As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the U.S. Senate, the Vermont Senate has special functions, such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions, boards, and (for the first six-year term) the state's judiciary.
The 30 senators are elected from 16 single- and multi-member senate districts.[1] The districts largely correspond to the boundaries of the state's 14 counties with adjustments to ensure equality of representation.[1] Each district elects between 1 and 3 senators at-large depending on population.[1] For the 2023–2033 districts, seven districts elect one senator each, four districts elect two each, and five districts elect three each.[2] Senators in multi-member districts are elected at-large throughout the district.[1] Vermont is the only state to have any senate districts represented by more than two senators each, as well as the only state to employ bloc voting for senate elections.[3]
Vermont is one of the 14 states where the upper house of its state legislature serves non-staggered, two-year terms, rather than the more common four-year term.[4] There are no term limits.[5] The governor is empowered to fill legislative vacancies; the party of the previous holder of the seat almost always recommends candidates, and the governor usually chooses an appointee from that list, though this process is a tradition and not legally required.[6][7][8]
Leadership
The lieutenant governor of Vermont serves as the president of the Senate, but casts a vote only if required to break a tie.[9] In the absence of the lieutenant governor, the president pro tempore presides over the Senate.[10] The president pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation from the entire body through a Senate resolution, and is the Senate's chief leadership position.[11] The majority and minority leaders are elected by their respective party caucuses.[11][12]
Committee assignments are determined by the Committee on Committees.[13] This panel consists of the lieutenant governor, the president pro tempore and one member chosen by the full Senate.[13] For several years the third member of the committee was Richard Mazza.[14] As of 2025, the third member is Ginny Lyons.[15]
Composition of the Senate (2023–2025 legislative session)
The full Senate meets Tuesday and Friday mornings only for the first seven weeks of the annual session.[20]
The Vermont Senate is aided by a small administrative staff, including the secretary of the Vermont Senate and several assistants.[21] Since 2011, the Senate secretary has been John H. Bloomer, a former member of the Senate.[22] Previous secretaries include Ernest W. Gibson Jr., Murdock A. Campbell, and Franklin S. Billings Jr.[22]
Vermont had a unicameral legislature until 1836; most of the functions normally performed by an upper legislative house were the responsibility of the governor and council. The state abolished the governor's council and added a senate by constitutional amendment.[23]
The longest-serving member of the Vermont Senate was William T. Doyle; he was elected in 1968, reelected every two years until 2014, and defeated for reelection in 2016.[24] Doyle served from January 1969 to January 2017;[24] no other legislator in Vermont history—member of the Vermont House, member of the Vermont Senate, or member of both the House and Senate—has served longer than Doyle.[25]
Former districts, 2002–2022
The following is from the Vermont Secretary of State.[26]
For more than 100 years from the 1850s to the 1960s, the Vermont Republican Party won every election for statewide office.[27] In keeping with the "Mountain Rule", which was created to ensure party unity, governors and lieutenant governors were from opposite sides of the Green Mountains, and were limited to two years in office.[28] Candidates for governor and lieutenant governor were agreed upon by party leaders years in advance, and were often chosen for leadership positions in the House or Senate to groom them for statewide office.[29]
Governors
Most individuals who have served as governor or lieutenant governor had experience in the Vermont legislature; many served in the State Senate. Governors who served in the Vermont Senate include:
Edna Beard (1923–1925): Vermont's first female state House member (1921 to 1923) and first female state senator; also the first woman to hold a leadership position in the Vermont legislature as Chair of the Senate Committee on Libraries.
William Carris (2007–2012), businessman who served as president of Carris Reels (later Carris Financial)
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