Texas Senate

Texas Senate
89th Texas Legislature
Type
Type	Upper house of the Texas Legislature
Term limits	None
History
New session started	January 14, 2025
Leadership
President	Dan Patrick (R) since January 20, 2015
President pro tempore	Charles Perry (R) since June 2, 2025
Majority Leader	Tan Parker (R) since January 14, 2025
Minority Leader	Carol Alvarado (D) since January 8, 2020
Structure
Seats	31
Political groups	Majority    Republican (19) Minority    Democratic (11) Vacant  Vacant (1)
Length of term	4 years (with one 2-year term each decade)
Authority	Article 3, Texas Constitution
Salary	$7,200/year + per diem
Elections
Voting system	First-past-the-post
Last election	November 5, 2024 (15 seats)
Next election	November 3rd, 2026 (16 seats)
Redistricting	Legislative control
Meeting place
State Senate Chamber Texas State Capitol Austin, Texas
Website
Texas State Senate

The Texas Senate is the upper house of the Texas Legislature, with the Texas House of Representatives functioning as the lower house. Together, they form the state legislature of the state of Texas.

The Senate is made up of 31 members, where each represents a single-member districts across the U.S. state of Texas, with populations of approximately 940,000 per constituency, based on the 2020 U.S. Census. Elections are held in even-numbered years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.

Senators serve four year terms, with no term limits. Senators are divided into two groups based in part on the intervening Census:

• In elections in years ending in "2" (the election after the Census), all 31 seats are up for election.
• Once the Senate meets in session after said election, the Senators will participate in a drawing to determine their election cycle:
  • One-half will have a 2-4-4 cycle, whereupon the seat would stand for election after two years (the year ending in "4"), then again in four years (the year ending in "8"), then finally in another four years (coinciding with all seats standing for election in the year ending in "2").
  • The other half will have a 4-4-2 cycle, whereupon the seat would stand for election after four years (the year ending in "6"), then again in four years (the year ending in "0"), then finally in only two years (coinciding with all seats standing for election in the year ending in "2").

As such, every two years, almost half of the senate is up for election.

The Senate meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin. The Republicans currently control the chamber, which is made up of 20 Republicans and 11 Democrats.

Leadership

The Lieutenant Governor of Texas serves as the President of the Senate. Unlike most lieutenant governors who are constitutionally designated as presiding officers of the upper house, the Lieutenant Governor regularly presides over the chamber rather than delegate this role to the President Pro Tempore. The Lieutenant Governor's duties include appointing chairs of committees, committee members, assigning and referring bills to specific committees, recognizing members during debate, and making procedural rulings. The Lieutenant Governor may also cast a vote should a Senate floor vote end in a tie. If the Senate votes to dissolve itself into the Committee of the Whole, in which all members are part of the Committee, the President Pro-Tempore presides over the proceedings, with the Lieutenant Governor acting as a regular voting member. Due to the various powers of committee selection and bill assignment, the Lieutenant Governor of Texas is considered one of the most powerful lieutenant governorships in the United States.

Unlike other state legislatures, the Texas Senate does not have official majority or minority leaders. Instead, the President Pro Tempore is considered the second most powerful position, regardless of party affiliation. Presidents Pro Tempore are usually the most senior members of the Senate. The President Pro Tempore presides when the Lieutenant Governor is not present or when the legislature is not in regular session.

Leaders

Position	Name	Party	Residence	District
Lieutenant Governor/President of the Senate	Dan Patrick	Republican	Houston	Elected Statewide
President Pro Tempore	Charles Schwertner	Republican	Georgetown	5

History

Quorum-busting

Further information: Twelfth Texas Legislature § Rump Senate

There have been at least three cases of quorum-busting in Texas Senate history. The first case was in 1870, with the Rump Senate, followed by the 1979 Killer Bees ^[1] and finally the "Texas Eleven" in August 2003 during the controversial mid-decade redistricting plan at the time. ^[2]

Committee structure

The following represents the Senate committee structure for the 88th Legislature (numbers in parentheses are the number of committee members, as appointed by the President of the Texas Senate). ^[3]

• Administration (7)
• Border Security (5)
• Business and Commerce (11)
• Criminal Justice (7)
• Education (13)
  • Under this Committee, a Subcommittee on Higher Education (5)
• Finance (17)
• Health & Human Services (9)
• Jurisprudence (5)
• Local Government (9)
• Natural Resources and Economic Development (9)
• Nominations (9)
• State Affairs (11)
• Transportation (9)
• Veteran Affairs (7)
• Water, Agriculture and Rural Affairs (9)

In addition to these committees, there are also six joint committees composed of members of both the State Senate and House:

• Criminal Justice Legislative Oversight
• Legislative Audit Committee ^{[4] [note 1]}
• Legislative Budget Board ^{[5] [note 2]}
• Legislative Reference Library Board ^{[6] [note 3]}
• Sunset Advisory Commission
• Texas Legislative Council ^{[7] [note 4]}

Current composition

↓

11	20
Democratic	Republican

Affiliation	Party (shading indicates majority caucus)		Total
	Republican	Democratic		Vacant
2011–12	19	12	31	0
2013–14	19	12	31	0
2015-16	20	11	31	0
2017–18	20	11	31	0
2019–20	19	12	31	0
2021–22	18	13	31	0
2023–24	19	12	31	0
2025-26	20	11	31	0
Latest voting share	64.5%	35.5%

Senate districts and party affiliation after the 2024 election

  Republican Party

  Democratic Party

Current members, 2025–2027

District	Image	Senator	Party	Residence	First elected	Next election
1		Bryan Hughes	Republican	Mineola	2016	2026
2		Bob Hall	Republican	Edgewood	2014	2026
3		Robert Nichols	Republican	Jacksonville	2006	2026
4		Brandon Creighton	Republican	Conroe	2014†	2026
5		Charles Schwertner	Republican	Georgetown	2012	2026
6		Carol Alvarado	Democratic	Houston	2018†	2028
7		Paul Bettencourt	Republican	Houston	2014	2028
8		Angela Paxton	Republican	McKinney	2018	2028
9		Vacant [note 5]				2026
10		Phil King	Republican	Weatherford	2022	2028
11		Mayes Middleton	Republican	Friendswood	2022	2026
12		Tan Parker	Republican	Flower Mound	2022	2028
13		Borris Miles	Democratic	Houston	2016	2026
14		Sarah Eckhardt	Democratic	Austin	2020†	2028
15		Molly Cook	Democratic	Houston	2024†	2028
16		Nathan Johnson	Democratic	Dallas	2018	2028
17		Joan Huffman	Republican	Houston	2008†	2028
18		Lois Kolkhorst	Republican	Brenham	2014†	2026
19		Roland Gutierrez	Democratic	San Antonio	2020	2026
20		Juan Hinojosa	Democratic	McAllen	2002	2028
21		Judith Zaffirini	Democratic	Laredo	1986	2026
22		Brian Birdwell	Republican	Granbury	2010†	2026
23		Royce West	Democratic	Dallas	1992	2028
24		Pete Flores	Republican	Pleasanton	2022	2026
25		Donna Campbell	Republican	New Braunfels	2012	2028
26		Jose Menendez	Democratic	San Antonio	2015†	2026
27		Adam Hinojosa	Republican	Corpus Christi	2024	2028
28		Charles Perry	Republican	Lubbock	2014†	2026
29		Cesar Blanco	Democratic	El Paso	2020	2028
30		Brent Hagenbuch	Republican	Denton	2024	2028
31		Kevin Sparks	Republican	Midland	2022	2026

† Elected in a special election

Notable past members

• Edward Clark, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1859–1861), Governor of Texas (1861).
• Wayne Connally, Senator from Wilson County (1967–1973), brother of Governor John Connally.
• Lloyd Doggett, Texas Supreme Court Justice (1989–1994), U.S. House of Representatives (1995–present).
• Robert L. Duncan, State Senator from Lubbock, 1996–2014; Chancellor of the Texas Tech University System since 2014
• Chet Edwards, U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2011).
• Pat Fallon, U.S. House of Representatives (2021–present)
• James W. Flanagan, U.S. Senate (1870–1875).
• Sylvia Garcia, U.S. House of Representatives (2019–present)
• Glenn Hegar, current Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (2015–present).
• John Ireland, Texas Supreme Court Justice (1876), Governor of Texas (1883–1887).
• Eddie Bernice Johnson, U.S. House of Representatives (1993–2023).
• Rienzi Melville Johnston, U.S. Senate (1913).
• Barbara Jordan, U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1979).
• Earle Bradford Mayfield, U.S. Senate (1923–1929).
• William Neff "Bill" Patman, Senator from Jackson County (1961–1981), U.S. House of Representatives (1981–1985).
• Dan Patrick, current Lieutenant Governor of Texas (2015–present).
• Jerry E. Patterson, Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office (2003–2015).
• Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Governor of Texas, (1887–1891).
• Joseph D. Sayers, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1879–1881), U.S. House of Representatives (1885–1899), Governor of Texas (1899–1903).
• Phillip Barry Miller, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1925-1931), Candidate for Governor of Texas, 1932)8
• Allan Shivers, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1946–1949), Governor of Texas (1949–1957).
• Preston Smith, Governor of Texas (1969–1973).
• Frank Tejeda, U.S. House of Representatives (1993–1997).
• James W. Throckmorton, Governor of Texas (1866–1867), U.S. House of Representatives (1875–1879, 1883–1887).
• Carlos Truan, Senator from Corpus Christi (1977–2003); author of Texas Bilingual Education Act.
• Jim Turner, U.S. House of Representatives (1997–2005).
• Matthias Ward, U.S. Senate (1858–1859).
• Kirk Watson, Mayor of Austin (1997-2001, 2023–present)
• Ferdinand C. Weinert, Texas House and Texas Senate (1893–1935), Texas Secretary of State (1913). ^[9]
• Louis Wigfall, U.S. Senate (1859–1861).
• Charles Wilson, U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1997).
• Roy Blake, Sr., Senator from Nacogdoches County, Texas, (1978-1989), [President Pro Tempore] (1987–1989).

Past composition of the Senate

Main article: Political party strength in Texas

The Senate was continuously held by Democrats from the end of the Reconstruction era until the Seventy-fifth Texas Legislature was seated in 1997, at which point Republicans took control. The Republican Party has maintained its control of the Senate since then.

Obsolete districts

• Texas Senate, District F (1846–1848)
• Texas Senate, District 32 (1853–1866)
• Texas Senate, District 33 (1853–1866)

See also

• Texas portal
• Politics portal

• Texas Legislature
• Texas House of Representatives
• List of presidents pro tempore of the Texas Senate
• List of Texas state legislatures
• Texas Government Newsletter , voting history of the Texas Legislature.

Notes

1. This committees has six members: the Speaker of the House and the Lieutenant Governor (who serve as joint chairs), the Chair of the Senate Finance Committee, the Chairs of the House Appropriations and Ways and Means Committees, and one Senator appointed by the Lieutenant Governor; the Committee in turn hires and oversees the State Auditor of Texas.
2. This committee has ten members: the Speaker of the House and the Lieutenant Governor (who serve as joint chairs), the Chair of the Senate Finance Committee, the Chairs of the House Appropriations and Ways and Means Committees, three Senators appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, and two Representatives appointed by the Speaker.
3. This committee has six members: the Speaker of the House and the Lieutenant Governor the Chair of the House Appropriations Committee, two Senators appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, and one Representative appointed by the Speaker.
4. This committee has 14 members: the Speaker of the House and the Lieutenant Governor (who serve as joint chairs), the Chair of the House Administration Committee, six Senators appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, and five Representatives appointed by the Speaker.
5. Republican Kelly Hancock resigned on June 18, 2025, to become chief clerk for the Texas Comptroller’s Office. ^[8]

References

1. "12 Texas State Senators, Claiming Political Victory, Come Out of Hiding". New York Times. May 23, 1979. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
2. Fikac, Peggy, August 21, 2003, Senators' 1870 walkout also drew GOP's wrath Reconstruction-era tiff led to arrests and one expulsion, San Antonio Express-News
3. "Wednesday, January 11, 2023 - 2nd Day".
4. "Texas State Auditor's Office - Legislative Audit Committee".
5. "Legislative Budget Board".
6. "Legislative Reference Library |". lrl.texas.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
7. ""Lieutenant Governors of Texas, 1846 - present"". tlc.texas.gov. Retrieved August 6, 2024– via Legislative Reference Library of Texas.
8. Davidson, Lillie (June 19, 2025). "Sen. Kelly Hancock of Fort Worth resigns to join Texas comptroller office". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved June 19, 2025.
9. "Legislative Reference Library | Legislators and Leaders | Lt. Governors of Texas, 1846 - present". lrl.texas.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2025.

External links

• Official Texas Senate website

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