1960 United States presidential election in Texas

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1960 United States presidential election in Texas
Flag of Texas.svg
  1956 November 8, 1960 1964  
  Jfk2 (3x4).jpg Richard Nixon official portrait as Vice President (cropped).tiff
Nominee John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Massachusetts California
Running mate Lyndon B. Johnson Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
Electoral vote240
Popular vote1,167,5671,121,310
Percentage50.52%48.52%

Texas Presidential Election Results 1960.svg
1960TXPresCD.svg

President before election

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican

Elected President

John F. Kennedy
Democratic

The 1960 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. The Democratic Party candidate John F. Kennedy, narrowly won the state of Texas with 50.52 percent of the vote to the Republican candidate Vice President Richard Nixon's 48.52%, a margin of two percent, giving him the state's 24 electoral votes. Despite the presence of U.S. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson on the Democratic ticket (as well as Johnson winning in a landslide in the concurrent Senate election), the result made Texas the tenth closest state in the election. Nixon's strong performance in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Harris County, the Panhandle, and the Hill Country kept the race close. [1]

Contents

Background

The weakening of the Democratic control over the Solid South allowed Republicans to win Texas in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections. The state legislature passed legislation requested by Lyndon B. Johnson that allowed him to run in both the presidential election and the concurrent senatorial election. [2]

Campaign

Fears of anti-Catholic voting in West Texas, which had given Herbert Hoover a narrow win over Al Smith in 1928, [3] were not entirely realized. It is notable that the sparsely populated rural Plains counties of Armstrong, Bailey, Childress, Collingsworth, Dallam, Dawson, Donley, Floyd, Gaines, Hale, Hardeman, Hartley, Moore, Motley, Parmer, Wheeler, Willbarger and Yoakum switched from Stevenson to Nixon, as did Wise County north of Fort Worth, while a further thirty-eight counties saw Kennedy fail to reach Stevenson's vote percentage. [4] However, this was more than offset by Kennedy's gains in heavily Hispanic Catholic South Texas, where few Mexicans had voted in 1928. [5] Anti-Catholic voting was also lessened by appeals from former President Harry Truman, who campaigned for Kennedy and Johnson. [6] As of the 2020 presidential election , this is the last time Glasscock County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. [7]

Nixon himself later commented "we lost Texas...because of that asshole Congressman", [8] referring to Bruce Alger. The only Republican congressman in Texas at the time, Alger had led protestors, many of them well-heeled conservative women, against Johnson's visit to Dallas on November 4. One woman pulled Johnson's wife's gloves out of her hand, and her hat was knocked off by a protestor's placard. Nicknamed the "mink coat mob", the resulting press coverage was a humiliation for Texas Republicans [9] [10] and was blamed for damaging the party's electoral results in the South generally at a time when wives were regarded as sacrosanct. [11]

Johnson won in the concurrent senatorial election against Republican nominee John Tower, but Tower won in the special election to fill the vacancy created by Johnson's election to the vice-presidency. [2] This was the first time since 1920 that Texas voted differently than neighboring Oklahoma, and the second of only four such elections overall.

Results

1960 United States presidential election in Texas [1]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
Democratic John F. Kennedy 1,167,56750.52%24
Republican Richard Nixon 1,121,30148.52%0
Constitution Charles L. Sullivan 18,1620.79%0
Prohibition Rutherford Decker 3,8700.17%0
Write-ins Write-ins 1750.01%0
Totals2,311,084100.00%24

Results by county

CountyJohn F. Kennedy
Democratic
Richard Nixon
Republican
Various candidates
Other parties
MarginTotal votes cast
#%#%#%#%
Anderson 3,29647.21%3,64252.16%440.63%-346-4.95%6,982
Andrews 1,82153.42%1,55045.47%381.11%2717.95%3,409
Angelina 7,04656.32%5,16941.32%2952.36%1,87715.00%12,510
Aransas 94854.23%79245.31%80.46%1568.92%1,748
Archer 1,34166.29%68033.61%20.10%66132.68%2,023
Armstrong 36542.44%48856.74%70.81%-123-14.30%860
Atascosa 2,54458.34%1,81241.55%50.11%73216.79%4,361
Austin 1,72546.15%1,97852.92%350.94%-253-6.77%3,738
Bailey 1,06446.85%1,18051.96%271.19%-116-5.11%2,271
Bandera 53936.32%94263.48%30.20%-403-27.16%1,484
Bastrop 2,86670.25%1,20829.61%60.15%1,65840.64%4,080
Baylor 1,19962.68%71337.27%10.05%48625.41%1,913
Bee 2,55753.42%2,22046.38%100.21%3377.04%4,787
Bell 10,65169.67%4,60630.13%310.20%6,04539.54%15,288
Bexar 75,37353.74%63,93445.59%9380.67%11,4398.15%140,245
Blanco 83059.54%55739.96%70.50%27319.58%1,394
Borden 23055.96%16640.39%153.65%6415.57%411
Bosque 1,85252.54%1,65346.89%200.57%1995.65%3,525
Bowie 9,19860.54%5,92739.01%680.45%3,27121.53%15,193
Brazoria 10,56148.66%10,88050.13%2641.22%-319-1.47%21,705
Brazos 5,90756.38%4,55343.46%170.16%1,35412.92%10,477
Brewster 71649.14%73650.51%50.34%-20-1.37%1,457
Briscoe 57051.26%53347.93%90.81%373.33%1,112
Brooks 1,93477.02%56722.58%100.40%1,36754.44%2,511
Brown 3,72051.11%3,51248.26%460.63%2082.85%7,278
Burleson 2,46678.46%67221.38%50.16%1,79457.08%3,143
Burnet 1,77059.48%1,18939.95%170.57%58119.53%2,976
Caldwell 2,72964.64%1,48235.10%110.26%1,24729.54%4,222
Calhoun 1,96154.56%1,59944.49%340.95%36210.07%3,594
Callahan 1,55954.93%1,26144.43%180.63%29810.50%2,838
Cameron 12,41654.84%10,19045.01%340.15%2,2269.83%22,640
Camp 1,30759.41%87339.68%200.91%43419.73%2,200
Carson 1,00941.92%1,38757.62%110.46%-378-15.70%2,407
Cass 2,93455.46%2,32243.89%340.64%61211.57%5,290
Castro 1,54464.82%81034.01%281.18%73430.81%2,382
Chambers 1,52454.12%1,26044.74%321.14%2649.38%2,816
Cherokee 4,54457.65%3,23341.02%1051.33%1,31116.63%7,882
Childress 1,18942.97%1,57156.78%70.25%-382-13.81%2,767
Clay 1,69262.25%1,01937.49%70.26%67324.76%2,718
Cochran 1,02861.41%64638.59%00.00%38222.82%1,674
Coke 79957.56%57541.43%141.01%22416.13%1,388
Coleman 1,83546.14%2,12753.48%150.38%-292-7.34%3,977
Collin 5,22957.10%3,86542.20%640.70%1,36414.90%9,158
Collingsworth 69138.78%1,08460.83%70.39%-393-22.05%1,782
Colorado 2,29954.13%1,90944.95%390.92%3909.18%4,247
Comal 1,84537.34%3,08262.38%140.28%-1,237-25.04%4,941
Comanche 1,97951.67%1,82847.73%230.60%1513.94%3,830
Concho 71857.81%52242.03%20.16%19615.78%1,242
Cooke 3,16844.15%3,98355.50%250.35%-815-11.35%7,176
Coryell 2,70064.41%1,47735.23%150.36%1,22329.18%4,192
Cottle 98672.45%37027.19%50.37%61645.26%1,361
Crane 84854.08%67843.24%422.68%17010.84%1,568
Crockett 51744.72%63554.93%40.35%-118-10.21%1,156
Crosby 1,78366.46%88933.13%110.41%89433.33%2,683
Culberson 34352.77%30046.15%71.08%436.62%650
Dallam 83546.18%96153.15%120.66%-126-6.97%1,808
Dallas 88,87636.99%149,36962.16%2,0540.85%-60,493-25.17%240,299
Dawson 2,06348.59%2,16150.89%220.52%-98-2.30%4,246
Deaf Smith 1,29938.79%2,02460.44%260.78%-725-21.65%3,349
Delta 1,36074.24%46025.11%120.66%90049.13%1,832
Denton 5,36648.26%5,72451.48%290.26%-358-3.22%11,119
DeWitt 2,25344.80%2,76354.94%130.26%-510-10.14%5,029
Dickens 1,07566.89%52132.42%110.68%55434.47%1,607
Dimmit 88657.64%64842.16%30.20%23815.48%1,537
Donley 76444.42%95155.29%50.29%-187-10.87%1,720
Duval 3,80382.42%80917.53%20.04%2,99464.89%4,614
Eastland 3,05847.42%3,35952.09%320.50%-301-4.67%6,449
Ector 8,99643.52%11,14553.91%5312.57%-2,149-10.39%20,672
Edwards 16826.29%46372.46%81.25%-295-46.17%639
Ellis 5,84161.21%3,66638.42%360.38%2,17522.79%9,543
El Paso 26,02754.59%21,55145.20%990.21%4,4769.39%47,677
Erath 2,49047.74%2,69651.69%300.58%-206-3.95%5,216
Falls 3,39968.46%1,55931.40%70.14%1,84037.06%4,965
Fannin 4,28269.76%1,84430.04%120.20%2,43839.72%6,138
Fayette 3,46260.75%2,21338.83%240.42%1,24921.92%5,699
Fisher 1,96674.05%67925.57%100.38%1,28748.48%2,655
Floyd 1,43747.24%1,58051.94%250.82%-143-4.70%3,042
Foard 72372.66%27027.14%20.20%45345.52%995
Fort Bend 4,33956.27%3,30142.81%710.92%1,03813.46%7,711
Franklin 1,14864.71%62034.95%60.34%52829.76%1,774
Freestone 1,99754.71%1,62944.63%240.66%36810.08%3,650
Frio 1,06859.66%71339.83%90.50%35519.83%1,790
Gaines 1,49849.26%1,52049.98%230.76%-22-0.72%3,041
Galveston 23,94058.64%16,37340.10%5151.26%7,56718.54%40,828
Garza 82952.60%73746.76%100.63%925.84%1,576
Gillespie 81623.27%2,68776.62%40.11%-1,871-53.35%3,507
Glasscock 20756.56%15241.53%71.91%5515.03%366
Goliad 71148.87%74150.93%30.21%-30-2.06%1,455
Gonzales 2,73063.62%1,55436.22%70.16%1,17627.40%4,291
Gray 2,80231.09%6,19768.76%140.16%-3,395-37.67%9,013
Grayson 9,86657.26%7,31242.44%530.31%2,55414.82%17,231
Gregg 7,76541.44%10,67956.99%2931.56%-2,914-15.55%18,737
Grimes 1,71361.66%1,05337.90%120.43%66023.76%2,778
Guadalupe 3,11645.91%3,65753.88%140.21%-541-7.97%6,787
Hale 3,69543.31%4,78456.07%530.62%-1,089-12.76%8,532
Hall 1,19255.88%93944.02%20.09%25311.86%2,133
Hamilton 1,13641.51%1,59258.17%90.33%-456-16.66%2,737
Hansford 51227.84%1,32271.89%50.27%-810-44.05%1,839
Hardeman 1,18244.52%1,47255.44%10.04%-290-10.92%2,655
Hardin 4,31566.89%2,11532.79%210.33%2,20034.10%6,451
Harris 148,27545.57%168,17051.68%8,9542.75%-19,895-6.11%325,399
Harrison 5,10851.36%4,61346.39%2242.25%4954.97%9,945
Hartley 39748.71%41350.67%50.61%-16-1.96%815
Haskell 2,77676.05%86623.73%80.22%1,91052.32%3,650
Hays 2,91664.39%1,60635.46%70.15%1,31028.93%4,529
Hemphill 33328.20%84771.72%10.08%-514-43.52%1,181
Henderson 3,41157.14%2,52142.23%380.64%89014.91%5,970
Hidalgo 18,66357.59%13,62842.05%1150.35%5,03515.54%32,406
Hill 4,34065.83%2,22633.76%270.41%2,11432.07%6,593
Hockley 3,16959.15%2,15940.29%300.56%1,01018.86%5,358
Hood 1,23856.61%94343.12%60.27%29513.49%2,187
Hopkins 3,22860.26%2,11739.52%120.22%1,11120.74%5,357
Houston 2,70361.67%1,59136.30%892.03%1,11225.37%4,383
Howard 4,84458.12%3,40340.83%881.06%1,44117.29%8,335
Hudspeth 40959.71%26738.98%91.31%14220.73%685
Hunt 4,11649.94%4,08449.55%420.51%320.39%8,242
Hutchinson 3,29533.81%6,43265.99%200.21%-3,137-32.18%9,747
Irion 24650.51%23848.87%30.62%81.64%487
Jack 1,07944.37%1,34255.18%110.45%-263-10.81%2,432
Jackson 2,26857.10%1,67042.04%340.86%59815.06%3,972
Jasper 3,00458.64%2,10241.03%170.33%90217.61%5,123
Jeff Davis 19551.18%18247.77%41.05%133.41%381
Jefferson 40,53357.63%29,39541.80%4030.57%11,13815.83%70,331
Jim Hogg 1,25584.85%22415.15%00.00%1,03169.70%1,479
Jim Wells 5,33065.71%2,77334.18%90.11%2,55731.53%8,112
Johnson 3,84445.59%4,51053.49%770.91%-666-7.90%8,431
Jones 2,77255.60%2,19644.04%180.36%57611.56%4,986
Karnes 2,55662.57%1,52637.36%30.07%1,03025.21%4,085
Kaufman 3,00852.15%2,71747.10%430.75%2915.05%5,768
Kendall 54926.14%1,54473.52%70.33%-995-47.38%2,100
Kenedy 7851.32%7448.68%00.00%42.64%152
Kent 49170.34%20529.37%20.29%28640.97%698
Kerr 1,32328.79%3,25270.76%210.46%-1,929-41.97%4,596
Kimble 55043.89%69955.79%40.32%-149-11.90%1,253
King 13376.88%3922.54%10.58%9454.34%173
Kinney 35862.92%21137.08%00.00%14725.84%569
Kleberg 3,77364.32%2,09235.66%10.02%1,68128.66%5,866
Knox 1,36565.06%72934.75%40.19%63630.31%2,098
Lamar 5,08456.02%3,96443.68%280.31%1,12012.34%9,076
Lamb 3,08951.42%2,76446.01%1542.56%3255.41%6,007
Lampasas 1,37252.59%1,22246.84%150.57%1505.75%2,609
La Salle 71868.64%32631.17%20.19%39237.47%1,046
Lavaca 4,00272.47%1,50727.29%130.24%2,49545.18%5,522
Lee 1,36955.85%1,04842.76%341.39%32113.09%2,451
Leon 1,80367.18%86832.34%130.48%93534.84%2,684
Liberty 3,90253.12%3,36145.76%821.12%5417.36%7,345
Limestone 3,47263.00%2,02336.71%160.29%1,44926.29%5,511
Lipscomb 26722.08%93977.67%30.25%-672-55.59%1,209
Live Oak 77042.26%1,04857.52%40.22%-278-15.26%1,822
Llano 1,13161.47%70438.26%50.27%42723.21%1,840
Loving 4648.42%4244.21%77.37%44.21%95
Lubbock 15,34043.08%20,06556.35%2020.57%-4,725-13.27%35,607
Lynn 1,87265.85%95333.52%180.63%91932.33%2,843
McCulloch 1,57957.46%1,16542.39%40.15%41415.07%2,748
McLennan 20,10057.17%14,92642.46%1300.37%5,17414.71%35,156
McMullen 24049.90%24150.10%00.00%-1-0.20%481
Madison 90958.57%60739.11%362.32%30219.46%1,552
Marion 90453.46%74243.88%452.66%1629.58%1,691
Martin 83169.08%35029.09%221.83%48139.99%1,203
Mason 57540.58%83358.79%90.64%-258-18.21%1,417
Matagorda 2,97149.53%2,97549.60%520.87%-4-0.07%5,998
Maverick 1,49870.03%63929.87%20.09%85940.16%2,139
Medina 2,32553.23%2,02846.43%150.34%2976.80%4,368
Menard 49144.68%60855.32%00.00%-117-10.64%1,099
Midland 5,84233.11%11,34364.28%4602.61%-5,501-31.17%17,645
Milam 3,64065.51%1,89834.16%180.32%1,74231.35%5,556
Mills 86946.05%1,01253.63%60.32%-143-7.58%1,887
Mitchell 2,13163.61%1,20836.06%110.33%92327.55%3,350
Montague 2,34652.54%2,10147.05%180.40%2455.49%4,465
Montgomery 3,51050.60%3,30947.70%1181.70%2012.90%6,937
Moore 1,54738.43%2,46361.19%150.37%-916-22.76%4,025
Morris 1,95255.08%1,56944.27%230.65%38310.81%3,544
Motley 43947.10%48051.50%131.39%-41-4.40%932
Nacogdoches 3,52252.32%3,04245.19%1682.50%4807.13%6,732
Navarro 5,54062.24%3,36137.76%00.00%2,17924.48%8,901
Newton 1,81570.08%75629.19%190.73%1,05940.89%2,590
Nolan 3,24757.22%2,42142.66%70.12%82614.56%5,675
Nueces 29,36160.70%18,90739.09%1000.21%10,45421.61%48,368
Ochiltree 52121.76%1,87078.11%30.13%-1,349-56.35%2,394
Oldham 32650.70%31348.68%40.62%132.02%643
Orange 9,07862.02%5,48337.46%760.52%3,59524.56%14,637
Palo Pinto 3,02252.63%2,69546.93%250.44%3275.70%5,742
Panola 2,18748.41%2,26450.11%671.48%-77-1.70%4,518
Parker 3,62950.77%3,46748.50%520.73%1622.27%7,148
Parmer 1,09039.12%1,67460.09%220.79%-584-20.97%2,786
Pecos 1,72454.44%1,41244.58%310.98%3129.86%3,167
Polk 2,03760.63%1,26837.74%551.64%76922.89%3,360
Potter 8,98938.70%14,20261.14%380.16%-5,213-22.44%23,229
Presidio 86669.39%37630.13%60.48%49039.26%1,248
Rains 68062.90%40137.10%00.00%27925.80%1,081
Randall 3,28231.96%6,95867.76%290.28%-3,676-35.80%10,269
Reagan 62154.91%48943.24%211.86%13211.67%1,131
Real 27341.81%37757.73%30.46%-104-15.92%653
Red River 2,85064.94%1,52734.79%120.27%1,32330.15%4,389
Reeves 2,23558.48%1,54940.53%380.99%68617.95%3,822
Refugio 1,77762.53%1,06237.37%30.11%71525.16%2,842
Roberts 10423.37%33976.18%20.45%-235-52.81%445
Robertson 2,66973.81%93525.86%120.33%1,73447.95%3,616
Rockwall 91757.93%65241.19%140.88%26516.74%1,583
Runnels 1,93847.56%2,12852.22%90.22%-190-4.66%4,075
Rusk 4,39040.50%6,00155.36%4494.14%-1,611-14.86%10,840
Sabine 1,20865.55%61933.59%160.87%58931.96%1,843
San Augustine 1,26964.68%63832.52%552.80%63132.16%1,962
San Jacinto 1,11571.02%44828.54%70.45%66742.48%1,570
San Patricio 5,24662.52%3,12937.29%160.19%2,11725.23%8,391
San Saba 1,25159.35%84940.28%80.38%40219.07%2,108
Schleicher 35143.39%45556.24%30.37%-104-12.85%809
Scurry 3,02057.09%2,23542.25%350.66%78514.84%5,290
Shackelford 71351.04%68448.96%00.00%292.08%1,397
Shelby 3,26665.41%1,67933.63%480.96%1,58731.78%4,993
Sherman 30530.72%68669.08%20.20%-381-38.36%993
Smith 8,49440.80%12,04257.84%2851.37%-3,548-17.04%20,821
Somervell 34543.13%44155.13%141.75%-96-12.00%800
Starr 4,05193.49%2806.46%20.05%3,77187.03%4,333
Stephens 1,35744.80%1,66454.94%80.26%-307-10.14%3,029
Sterling 19351.47%18248.53%00.00%112.94%375
Stonewall 86473.66%30626.09%30.26%55847.57%1,173
Sutton 47452.03%43747.97%00.00%374.06%911
Swisher 1,77757.27%1,31042.22%160.52%46715.05%3,103
Tarrant 59,38544.66%72,81354.75%7880.59%-13,428-10.09%132,986
Taylor 9,34743.17%12,25856.62%450.21%-2,911-13.45%21,650
Terrell 35254.49%29145.05%30.46%619.44%646
Terry 2,23753.75%1,90845.84%170.41%3297.91%4,162
Throckmorton 68960.76%44238.98%30.26%24721.78%1,134
Titus 2,70154.61%2,21644.80%290.59%4859.81%4,946
Tom Green 7,03146.12%8,17653.63%390.26%-1,145-7.51%15,246
Travis 27,02254.85%22,10744.87%1350.27%4,9159.98%49,264
Trinity 1,52167.18%70731.23%361.59%81435.95%2,264
Tyler 1,24246.76%1,40152.75%130.49%-159-5.99%2,656
Upshur 3,24858.48%2,26240.73%440.79%98617.75%5,554
Upton 93052.84%79845.34%321.82%1327.50%1,760
Uvalde 1,32437.27%2,21462.33%140.39%-890-25.06%3,552
Val Verde 2,04956.87%1,55143.05%30.08%49813.82%3,603
Van Zandt 2,82556.88%2,12042.68%220.44%70514.20%4,967
Victoria 5,77955.58%4,59144.16%270.26%1,18811.42%10,397
Walker 1,83250.85%1,75048.57%210.58%822.28%3,603
Waller 1,10148.57%1,11549.18%512.25%-14-0.61%2,267
Ward 2,01852.39%1,76345.77%711.84%2556.62%3,852
Washington 1,86441.52%2,61358.21%120.27%-749-16.69%4,489
Webb 10,05984.78%1,80215.19%40.03%8,25769.59%11,865
Wharton 5,00459.16%3,38740.04%670.79%1,61719.12%8,458
Wheeler 1,01141.37%1,42858.43%50.20%-417-17.06%2,444
Wichita 14,58753.60%12,58746.25%390.14%2,0007.35%27,213
Wilbarger 2,31945.21%2,79654.51%140.27%-477-9.30%5,129
Willacy 2,10960.48%1,36739.20%110.32%74221.28%3,487
Williamson 5,41068.74%2,42930.86%310.39%2,98137.88%7,870
Wilson 2,90569.88%1,24830.02%40.10%1,65739.86%4,157
Winkler 1,64250.48%1,56248.02%491.51%802.46%3,253
Wise 2,47048.90%2,56250.72%190.38%-92-1.82%5,051
Wood 2,63351.51%2,40046.95%791.55%2334.56%5,112
Yoakum 99444.88%1,20754.49%140.63%-213-9.61%2,215
Young 2,41953.65%2,06745.84%230.51%3527.81%4,509
Zapata 67572.19%26027.81%00.00%41544.38%935
Zavala 70647.86%76151.59%80.54%-55-3.73%1,475
Totals1,167,56750.52%1,121,31048.52%22,2070.96%46,2572.00%2,311,084

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 "1960 Presidential General Election Results - Texas" . Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  2. 1 2 Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 221.
  3. Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 212 ISBN   1400852293
  4. Menendez, Albert J.; The Religious Factor in the 1960 Presidential Election: An Analysis of the Kennedy Victory over Anti-Catholic Prejudice, p. 135 ISBN   0786460377
  5. Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 221
  6. Carty, T.; A Catholic in the White House?: Religion, Politics, and John F. Kennedy's Presidential Campaign, p. 90 ISBN   1403981302
  7. Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, pp. 311–319 ISBN   0786422173
  8. Solis, Meagan (11 November 2013). "Primary Sources Illuminate Dallas 1963". Texas Observer. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  9. Davis, Steven (20 November 2013). "LBJ and Dallas's Mink Coat Mob". American Prospect.
  10. Schuddel, Matt (April 25, 2015). "Bruce Alger, firebrand Republican congressman from Texas, dies at 96". The Washington Post . Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  11. Dan Helpingstine (June 24, 2015). Dallas Forever Changed: The Legacy of November 1963. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 42. ISBN   978-1-4556-2055-5.

Works cited