Vermont National Guard

Last updated

Vermont National Guard
Vermont National Guard - Emblem.png
Logo of the Vermont National Guard
Active1764–1814 (the Green Mountain Boys)
Army Guard: 1860s, 1898, 1917–1918, 1923–present
Air Guard: 1946–present
CountryFlag of the United States.svg United States
AllegianceFlag of Vermont.svg  State of Vermont
Type National Guard
SizeApproximately 4,000 (3,000 Army, 1,000 Air)
Part ofJoint Force Headquarters – Vermont
86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain)
124th Regiment (Regional Training Institute)
Vermont National Guard Garrison Support Command
158th Fighter Wing
Nickname(s)The Green Mountain Boys
ColorsGreen, gold and blue
Engagements Gettysburg, St. Albans
Website https://vt.public.ng.mil/
Commanders
Current
commander		 Gregory C. Knight (Since March, 2019)
Notable
commanders		 Isaac Fletcher (1824–1825)
Peter T. Washburn (1861–1866)
William Wells (1866–1872)
Theodore S. Peck (1881–1901)
Donald E. Edwards (1981–1997)
Martha Rainville (1997–2006)
Michael Dubie (2006–2012)
Thomas E. Drew (2012–2013)
Insignia
Joint Force Headquarters shoulder sleeve insignia Vt arng.png
Flag of the Green Mountain Boys [1] Flag of the Vermont Republic.svg

The Vermont National Guard is composed of the Vermont Army National Guard and the Vermont Air National Guard. Together, they are collectively known as the Green Mountain Boys. Both units use the original Revolutionary War-era Flag of the Green Mountain Boys as their banner. In 2009, they had 2,600 members. [2]

Contents

History

Colonial

Settlers relied on the militia almost from the moment they began moving into Vermont in the mid-1700s. [3] Units were often formed as needed, and usually for brief periods of time. Since most Vermonters had obtained land grants from New Hampshire's governor, they relied on the militia to resist attempts by the government of New York to exert control over the grants. [4] However, Vermonters were also willing to work with the British colonies when it suited them, and several early Vermont settlers served as militia in the French and Indian War. [5] [6]

In the late 1760s and early 1770s, the militia took on a more organized structure and formalized its name, the Green Mountain Boys, [7] with Ethan Allen appointed as Colonel and commandant, and Seth Warner and Remember Baker as company commanders with the rank of Captain. In Vermont's pre-Revolutionary War days, the legislature or committee of safety would generally call out the militia as needed, its members would elect their leaders, and the legislature or committee of safety would confirm them. On occasion, the elections by members were not ratified. Perhaps the most noteworthy example of this occurred in 1775, when the Green Mountain Boys became part of the Continental Army, and the committee of safety selected Warner over Allen as colonel and commander. [8]

Since Vermont was not part of the British colonies that declared independence, the Continental Congress did not automatically accept Allen's and Warner's request for the Green Mountain Boys to be directly accessed into the army. Instead, they asked Allen and Warner to work through New York's Provincial Congress to facilitate the process. [9] New York agreed and provided uniforms, equipment and pay, as well as authorizing officer's commissions. [10] [11] When Allen was denied the command, he met with Major General Philip Schuyler and offered to serve in any capacity—with a commission or without, with pay or without. Overcoming his previous misgivings about Allen, Schuyler accepted, and Allen was appointed a Lieutenant Colonel in the Continental Army. [12]

When Schuyler gave up command temporarily because of illness he was succeeded by Richard Montgomery. Montgomery allowed Allen to attempt to raise troops for an invasion of Canada. Allen was captured at the Battle of Longue-Pointe [13] and spent over two years as a prisoner of war. [14]

With the Green Mountain Boys called to active duty, Vermont reorganized its militia to defend the border with Canada and protect Vermont from invasion. After Allen's release, he returned to Vermont and was appointed commander of the reorganized militia. [15] Roger Enos, the father-in-law of Ira Allen, and a veteran of over twenty years in the Connecticut and Vermont militias, was later appointed commander with the rank of Brigadier General, and he was later promoted to Major General. [16]

Statehood

After Vermont attained statehood, its militia was organized into several divisions. The governor served as head of the militia, with the title "Captain General and Commander in Chief", and the division commanders, who held the rank of major general, reported to the adjutant general, who reported to the governor. [17] Noteworthy among the individuals who commanded divisions during this period was Martin Chittenden, the son of Thomas Chittenden, Vermont's first governor. [18]

Though most Vermonters did not support fighting the British in the War of 1812, preferring the economic prosperity they derived from trade with the British dominion of Canada, [19] units of the state militia were mobilized after the British invaded upstate New York, with General Samuel Strong of Vergennes leading a successful Vermont Militia attack at Plattsburgh as part of an American effort that resulted in a British retreat. [20]

Martin Chittenden served in the U.S. House from 1803 to 1813, and as governor from 1813 to 1815. As one of the majority of Vermonters who opposed U.S. involvement in the War of 1812, in November, 1813 he issued an order for Vermont Militia units that had been mobilized and sent to New York to return immediately to Vermont, arguing that the federal government had no right to command state militia troops, and that the militia was needed to guard Vermont's border with Canada. [21] The commander in Plattsburgh, General Jacob Davis of Milton, positively refused, countering that once the militia was ordered into federal service, it was no longer subject to the governor's orders. [22]

U.S. forces, including the Vermont Militia, remained encamped near Plattsburgh until they returned home in December, and Chittenden took no action against Davis. U.S. House members from Kentucky who supported the War of 1812 introduced resolutions calling for criminal charges to be pursued against Chittenden, which were never acted on, but Vermont public opinion on the war had changed and Vermonters demonstrated their displeasure with Chittenden's stance by defeating his bid for a third one-year term in 1815. [23] [24]

In the wake of the War of 1812, the federal government attempted to standardize training and laws governing call up and mobilization for militia organizations throughout the United States. As a result, state governors were no longer in direct command with military rank, but appointed an adjutant general who reported directly to the governor and served as commander of the state militia. As with other states, Vermont's adjutant general was originally appointed by the governor. Subsequent changes to Vermont law conferred this appointment power on the state legislature, which still elects the adjutant general every two years. (A few other states also modified their selection process. As one example, until 2014 the adjutant general in South Carolina was elected statewide directly by the voters.)

The Vermont adjutant general's office was marked in the 1820s and 1830s by efforts to reenergize the militia after interest started to lapse following the War of 1812.

In the 1830s and 1840s militia activity nationwide was on the wane, largely the result of the long period of relative peace that followed the War of 1812. Militia membership, once compulsory, was rife with exemptions. Regular drills were replaced by once a year "muster days" that were more picnic than military formation. Vermont was no exception, and its militia records for this era are incomplete.

In the late 1830s the Vermont Legislature began to reenergize its military.

From the late 1830s on, the office worked in conjunction with the faculty of Norwich University to reorganize and obtain funding for the militia, and convened annual meetings of like-minded individuals to plan ways to increase participation.

Civil War

H. H. Baxter, Vermont's adjutant general in the late 1850s and early 1860s, was commended for taking measures to prepare the militia for mobilization in anticipation of the Civil War. At the outbreak of hostilities his office oversaw recruiting, equipping and training of federal volunteers, and mustered in the first Vermonters activated for wartime service, the 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment.

During the Civil War Peter T. Washburn, Baxter's successor, earned accolades for bringing order to the process of recruiting, equipping, training and transporting recruits for the Union Army, working with Norwich University to develop a process that was later adopted by other Union states.

During the Civil War, the Vermont militia was formed into the 1st Vermont Brigade and 2nd Vermont Brigade and served most notably in the battles of Gettysburg (July 1863), Wilderness (May 1864), and Cedar Creek (October 1864).

Post Civil War

After the Civil War, successive Vermont Adjutants General initiated efforts to obtain benefits for Vermont's Civil War veterans, including establishment of the Vermont Soldiers' Home.

In the late 1890s, the Adjutant General of Vermont was responsible for preparing Vermont units to take part in the Spanish–American War (1898).

20th century

In the early 1900s a major project undertaken by Vermont's adjutants general was a renovation and cataloging of the Vermont National Guard's archives, including muster rolls, payrolls and unit rosters dating back to the Revolution.

Two World Wars

Herbert Johnson became acting adjutant general in 1917 when the incumbent resigned to join the regular army for World War I; then adjutant general in 1919. He served for 24 years, and remained Vermont's longest-serving adjutant general.

During World War I (1917–1918), Vermont National Guard units served with the 26th Infantry Division (a.k.a. the "Yankee" Division).

Johnson and his staff oversaw the construction of 12 new armories and the modernizing and reorganizing of the Vermont National Guard after World War I. Johnson also advocated improved relations between the regular army and the National Guard, including the standardization of training and unit organizations.

During the Flood of 1927, the Vermont National Guard overcame the downing of telephone and telegraph lines by following Johnson's directive to operate on their own initiative during recovery efforts, and the National Guard took part in evacuations of people from flooded areas, clearing roads, and providing food, water and other emergency aid.

In the early to mid-1930s Johnson worked to maintain funding for the National Guard while states and the federal government struggled with the loss of revenue caused by the Great Depression. These efforts to preserve the Guard's readiness and force structure were later acknowledged by historians to have played an important part in the Army's rapid response after the US entered World War II.

World War II and the Korean War

Johnson and his successor, Murdoch Campbell, received accolades for organizing the volunteer Vermont State Guard that performed many state duties while National Guard soldiers were deployed in the European and Pacific Theaters during World War II.

During World War II (1941–1945), Vermont National Guard units served with the 43rd Infantry Division (a.k.a. the "Winged Victory" Division) in the Pacific Theater of War, notably in the Solomons and on Luzon in the Philippines. The 2nd Battalion of the 172nd Infantry Regiment earned a Presidential Unit Citation for combat actions during the Battle of the Ipo Dam, Luzon in mid May 1945.

Campbell also received credit for successfully deploying the Vermont National Guard during the Korean War, organizing the Vermont Air National Guard, modernizing armories, and converting Vermont units from Infantry to Armor.

Vermont National Guard units were deployed to Germany during the Korean War.

Cold War era

In 1964 the 86th Armored Brigade was established as a separate brigade of the Vermont Army National Guard.

In September 1966 Adjutant General Francis W. Billado died. [25] From September until December Deputy Adjutant General Reginald Cram acted as adjutant general. [26] In December, 1966 Democratic Governor Philip Hoff named Brigadier General Wayne Page, commander of the 86th Armored Brigade, business executive and chairman of the Lamoille County Republican Party, to temporarily fill the adjutant general's position. [27] Cram resigned as deputy adjutant general when Page was sworn in, and then campaigned against Page in the Republican-controlled Vermont General Assembly for a full term as adjutant general. [28] In an upset, Cram defeated Page in the legislature's February, 1967 secret ballot election, ending Page's three-month tenure. [28] Cram served until 1981, while Page retired from the military. [29] [30]

Subsequent reorganizations of the National Guard resulted in the 86th Armored Brigade, which had been a separate organization, becoming part of the 50th Armored Division, then the 26th Infantry Division, and later the 42nd Infantry Division. [31]

On 1 September 1982, the 3rd Battalion, 172nd Infantry Regiment was activated as a mountain warfare unit, a unique unit in the army.

Several Vermont National Guard organizations were activated for Operation Desert Storm, including the 131st Engineer Company, which served in Southwest Asia. The 131st Engineer Company had also been activated for federal service during the Vietnam War. [32]

In 1997 the Vermont National Guard made history when Martha Rainville became the first woman to ever serve as a state adjutant general. [33]

The Vermont National Guard also continued to perform its state mission, including responding after a massive ice storm in 1998. [34]

21st century

Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Vermont Army and Air National Guard members performed missions in support of Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Iraq. [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

1st Battalion, 86th Field Artillery was inactivated in 2010. 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery is now the artillery battalion assigned to the 86th Brigade, and the battalion includes one battery in Vermont.

1st Battalion, 172nd Armor and 2nd Battalion, 172nd Armor were both inactivated as the result of the 86th Brigade's conversion to Infantry. Most units were reconfigured as parts of 1-172 Cavalry or the 86th Brigade Special Troops Battalion.

In July 2023, Tracey Poirier, the Vermont National Guard's director of the joint staff, was promoted to brigadier general, the first female to attain general officer's rank in the Vermont Army National Guard. [41] [42]

Adjutants general

In the 1790s Vermont created the positions of adjutant general, inspector general and quartermaster general. [43] Sometimes one individual filled all three positions, and sometimes they were filled separately. [44] [45] The adjutant general (sometimes abbreviated AG for adjutant general or TAG for "the adjutant general") is the senior uniformed military officer in the state, and is responsible for the recruiting, administration, equipping, training, maintenance and readiness of the National Guard. [46] The adjutant general oversees preparations for out-of-state deployments when the National Guard is federally mobilized. [47] The AG also directs the Guard's activities within the state when on state active duty. [48]

In Vermont the adjutant general is elected to a two-year term by the Vermont General Assembly. In the event of a vacancy when the legislature is not in session, the governor is authorized to make a temporary appointment. The election previously took place in February of odd-numbered years, and the term started in March. In 2022, the General Assembly passed legislation moving the election of the adjutant general to February of each even-numbered year beginning in 2024, with the two-year term to begin in March. In addition, the legislation details qualifications candidates for the position must possess, including: having attained the rank of colonel; be a currently serving member of the U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army Reserve, U.S. Air Force Reserve, Army National Guard, or Air National Guard, or be eligible to return to service in the Army or Air National Guard; be a graduate of a Senior Service College; and be eligible for federal recognition as a general officer. [49]

The individuals who have served as Vermont's adjutant general include: [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]

List of adjutants general
  1. David Fay (1794–1822)
  2. Daniel Kellogg (1822–1824)
  3. Isaac Fletcher (1824–1833)
  4. Martin Flint (1833–1837)
  5. Frederic Williams Hopkins (1837–1852)
  6. Heman R. Smith (1852–1853)
  7. Lewis Samuel Partridge (1853–1854)
  8. George Bradley Kellogg (1854–1859)
  9. Horace Henry Baxter (1859–1861)
  10. Peter T. Washburn (1861–1866)
  11. William W. Wells (1866–1872)
  12. James Stevens Peck (1872–1881)
  13. Theodore S. Peck (1881–1900)
  14. William H. Gilmore (1900–1910)
  15. Lee Stephen Tillotson (1910–1917)
  16. Herbert Thomas Johnson (1917–1941)
  17. Murdock A. Campbell (1941–1955)
  18. Francis William Billado (1955–1966)
  19. Reginald M. Cram (1966)
  20. Wayne H. Page (1966–1967)
  21. Reginald M. Cram (1967–1981)
  22. Donald E. Edwards (1981–1997)
  23. Martha Rainville (1997–2006)
  24. Michael Dubie (2006–2012)
  25. Thomas E. Drew (2012–2013)
  26. Steven A. Cray, (2013–2019)
  27. Gregory C. Knight, (2019–present)

Naming of Vermont National Guard State Headquarters

The Vermont National Guard's main site is Camp Johnson in Colchester. In 1894 the Vermont General Assembly authorized purchase of a portion of Fort Ethan Allen for use as a National Guard training site. In 1898 the 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment mustered there for the Spanish–American War. In 1900 the Vermont National Guard took possession. This site, christened the State Military Reservation, was named Camp Olympia for the flagship of George Dewey, a native Vermonter. It was later named for successive Governors, and used for both individual and unit training and as a staging area for mobilizations. In 1945 the State Reservation was permanently renamed Camp Johnson to honor Herbert T. Johnson, the adjutant general who led Vermont's military during and in between the world wars, and Vermont's second longest-serving adjutant general. [58] [59]

Units

Vermont National Guardsmen supporting Operation Rising Phalanx stand with U.S. and Macedonian troops holding the Green Mountain Boys battle flag in North Macedonia GMBvngMacedonia.jpg
Vermont National Guardsmen supporting Operation Rising Phalanx stand with U.S. and Macedonian troops holding the Green Mountain Boys battle flag in North Macedonia

Vermont Air National Guard

The 158th Fighter Wing was formed in 1946. From 1989 to 1997, the wing was an Air Defense Unit, with aircraft on 5-minute alert, seven days a week, 24 hours a day. [61]

Other components of the Vermont Air Guard include: [61] [62] [63]

F-16 use

The Vermont Air Guard has used F-16s since 1986. On Friday November 14, 2008, they retired the longest flying Block 25 F-16C in the United States, tail number 83-1165, which will go on display in Vermont before eventually being moved to the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum. [64]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green Mountain Boys</span> Militia organization first established in 1770

The Green Mountain Boys were a militia organization established in 1770 in the territory between the British provinces of New York and New Hampshire, known as the New Hampshire Grants and later in 1777 as the Vermont Republic. Headed by Ethan Allen and members of his extended family, it was instrumental in resisting New York's attempts to control the territory, over which it had won de jure control in a territorial dispute with New Hampshire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Army National Guard</span> Organized militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States Army

The Army National Guard (ARNG), in conjunction with the Air National Guard, is an organized militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States Army. They are simultaneously part of two different organizations: the ARNG of each state, most territories, and the District of Columbia, as well as the federal ARNG, as part of the National Guard as a whole. It is divided into subordinate units stationed in each state or insular area, responsible to their respective governors or other head-of-government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Connecticut Military Department</span> Component of the US National Guard of the state of Connecticut

The Connecticut Military Department is a state agency of the government of Connecticut. Its primary components are the Connecticut Army National Guard, the Connecticut Air National Guard, and four companies of the state militia. The Military Department of the State of Connecticut traces its origins to May 11, 1637, when the "General Courts" established a military arm of the provincial government. In 1939, the State's Military Department was established to consolidate the offices of Adjutant General, Quartermaster General, Armory Board, and Armory Board Inspector.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arizona Army National Guard</span> Component of the US Army and military of the U.S. state of Arizona

The Arizona Army National Guard is a component of the United States Army and the United States National Guard. National coordination of various state National Guard units are maintained through the National Guard Bureau.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oklahoma Army National Guard</span> Component of the US Army and military of the U.S. state of Oklahoma

The Oklahoma Army National Guard is the Army National Guard component of the Oklahoma National Guard. The Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard is the Governor of Oklahoma. He appoints the State Adjutant General (TAG) who is a Major General from either Army or Air. Currently, the TAG is Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Mancino. The previous TAG was Maj. Gen. Michael Thompson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kansas Army National Guard</span> Component of the U.S. Army and military of the state of Kansas

The Kansas Army National Guard is a component of the Army National Guard and the Kansas National Guard. Kansas Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The Kansas Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Kansas. It is, along with the Kansas Air National Guard, an element of the Kansas National Guard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1st Vermont Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment was a three months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, in and around Fortress Monroe, Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vermont in the American Civil War</span>

During the American Civil War, the State of Vermont gave strong support to the Union war effort, raising troops and money. According to Rachel Cree Sherman:

By the spring of 1865 Vermont was devastated, having sent one tenth of its entire population to war, with a loss of over 5,000 lives to battle, wounds, and disease. The state had dedicated nearly $10 million to support the conflict, half of that amount offered up by towns with no expectation of recompense.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John L. Barstow</span> American politician

John Lester Barstow was an American teacher, farmer, politician, and soldier who served as the 39th governor of Vermont, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">12th Vermont Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 12th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a nine months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, predominantly in the Defenses of Washington, from October 1862 to July 1863. It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.

The 26th New York Cavalry Regiment was a volunteer cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was organized under special authority of the War Department, to serve on the northern frontier of New England and New York for one year. It was created in response to the St. Albans raid, which occurred on October 19, 1864. The regiment never saw any combat before it was mustered out on July 7, 1865.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">13th Vermont Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 13th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a nine months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, predominantly in the Defenses of Washington, from October 1862 to August 1863. It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter T. Washburn</span> American lawyer, politician & soldier

Peter Thacher Washburn was a Vermont lawyer, politician and soldier. A veteran of the American Civil War, he served as the 31st governor of Vermont as a Republican from 1869 to 1870, and was the first Vermont Governor to die in office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">50th Armored Division (United States)</span> Inactive US Army National Guard formation

The 50th Armored Division was a division of the Army National Guard from July 1946 until 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team</span> US Army National Guard light infantry brigade

The 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain) ("The Vermont Brigade") is an Army National Guard light infantry brigade headquartered in Vermont. It was reorganized from an armored brigade into an Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) as part of the United States Army's transformation for the 21st century. The 86th IBCT utilizes the Army Mountain Warfare School, co-located at Ethan Allen Firing Range in Jericho, Vermont, to train in individual military mountaineering skills so the entire brigade can be skilled in such warfare. This large conventional unit level mountain warfare capability had been lost when the 10th Mountain Division deactivated after World War II. This left the 86th IBCT as the only mountain warfare unit in the U.S. military whose soldiers were trained in mountain warfare, with individual soldiers being graduates of Ranger School, the Special Forces Advanced Mountain Operations School, and the Army Mountain Warfare School instead of entire units that specialized in such tactics. "The Vermont Brigade" configured itself to be such a unit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maine Army National Guard</span> Component of the US Army and military of the U.S. state of Maine

The Maine Army National Guard is a component of the United States Army and the United States National Guard. Nationwide, the Army National Guard comprises approximately one half of the US Army's available combat forces and approximately one-third of its support organization. National coordination of various state National Guard units are maintained through the National Guard Bureau. The Guard is administered by the adjutant general, an appointee of the governor of Maine. The Constitution of the United States specifically charges the National Guard with dual federal and state missions. Those functions range from limited actions during non-emergency situations to full-scale law enforcement of martial law when local law enforcement officials can no longer maintain civil control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">86th Field Artillery Regiment</span> Military unit

The 86th Field Artillery Regiment is a inactive parent field artillery regiment of the United States Army, last represented in the Vermont Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion, 86th Field Artillery Regiment. Perpetuating the Vermont Light Artillery Batteries of the American Civil War and subsequent Vermont artillery units, the regiment was organized following World War II as the 206th Field Artillery Battalion in the Vermont National Guard. The 206th saw active service in Germany with the 43rd Infantry Division during the Korean War, and became the 124th Artillery, a Combat Arms Regimental System parent regiment, in 1959. Represented by the 1st Howitzer Battalion, 124th Artillery, the regiment was renumbered as the 86th Artillery in 1964 when the 1st Battalion became the brigade artillery battalion of the 86th Armored Brigade. The 1st Battalion served in that role with the brigade for much of the rest of its existence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gregory C. Knight</span> United States Army officer

Gregory C. Knight is a United States Army officer. In 2019, he was selected to serve as Adjutant General of Vermont.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tracey Poirier</span> U.S. Army brigadier general

Tracey Poirier is an officer in the Army National Guard. A veteran of the United States Marine Corps and United States Army, she has served in the military since 1991, and has been the director of the joint staff for the Vermont National Guard since 2022. Poirier's command assignments included the 186th Brigade Support Battalion and 124th Regiment. She was promoted to brigadier general in July 2023, and her awards include the Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, Army Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster, and Army Achievement Medal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">172nd Cavalry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 172nd Cavalry Regiment is an armored cavalry regiment of the Vermont Army National Guard, with one battalion currently active. First organized in 1861, the regiment has seen combat in the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the War on Terror. Originally an infantry regiment, elements of the unit were consolidated with an antiaircraft unit in 1959 and converted into an armored regiment. In 1964, the remainder of the 172nd Infantry was consolidated with the 172nd Armor, as an armored regiment. In 2007, elements became an armored cavalry regiment. In 1982, a new infantry unit designated the 172nd Infantry Regiment was organized in the Vermont Army National Guard, but it is not lineally related to the previous 172nd Infantry/Cavalry, sharing the numerical designation only for historical purposes.

References

  1. ↑ "History of The Vermont Green Mountain Boys' Flag". Air National Guard. January 10, 2024. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  2. ↑ Hemingway, Sam (July 11, 2009). "Vt. Guard not part of downsizing push". Burlington Free Press. Burlington, Vermont. pp. 1B.
  3. ↑ National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the State of New Hampshire, Register of New Hampshire Society of the Colonial Dames of America, 1898, page 72
  4. ↑ Ron Miller, Rob Williams, editors, Most Likely to Secede, 2013, page 192
  5. ↑ Francis Smith Eastman, A History of Vermont, 1828, pages 27–28
  6. ↑ Miriam Irene Kimball, Vermont for Young Vermonters, 1908, pages 44 to 52
  7. ↑ Fletcher Haulley, A Primary Source History of the Colony of New Hampshire, 2005, page 39
  8. ↑ Daniel Chipman, Memoir of Colonel Seth Warner, 1848, page 156
  9. ↑ Brenda Haugen, Andrew Santella, Ethan Allen: Green Mountain Rebel, 2005, pages 68–69
  10. ↑ New York Secretary of State, New York in the Revolution as Colony and State, 1808, page 61
  11. ↑ Benson John Lossing, The Pictorial Field-book of the Revolution, Volume 1, 1855, page 155
  12. ↑ Willard Sterne Randall, Ethan Allen: His Life and Times, 2011
  13. ↑ William Henry Atherton, Under British Rule, 1760–1914, 1914, pages 70–73
  14. ↑ Philip K. Jason, Mark A. Graves, editors, Encyclopedia of American War Literature, 2001, page 13
  15. ↑ Randall, Ethan Allen: His Life and Times
  16. ↑ John J. Duffy, Samuel B. Hand, Ralph H. Orth, editors, The Vermont Encyclopedia Archived April 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , 2003, page 115
  17. ↑ Vermont General Assembly, The Revised Statutes of the State of Vermont Passed November 19, 1839 Archived July 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , 1840, pages 559–560
  18. ↑ Vermont General Assembly, Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and Council of the State of Vermont, Volume 5, 1877, page 38
  19. ↑ Spencer C. Tucker, The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812 Archived May 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , 2012, pages 742–743
  20. ↑ Carl Edward Skeen, Citizen Soldiers in the War of 1812, 1999, pages 116–117
  21. ↑ Stuart, Reginald C. (2009). Civil-military Relations During the War of 1812. Praeger. p. 91. ISBN   978-0275982003.
  22. ↑ William T. Doyle, The Vermont Political Tradition Archived June 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , 1987, page 288
  23. ↑ Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict Archived June 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , 2012, page 271
  24. ↑ Austin Jacobs Coolidge, John Brainard Mansfield, editors, A History and Description of New England, General and Local Archived September 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , Volume 1, 1859, page 996
  25. ↑ "Gen. Billado Dies Suddenly". Bennington Banner . Bennington, VT. United Press International. September 14, 1966. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ "Brig. Gen. Cram Actibng Vermont Adjutant General". The Burlington Free Press . Burlington, VT. September 15, 1966. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ↑ "Controversy Brews: Hoff Accepts Cram's Resignation As Acting Adjutant General". Bennington Banner . Bennington, VT. United Press International. December 1, 1966. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. 1 2 Terry, Stephen C. (February 17, 1967). "Gen. Cram Wins Military Job In Rebuke To Hoff". Rutland Herald . Rutland, VT. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ↑ Karvelas, David (February 20, 1981). "Morrisey Reappointed; Edwards Named Adjutant". The Burlington Free Press . Burlington, VT. p. 1A – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ "Obituary, Brig. Gen. Wayne H. Page". The Burlington Free Press . Burlington, VT. March 28, 2001. p. 2B – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ John B. Wilson, Center for Military History, Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades, 1999, pages 378-379
  32. ↑ Center of Military History, Lineage and Honors Information, 131st Engineer Company Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , May 10, 2011
  33. ↑ M. D. Drysdale, Randolph Herald, Rainville Makes Her Move In Run for Congress Archived April 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , October 19, 2006
  34. ↑ Mitch Wertlieb, Vermont Public Radio, Remembering the Ice Storm of January 1998 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , January 4, 2008
  35. ↑ Wilson Ring, Associated Press, Rutland Herald, Dean Calls Out Vermont Guard, September 28, 2001
  36. ↑ Steve Zind, National Public Radio, Guardsmen Return to Vermont from Iraq, Slowly Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , June 14, 2006
  37. ↑ Vermont Public Radio, Vermont National Guard Soldiers Return from Afghanistan Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine , September 3, 2004
  38. ↑ Vermont Public Radio, Vermont Air Guard Deploys Squadron to Afghanistan Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine , January 11, 2002
  39. ↑ Sandy Vondrasek, Rutland Herald, Guard Troops Begin Journey to Afghanistan Archived April 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , January 7, 2010
  40. ↑ Boston Globe, Vt Guard Units Headed Home, November 21, 2010
  41. ↑ "Biography, Colonel Tracey Poirier, Director of the Joint Staff". vt.public.ng.mil. Colchester, VT: Vermont National Guard. 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  42. ↑ Guha, Auditi (July 29, 2023). "Vermont National Guard: Woman receives historic promotion". Valley News . Lebanon, NH. p. A2 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ↑ "Militia Act of 1792". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon, VA: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  44. ↑ "An act, for regulating and governing the Militia of this State". Vermont Chronicle. Bellows Falls, VT. November 29, 1837. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ↑ Leonard, Damien (January 15, 2019). "Vermont National Guard 101: Background on Vermont State Laws" (PDF). Legislature.Vermont.Gov. Montpelier, Vermont: Office of Legislative Counsel, Vermont General Assembly. p. 15. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  46. ↑ Leonard, pp. 7, 15.
  47. ↑ Leonard, p. 7.
  48. ↑ Leonard, p. 10.
  49. ↑ Vermont House of Representatives (May 27, 2022). "Act 140, Section 10: Election of State and Judicial Officers" (PDF). Legislature.Vermont.gov. Vermont General Assembly. pp. 10–12. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  50. ↑ Vermont Adjutant General, Annual Report, 1966, page 4
  51. ↑ Vermont State Archives, List, Portraits of Vermont Adjutants General 1822–1967 Archived September 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine , accessed September 1, 2013
  52. ↑ National Guard Association of the United States, The National Guardsman, Volume 21, 1967, page 38
  53. ↑ Suzanne Gillis, Vermont Woman, For The Greater Good: Interview with General Martha Rainville Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , October, 2004
  54. ↑ VTDigger, Obama Taps Michael Dubie, Adjutant General of the Vermont National Guard for Top Northcom post, Press release, Senator Patrick Leahy, May 10, 2012
  55. ↑ Burlington Free Press, Vermont Welcomes New Adjutant General Thomas Drew, August 3, 2012
  56. ↑ Jennifer Reading, WCAX-TV, Cray Elected Vt. Adjutant General Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , February 21, 2013
  57. ↑ "Appointment by the Governor: Maj. Martin Flint, of Randolph, to be Adjutant general of the Militia of Vermont, vice gen. Isaac Fletcher, resigned or removed". Burlington Sentinel. Burlington, VT. August 16, 1833. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  58. ↑ Vermont General Assembly, Farewell Address, Governor William H. Wills Archived December 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine , January 4, 1945, pages 3–4
  59. ↑ Vermont Historical Society, Description, Thomas H. Johnson Papers Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , 2007, page 1
  60. ↑ "Colo. National Guard infantry battalion to become part of new Army Associated Unit". co.ng.mil. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  61. 1 2 Pike, John (August 21, 2005). "158th Fighter Wing [158th FW]". GlobalSecurity.org.
  62. ↑ "Reserve activations: Air Force Reserve". CNN. 2001.
  63. ↑ "Major General Michael D. Dubie". NG.mil. November 2009. Archived from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  64. ↑ Lindholm, Jane (November 14, 2008). "Longest flying F-16C flies final mission in Vt". VPR News. Colchester, VT: Vermont Public Radio.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.