.00%671.88%3,561
Andrews 6672.53%2527.47%00.00%4145.05%91
Angelina 1,20934.41%2,30565.59%00.00%-1,096-31.19%3,514
Aransas 16151.44%15248.56%00.00%92.88%313
Archer 79948.02%86551.98%00.00%-66-3.97%1,664
Armstrong 31645.80%37354.06%10.14%-57-8.26%690
Atascosa 88856.56%68243.44%00.00%20613.12%1,570
Austin 46617.94%2,12981.98%20.08%-1,663-64.04%2,597
Bailey 41074.28%14225.72%00.00%26848.55%552
Bandera 93674.52%31725.24%30.24%61949.28%1,256
Bastrop 85035.65%1,53464.35%00.00%-684-28.69%2,384
Baylor 49138.51%78461.49%00.00%-293-22.98%1,275
Bee 1,18953.18%1,04346.65%40.18%1466.53%2,236
Bell 3,36652.17%3,07947.72%70.11%2874.45%6,452
Bexar 16,47749.69%16,62650.14%570.17%-149-0.45%33,160
Blanco 61553.25%53946.67%10.09%766.58%1,155
Borden 9857.31%7342.69%00.00%2514.62%171
Bosque 1,52655.19%1,23544.67%40.14%29110.52%2,765
Bowie 2,22542.57%3,00257.43%00.00%-777-14.87%5,227
Brazoria 1,58859.39%1,08640.61%00.00%50218.77%2,674
Brazos 73833.23%1,48066.64%30.14%-742-33.41%2,221
Brewster 40659.36%27339.91%50.73%13319.44%684
Briscoe 30146.96%33652.42%40.62%-35-5.46%641
Brooks 16032.52%33267.48%00.00%-172-34.96%492
Brown 2,03350.46%1,99249.44%40.10%411.02%4,029
Burleson 33917.87%1,55882.13%00.00%-1,219-64.26%1,897
Burnet 93666.67%46733.26%10.07%46933.40%1,404
Caldwell 1,18949.54%1,21150.46%00.00%-22-0.92%2,400
Calhoun 33346.84%37552.74%30.42%-42-5.91%711
Callahan 97951.02%94048.98%00.00%392.03%1,919
Cameron 3,54452.45%3,20247.39%110.16%3425.06%6,757
Camp 49443.56%64056.44%00.00%-146-12.87%1,134
Carson 89160.04%59239.89%10.07%29920.15%1,484
Cass 1,32343.79%1,69856.21%00.00%-375-12.41%3,021
Castro 31945.38%38454.62%00.00%-65-9.25%703
Chambers 25651.41%24248.59%00.00%142.81%498
Cherokee 1,93349.94%1,93850.06%00.00%-5-0.13%3,871
Childress 1,43866.45%72633.55%00.00%71232.90%2,164
Clay 1,32753.36%1,16046.64%00.00%1676.71%2,487
Cochran 19764.38%10935.62%00.00%8828.76%306
Coke 45068.60%20631.40%00.00%24437.20%656
Coleman 1,64553.00%1,45947.00%00.00%1865.99%3,104
Collin 3,47650.55%3,37749.11%230.33%991.44%6,876
Collingsworth 1,17965.98%60834.02%00.00%57131.95%1,787
Colorado 89133.22%1,78766.63%40.15%-896-33.41%2,682
Comal 50821.14%1,89378.78%20.08%-1,385-57.64%2,403
Comanche 1,48353.08%1,31146.92%00.00%1726.16%2,794
Concho 44650.97%42648.69%30.34%202.29%875
Cooke 2,26253.99%1,92445.92%40.10%3388.07%4,190
Coryell 1,12346.21%1,30653.74%10.04%-183-7.53%2,430
Cottle 47351.19%45148.81%00.00%222.38%924
Crane 12744.41%15955.59%00.00%-32-11.19%286
Crockett 29181.97%6418.03%00.00%22763.94%355
Crosby 1,00457.97%72842.03%00.00%27615.94%1,732
Culberson 7245.86%8554.14%00.00%-13-8.28%157
Dallam 61853.00%53946.23%90.77%796.78%1,166
Dallas 27,27260.89%17,43738.93%780.17%9,83521.96%44,787
Dawson 1,44877.23%42722.77%00.00%1,02154.45%1,875
Deaf Smith 57058.10%41141.90%00.00%15916.21%981
Delta 75343.96%95855.93%20.12%-205-11.97%1,713
Denton 2,58751.89%2,38447.81%150.30%2034.07%4,986
DeWitt 1,14241.66%1,59458.15%50.18%-452-16.49%2,741
Dickens 74164.10%41535.90%00.00%32628.20%1,156
Dimmit 62670.81%25829.19%00.00%36841.63%884
Donley 1,09268.90%49130.98%20.13%60137.92%1,585
Duval 43425.85%1,24574.15%00.00%-811-48.30%1,679
Eastland 3,23356.38%2,50143.62%00.00%73212.77%5,734
Ector 16852.66%15147.34%00.00%175.33%319
Edwards 54689.66%599.69%40.66%48779.97%609
Ellis 3,56944.72%4,39955.12%130.16%-830-10.40%7,981
El Paso 6,05049.74%6,11450.26%00.00%-64-0.53%12,164
Erath 1,92356.94%1,37240.63%822.43%55116.32%3,377
Falls 87726.04%2,48473.75%70.21%-1,607-47.71%3,368
Fannin 2,12245.62%2,52554.29%40.09%-403-8.66%4,651
Fayette 68915.87%3,64784.01%50.12%-2,958-68.14%4,341
Fisher 1,25960.07%83739.93%00.00%42220.13%2,096
Floyd 1,17663.84%66636.16%00.00%51027.69%1,842
Foard 43047.51%46651.49%90.99%-36-3.98%905
Fort Bend 63126.77%1,72473.14%20.08%-1,093-46.37%2,357
Franklin 38635.12%71364.88%00.00%-327-29.75%1,099
Freestone 1,17847.14%1,31852.74%30.12%-140-5.60%2,499
Frio 67372.21%25827.68%10.11%41544.53%932
Gaines 31269.03%14030.97%00.00%17238.05%452
Galveston 4,40142.43%5,95157.38%200.19%-1,550-14.94%10,372
Garza 79473.59%28526.41%00.00%50947.17%1,079
Gillespie 1,44755.12%1,17444.72%40.15%27310.40%2,625
Glasscock 12478.48%3421.52%00.00%9056.96%158
Goliad 55454.10%46845.70%20.20%868.40%1,024
Gonzales 1,11245.74%1,31954.26%00.00%-207-8.52%2,431
Gray 1,87165.35%98634.44%60.21%88530.91%2,863
Grayson 6,27757.63%4,60042.23%150.14%1,67715.40%10,892
Gregg 64639.29%99660.58%20.12%-350-21.29%1,644
Grimes 70137.37%1,17562.63%00.00%-474-25.27%1,876
Guadalupe 1,44243.46%1,87256.42%40.12%-430-12.96%3,318
Hale 2,14365.98%1,09833.81%70.22%1,04532.17%3,248
Hall 1,40974.08%49325.92%00.00%91648.16%1,902
Hamilton 92748.38%98951.62%00.00%-62-3.24%1,916
Hansford 41756.58%31943.28%10.14%9813.30%737
Hardeman 1,33359.43%91040.57%00.00%42318.86%2,243
Hardin 95147.96%1,03252.04%00.00%-81-4.08%1,983
Harris 27,18855.70%21,53644.12%860.18%5,65211.58%48,810
Harrison 1,77646.69%2,02353.18%50.13%-247-6.49%3,804
Hartley 17952.34%16347.66%00.00%164.68%342
Haskell 1,43048.08%1,53251.51%120.40%-102-3.43%2,974
Hays 1,08863.70%62036.30%00.00%46827.40%1,708
Hemphill 48960.67%31739.33%00.00%17221.34%806
Henderson 1,12839.52%1,72660.48%00.00%-598-20.95%2,854
Hidalgo 4,28551.41%4,03448.40%160.19%2513.01%8,335
Hill 2,44650.34%2,41349.66%00.00%330.68%4,859
Hockley 76575.82%23523.29%90.89%53052.53%1,009
Hood 64057.09%47942.73%20.18%16114.36%1,121
Hopkins 1,76748.85%1,84551.01%50.14%-78-2.16%3,617
Houston 76336.35%1,33663.65%00.00%-573-27.30%2,099
Howard 81254.86%66544.93%30.20%1479.93%1,480
Hudspeth 12351.25%11748.75%00.00%62.50%240
Hunt 3,00946.16%3,51053.84%00.00%-501-7.69%6,519
Hutchinson 1,11560.43%73039.57%00.00%38520.87%1,845
Irion 25968.52%11931.48%00.00%14037.04%378
Jack 1,06870.22%45029.59%30.20%61840.63%1,521
Jackson 57254.68%47345.22%10.10%999.46%1,046
Jasper 61140.44%89859.43%20.13%-287-18.99%1,511
Jeff Davis 15758.15%11241.48%10.37%4516.67%270
Jefferson 9,20956.74%7,00643.16%160.10%2,20313.57%16,231
Jim Hogg 10929.30%26370.70%00.00%-154-41.40%372
Jim Wells 42336.06%74763.68%30.26%-324-27.62%1,173
Johnson 3,18161.58%1,98138.35%40.08%1,20023.23%5,166
Jones 1,99555.95%1,56343.83%80.22%43212.11%3,566
Karnes 85544.83%1,05255.17%00.00%-197-10.33%1,907
Kaufman 1,71839.27%2,65760.73%00.00%-939-21.46%4,375
Kendall 66363.63%37736.18%20.19%28627.45%1,042
Kenedy 129.23%11890.77%00.00%-106-81.54%130
Kent 36369.01%16330.99%00.00%20038.02%526
Kerr 1,57573.36%57026.55%20.09%1,00546.81%2,147
Kimble 66080.39%15719.12%40.49%50361.27%821
King 8565.38%4534.62%00.00%4030.77%130
Kinney 18247.64%20052.36%00.00%-18-4.71%382
Kleberg 75151.94%69548.06%00.00%563.87%1,446
Knox 99255.70%78444.02%50.28%20811.68%1,781
Lamar 2,88757.08%2,16342.76%80.16%72414.31%5,058
Lamb 1,26674.21%44025.79%00.00%82648.42%1,706
Lampasas 89960.91%56738.41%100.68%33222.49%1,476
La Salle 32740.57%47959.43%00.00%-152-18.86%806
Lavaca 91124.27%2,84275.73%00.00%-1,931-51.45%3,753
Lee 44927.63%1,17672.37%00.00%-727-44.74%1,625
Leon 54338.59%86261.27%20.14%-319-22.67%1,407
Liberty 1,07053.63%91846.02%70.35%1527.62%1,995
Limestone 1,64238.64%2,60861.36%00.00%-966-22.73%4,250
Lipscomb 77669.35%33129.58%121.07%44539.77%1,119
Live Oak 48455.82%38344.18%00.00%10111.65%867
Llano 43946.07%51453.93%00.00%-75-7.87%953
Loving 637.50%1062.50%00.00%-4-25.00%16
Lubbock 3,07960.79%1,97939.07%70.14%1,10021.72%5,065
Lynn 1,26862.49%75437.16%70.34%51425.33%2,029
McCulloch 1,29463.59%74136.41%00.00%55327.17%2,035
McLennan 5,74451.81%5,33048.07%130.12%4143.73%11,087
McMullen 9650.00%9448.96%21.04%21.04%192
Madison 36444.61%45255.39%00.00%-88-10.78%816
Marion 44340.90%64059.10%00.00%-197-18.19%1,083
Martin 33060.77%21339.23%00.00%11721.55%543
Mason 80776.64%24423.17%20.19%56353.47%1,053
Matagorda 1,19458.85%82940.86%60.30%36517.99%2,029
Maverick 31163.34%18036.66%00.00%13126.68%491
Medina 1,24346.94%1,40052.87%50.19%-157-5.93%2,648
Menard 58971.57%23428.43%00.00%35543.13%823
Midland 34749.57%35050.00%30.43%-3-0.43%700
Milam 1,27030.86%2,84269.05%40.10%-1,572-38.19%4,116
Mills 77463.65%44236.35%00.00%33227.30%1,216
Mitchell 1,09959.57%74640.43%00.00%35319.13%1,845
Montague 1,51951.13%1,45248.87%00.00%672.26%2,971
Montgomery 61340.36%90559.58%10.07%-292-19.22%1,519
Moore 8741.23%12458.77%00.00%-37-17.54%211
Morris 28726.90%78073.10%00.00%-493-46.20%1,067
Motley 45056.32%34943.68%00.00%10112.64%799
Nacogdoches 82230.41%1,87969.52%20.07%-1,057-39.10%2,703
Navarro 3,34147.80%3,64852.20%00.00%-307-4.39%6,989
Newton 39741.27%56458.63%10.10%-167-17.36%962
Nolan 1,47558.76%1,03541.24%00.00%44017.53%2,510
Nueces 2,48145.36%2,98554.58%30.05%-504-9.22%5,469
Ochiltree 55667.31%27032.69%00.00%28634.62%826
Oldham 17252.28%15747.72%00.00%154.56%329
Orange 91942.43%1,24757.57%00.00%-328-15.14%2,166
Palo Pinto 2,00163.28%1,16136.72%00.00%84026.57%3,162
Panola 42024.21%1,31275.62%30.17%-892-51.41%1,735
Parker 2,17866.24%1,11033.76%00.00%1,06832.48%3,288
Parmer 62065.75%31533.40%80.85%30532.34%943
Pecos 52447.99%56251.47%60.55%-38-3.48%1,092
Polk 50833.73%99466.00%40.27%-486-32.27%1,506
Potter 3,62757.90%2,63742.10%00.00%99015.80%6,264
Presidio 25444.64%31555.36%00.00%-61-10.72%569
Rains 20226.90%54472.44%50.67%-342-45.54%751
Randall 73352.66%65947.34%00.00%745.32%1,392
Reagan 38762.82%22937.18%00.00%15825.65%616
Real 47983.02%9816.98%00.00%38166.03%577
Red River 1,17241.30%1,66658.70%00.00%-494-17.41%2,838
Reeves 34446.61%39453.39%00.00%-50-6.78%738
Refugio 38336.34%67163.66%00.00%-288-27.32%1,054
Roberts 24370.03%10429.97%00.00%13940.06%347
Robertson 75133.54%1,48766.41%10.04%-736-32.87%2,239
Rockwall 28925.37%85074.63%00.00%-561-49.25%1,139
Runnels 1,64552.26%1,49447.46%90.29%1514.80%3,148
Rusk 1,03337.36%1,73262.64%00.00%-699-25.28%2,765
Sabine 41934.18%80765.82%00.00%-388-31.65%1,226
San Augustine 46736.26%82163.74%00.00%-354-27.48%1,288
San Jacinto 29637.00%50362.88%10.13%-207-25.88%800
San Patricio 1,38870.56%57929.44%00.00%80941.13%1,967
San Saba 68247.56%75252.44%00.00%-70-4.88%1,434
Schleicher 22762.36%13737.64%00.00%9024.73%364
Scurry 1,59777.49%46222.42%20.10%1,13555.07%2,061
Shackelford 55851.10%53348.81%10.09%252.29%1,092
Shelby 67625.53%1,96174.06%110.42%-1,285-48.53%2,648
Sherman 24864.42%13735.58%00.00%11128.83%385
Smith 3,49359.85%2,34340.15%00.00%1,15019.71%5,836
Somervell 24163.93%13636.07%00.00%10527.85%377
Starr 799.69%73690.31%00.00%-657-80.61%815
Stephens 1,78960.60%1,16339.40%00.00%62621.21%2,952
Sterling 12242.21%16757.79%00.00%-45-15.57%289
Stonewall 44246.92%50053.08%00.00%-58-6.16%942
Sutton 29075.92%9224.08%00.00%19851.83%382
Swisher 88770.34%37429.66%00.00%51340.68%1,261
Tarrant 20,48168.99%9,20831.01%00.00%11,27337.97%29,689
Taylor 4,05068.07%1,89131.78%90.15%2,15936.29%5,950
Terrell 36480.71%8518.85%20.44%27961.86%451
Terry 62260.45%40739.55%00.00%21520.89%1,029
Throckmorton 70369.81%30430.19%00.00%39939.62%1,007
Titus 46928.99%1,14971.01%00.00%-680-42.03%1,618
Tom Green 2,61863.11%1,52836.84%20.05%1,09026.28%4,148
Travis 4,84751.83%4,48747.98%170.18%3603.85%9,351
Trinity 45639.93%68660.07%00.00%-230-20.14%1,142
Tyler 29830.88%66669.02%10.10%-368-38.13%965
Upshur 64929.37%1,55370.27%80.36%-904-40.90%2,210
Upton 27058.82%18941.18%00.00%8117.65%459
Uvalde 1,22462.10%74737.90%00.00%47724.20%1,971
Val Verde 85457.94%62042.06%00.00%23415.88%1,474
Van Zandt 1,50245.35%1,78954.02%210.63%-287-8.67%3,312
Victoria 66327.94%1,71072.06%00.00%-1,047-44.12%2,373
Walker 48839.51%74760.49%00.00%-259-20.97%1,235
Waller 37642.68%50457.21%10.11%-128-14.53%881
Ward 21645.76%25654.24%00.00%-40-8.47%472
Washington 2759.94%2,49190.06%00.00%-2,216-80.12%2,766
Webb 76732.16%1,61567.71%30.13%-848-35.56%2,385
Wharton 1,15142.69%1,54557.31%00.00%-394-14.61%2,696
Wheeler 1,03857.86%75041.81%60.33%28816.05%1,794
Wichita 7,22659.82%4,85340.18%00.00%2,37319.65%12,079
Wilbarger 1,59052.30%1,44747.60%30.10%1434.70%3,040
Willacy 38949.55%39650.45%00.00%-7-0.89%785
Williamson 1,83333.14%3,68966.70%90.16%-1,856-33.56%5,531
Wilson 62229.33%1,49970.67%00.00%-877-41.35%2,121
Winkler 16234.32%31065.68%00.00%-148-31.36%472
Wise 2,14166.20%1,09333.80%00.00%1,04832.41%3,234
Wood 1,16141.38%1,64558.62%00.00%-484-17.25%2,806
Yoakum 8656.58%6643.42%00.00%2013.16%152
Young 1,82658.88%1,27541.12%00.00%55117.77%3,101
Zapata 196.03%29693.97%00.00%-277-87.94%315
Zavala 57171.38%22928.63%00.00%34242.75%800
Totals372,32451.88%344,54248.00%8670.12%27,7823.87%717,733

Analysis

However, with all other prominent Democrats sitting the election out, [19] the party nominated Al Smith, four-term Governor of New York as its nominee for 1928, with little opposition, despite disagreement among Texas Democrats like Governor Moody, plus "Pa" and "Ma" Ferguson. [20] Smith had been the favorite for the 1924 nomination, but had lost due to opposition to his Catholic faith and "wet" views on Prohibition: he wished to repeal or modify the Volstead Act.

Once Smith was nominated – despite his attempt to dispel fears by nominating "dry" Southern Democrat Joseph T. Robinson as his running mate [21] – extreme fear ensued in the South, which mostly had little to no experience of the Catholic immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who were Smith's local constituency. Southern fundamentalist Protestants believed that Smith would allow papal and priestly leadership in the United States, which Protestantism was a reaction against. [22] There was also much opposition to Smith's support for repealing Prohibition, most notably from minister J. Frank Norris, who became the center of the anti-Smith campaign, saying that

Texas is the battleground for this, the most titanic struggle in the political, moral and religious life of the nation. [23]

The Southern Baptist Convention similarly said that

We enter into a sacred covenant and solemn pledge that we will support for the office of President, or any other office, only such men as stand for our present order of prohibition. [24]

Smith's campaign managers responded to this criticism by saying that the "Hoovercrats" were "Republicans, Klansmen and Bolsheviks". [25]

See also

Notes

  1. Ironically, 4 years after achieving this historic feat, Hoover would go on to lose Texas by the largest margin of any major candidate in presidential history, losing every county and not even garnering 100,000 votes. [8]

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