Beechcraft C-12 Huron

Last updated

C-12 Huron
U.S. Marine Corps C-12W.jpg
A U.S. Marine Corps UC-12W
General information
TypeMilitary utility aircraft
Manufacturer Beechcraft
StatusActive service
Primary users United States Air Force
History
Manufactured1974–present [ citation needed ]
Introduction date1974 [ citation needed ]
Developed from Beechcraft Super King Air
Variants Beechcraft RC-12 Guardrail

The Beechcraft C-12 Huron is the military designation for a series of twin-engine turboprop aircraft based on the Beechcraft Super King Air and Beechcraft 1900. C-12 variants are used by the United States Air Force, Army, Navy and Marine Corps. These aircraft are used for various duties, including embassy support, medical evacuation, as well as passenger and light cargo transport. Some aircraft are modified with surveillance systems for various missions, including the Cefly Lancer, Beechcraft RC-12 Guardrail and Project Liberty programs.

Contents

Design and development

The first C-12A models entered service with the U.S. Army in 1974 and were used as a liaison and general personnel transport. The aircraft was essentially an "off-the-shelf" Super King Air 200, powered by the type's standard Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-41 engines. [1]

The U.S. Navy followed suit in 1979, ordering a version of the Super King Air A200C (modified with a 1.32 m by 1.32 m; 52 inch by 52 inch cargo door from the Super King Air 200C), designating it the UC-12B, for logistics support between Naval and Marine Corps air stations, air facilities, and other activities, both in CONUS and overseas. The cabin can readily accommodate cargo, passengers or both. It is also equipped to accept litter patients in medical evacuation missions. Through 1982, the Navy ordered 64 of these aircraft. [1]

A U.S. Air Force variant of the plane for surveillance roles primarily over Afghanistan and Iraq was the MC-12W Liberty. For that variant, Beechcraft built the basic plane and then sent it to Greenville, Texas where sophisticated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) equipment was installed by L-3 Communications Missions Integration. [2] As of 2013 the Liberty program had exceeded 300,000 combat flying hours. [3] The MC-12W was rushed into combat as a supplemental surveillance and signals intelligence asset. Since its first combat mission on 10 June 2009, the aircraft flew 400,000 combat hours in 79,000 combat sorties, aiding in the kill or capture of "more than 8,000 terrorists" and uncovering 650 weapons caches. With its roles taken over by the growing MQ-9 Reaper fleet, the Air Force decided to divest itself of the 41 Liberty aircraft and turn them over to the U.S. Army and U.S. Special Operations Command, which was completed by October 2015. [4] The Air Force's final MC-12W deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom ended on 13 October 2015. [5]

TC-12B

The TC-12B Huron was a twin-engine, pressurized version of the Beechcraft Super King Air 200. Twenty-five served with the U.S. Navy with Training Squadron 35 (VT-35), the Navy's only TC-12B Huron squadron based at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas, home of the Training Air Wing 4 (TAW-4). The Navy retired this aircraft on 16 May 2017 and replaced and now relies on the T-44C for multi engine training. [6]

UC-12F/M

The UC-12F and UC-12M are light passenger and cargo airlift versions procured for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps from 1986 and 1987 respectively. They are based on the Super King Air 200, use PT6A-42 engines, and have a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 13,500 lb (6,100 kg). They are configured as combi aircraft and are also used for multi-engine training and testing. [7]

C-12J

To meet the needs of transporting larger groups, the U.S. Army purchased six C-12J aircraft, based on the Beechcraft 1900C commuter airliner. One of the military C-12Js is used for GPS jamming tests at the 586th Flight Test Squadron, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. [8] Another is based at the 517th Airlift Squadron, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. [9] Three were based at the 55th Airlift Flight, Osan Air Base, South Korea.[ citation needed ] They have been relocated to the 459th Airlift Squadron, Yokota Air Base, Japan. The remaining two are used by U.S. Army Aviation. [10]

Although the UD- series 1900s were manufactured exclusively for military use, the United States military and other military and government organizations use 1900s from other series such as the UB-series 1900C, and 1900Ds which may be found elsewhere. [10]

UC-12W

The UC-12W is an improved version of the UC-12F/M for the Marine Corps procured from 2010 for the same missions. It is based on the Super King Air 350, uses PT6A-60A engines, and has an MTOW of 16,500 lb (7,500 kg). [7] According to its 2022 Marine Aviation Plan, United States Marine Corps Aviation plans to phase out the Model 200-based UC-12F and UC-12M along with the Cessna UC-35D and replace them with new UC-12Ws by 2032. [11]

Variants

King Air 200-based variants

U.S. Army C-12A Beech C-12A Huron (A200), USA - Army AN2087007.jpg
U.S. Army C-12A
C-12A
Used by the U.S. Army and air force for liaison and attache transport. Based on the King Air A200, with 750 shp (560 kW) PT6A-38 engines driving three-bladed propellers, and normally seating for eight passengers. 60 delivered to US Army and 30 to USAF, with one to Greek Air Force. Survivors later upgraded to C-12C standard. [12] [13]
UC-12B
U.S. Navy/U.S. Marine Corps version with an additional cargo door and powered by 850 shp (630 kW) PT6A-41 engines. Based on the King Air A200C. 66 built. [14]
NC-12B
Conversion of UC-12B as testbed for sonobuoys, fitted with four sonobuoy launchers. One converted. [14]
TC-12B
U.S. Navy training version developed by conversion of surplus UC-12B airframes. 20 converted. [14]
C-12C
Based on C-12A but with 850 shp (630 kW) PT6A-41 engines. 14 new build aircraft for U.S. Army together with converted C-12As. [14]
C-12D
U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force version. Based on the King Air A200CT, with 850 shp PT-6A-41 or PT-6A-42 engines. Changes include larger cargo door, "high-flotation" landing gear (a Beechcraft option for larger main landing gear wheels for use on unimproved runways) and provision for wingtip fuel tanks. Forty built for US Army and 6 for US Air Force. [15] [16]
RC-12D
Special mission, SIGINT aircraft for the U.S. Army, fitted with Guardrail V SIGINT system. 13 converted from C-12Ds, with one de-converted to C-12D standard [16]
UC-12D
Based on the King Air A200CT (serial numbers BP-7 though BP-11).[ citation needed ]
C-12E
Proposed upgraded C-12A aircraft with PT-6A-42 engines for the USAF. Program cancelled with no aircraft converted. [16]
A USN C-12F C-12 Huron.png
A USN C-12F
C-12F
Operational support aircraft for USAF and US Army, powered by PT6A-42 engines. Forty (later known as C-12F-3), based on King Air 200C with four-bladed propellers, leased from 1984 (and later purchased outright) by the USAF, with six more delivered to the Air National Guard. Twelve aircraft based on King Air A200CT and with three-bladed propellers were purchased by the US Army from 1985 (later known as C-12F-1), followed by another eight based on King Air 200C but with three-bladed propellers (later C-12F-2). [17]
RC-12F
U.S. Navy version of the UC-12F modified with AN/APS-140/504 surface search radar. Two converted for range surveillance duties at the Pacific Missile Range Facility. Radar later removed and aircraft converted to operational support duties. [18]
UC-12F
U.S. Navy version based on the King Air B200C, powered by PT6A-41s driving three-bladed propellers. Twelve operated from 1982. [18] Cockpit upgraded to Proline 21.[ citation needed ]
RC-12G
U.S. Army version used for real-time tactical intelligence support under the Crazyhorse program.[ citation needed ] Based on C-12D, three built. [18]
RC-12H
Special mission, battlefield SIGINT aircraft for the U.S. Army, based on C-12D and fitted with Guardrail/Common Sensor 3 (Minus) SIGINT system. Six built. [19]
C-12L
Three A200s acquired for use in the Cefly Lancer program as RU-21Js; CEFLY is an acronym standing for Communications and Electronics Forward Looking Flying.[ citation needed ] In 1984 these were modified with new VIP interiors, returning to the U.S. Army as C-12Ls. [20]
UC-12M
Support aircraft for U.S. Navy based in King Air B200C. Twelve built. [21]
RC-12M
Conversion of UC-12M for range surveillance duties with AN/APS-140/504 surface search radar. Two converted. [21]
An RC-12N Guardrail Common Sensor aircraft Beechcraft RC-12N Huron in flight.jpg
An RC-12N Guardrail Common Sensor aircraft
C-12R
Support aircraft for US Army based on King Air B200C, powered by 850 shp (630 kW) PT6A-42 engines driving 4-bladed propellers and with EFIS glass cockpit instrumentation. 29 built. Modifications for Global air-traffic management given designation C-12R-1. [22]
C-12T
Upgrade of earlier U.S. Army C-12F versions with improved cockpit instrumentation.
C-12U
Upgrade of U.S. Army C-12T versions with improved cockpit instrumentation in order to meet global air traffic management directives.
RU-21J
Special mission, battlefield ELINT aircraft. Three Model 200s were brought by the U.S. Army for use in the Cefly Lancer program in the early 1970s. Designated by Beechcraft as the Model A100-1. [23]
C-12V
Upgraded C-12R with Proline 21 FMS

King Air 300-based variants

MARSS
MULTI-INT ISR platform. The MARSS provides the commander with a multi-intelligence collection capability to accurately detect, identify, and report threat targets in near real-time.[ citation needed ] IMINT, COMINT and ELINT intercept capability. As of June 2010, 11 MARSS were created from outfitted Beechcraft King Air B-300 aircraft.[ citation needed ]

King Air 350-based variants

MC-12W Liberty 427th Reconnaissance Squadron MC-12 10-0728.jpg
MC-12W Liberty
C-12S
U.S. Army version based on the King Air 350, with seating for 8 to 15 passengers and quick cargo conversion capability.
MC-12W
USAF version modified for the Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance (ISR) role; originally 8 King Air 350s and 29 King Air 350ERs and ending with 42 350ERs (including one combat loss). In service since June 2009 in Iraq and Afghanistan and globally for USSOCOM. [24] [25] All aircraft were transferred to USSOCOM, US Army, and other US government agencies by 2015. [26] The Royal Canadian Air Force ordered 3 similar, if not exact, variants. [27]
UC-12W
U.S. Marine Corps version based on the King Air 350. [28]
MC-12S (EMARSS-S)
U.S. Army nomenclature for the modified MC-12W aircraft. EMARSS

Beechcraft 1900-based variant

A U.S. Air Force Beech C-12J Huron lands at Yokota Air Base, Japan, on 29 June 2007. Beech C-12J Huron Yokota Air Base 2007.jpg
A U.S. Air Force Beech C-12J Huron lands at Yokota Air Base, Japan, on 29 June 2007.
C-12J
Used by the U.S. Air Force's Pacific Air Forces, and Air Force Materiel Command. It carries 2 crew and 19 passengers. The C-12J is based on the Beechcraft 1900C and carries the serials UD-1 through UD-6.

The Air Force currently operates only 4 C-12Js. 3 are operated by the 459th Airlift Squadron at Yokota Air Base, Japan and 1 by the Air Force Materiel Command from Holloman AFB, New Mexico. The Army has C-12Js in use.

Special military variants

The following RC-12 variants, although similar to earlier RC-12s based on the King Air 200, represent specially built airframes that[ citation needed ] combined upgraded engines (1,100 shp PT6A-67) and structural upgrades (swapping the traditional KA-200/300/350 T-Tail for the 1900 modified T-Tail to compensate for torque and aerodynamics and having reinforced spars to compensate for the increased maximum gross weight[ citation needed ] - up to as high as 16,500 lbs).[ citation needed ]

RC-12K
SIGINT aircraft for US Army based on King Air A200CT, with 1,200 shp (890 kW) PT-6A-67 engines driving four-bladed propellers and with increased (16,000 lb (7,260 kg) max take-off weight. Fitted with Guardrail/Common Sensor System 4 system. Nine built. [19]
RC-12N
SIGINT aircraft for US Army based on King Air A200CT/C-12F airframe with 1,200 shp (890 kW) PT-6A-67 engines driving four-bladed propellers and 16,200 lb (7,350 kg) max take-off weight. Fitted with Guardrail/Common Sensor System 1 system. 15 C-12Fs converted to this standard. [21]
RC-12P
SIGINT aircraft for US Army based on King Air A200CT/C-12F airframe with 1,200 shp (890 kW) PT-6A-67 engines driving four-bladed propellers and 16,200 lb (7,350 kg) max take-off weight. Fitted with Guardrail/Common Sensor System 2 system. 9 built. [21]
RC-12Q
SIGINT aircraft for US Army, similar to RC-12P and with same Guardrail/Common Sensor System 2 sensors, but with satellite communications antenna in dorsal radome. Three built. [22]
RC-12X, X+
Intelligence-gathering platform. 14 ordered, the first delivered to the U.S. Army in January 2011. [29]

Note: The U.S. military also operates other King Air versions under other designations, including the C-6 Ute and T-44 series. In addition, there are a number of Beechcraft 1900s operated by the military under civilian registrations, using their civilian model designations.

Operators

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States

Specifications (Beechcraft C-12 Huron)

Orthographically projected diagram of the Beechcraft King Air B200. Beechcraft King Air B200.gif
Orthographically projected diagram of the Beechcraft King Air B200.

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2005-2006 [31] [ page needed ]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft T-6 Texan II</span> Single-engine, low-wing tandem-seat turboprop military training aircraft

The Beechcraft T-6 Texan II is a single-engine turboprop aircraft built by Textron Aviation. A trainer aircraft based on the Pilatus PC-9, the T-6 replaced the United States Air Force's Cessna T-37B Tweet and the United States Navy's T-34C Turbo Mentor during the 2010s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6</span> Turboprop aircraft engine family by Pratt & Whitney Canada

The Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 is a turboprop aircraft engine produced by Pratt & Whitney Canada. Its design was started in 1958, it first ran in February 1960, first flew on 30 May 1961, entered service in 1964, and has been continuously updated since. The PT6 consists of two basic sections: a gas generator with accessory gearbox, and a free-power turbine with reduction gearbox. In aircraft, the engine is often mounted "backwards," with the intake at the rear and the exhaust at the front, so that the turbine is directly connected to the propeller. Many variants of the PT6 have been produced, not only as turboprops but also as turboshaft engines for helicopters, land vehicles, hovercraft, and boats; as auxiliary power units; and for industrial uses. By November 2015, 51,000 had been produced, which had logged 400 million flight hours from 1963 to 2016. It is known for its reliability, with an in-flight shutdown rate of 1 per 651,126 hours in 2016. The PT6A turboprop engine covers the power range between 580 and 1,940 shp, while the PT6B/C are turboshaft variants for helicopters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft King Air</span> Twin engine turboprop aircraft family

The Beechcraft King Air is a line of American utility aircraft produced by Beechcraft. The King Air line comprises a number of twin-turboprop models that have been divided into two families. The Model 90 and 100 series developed in the 1960s are known as King Airs, while the later T-tail Model 200 and 300 series were originally marketed as Super King Airs, with the name "Super" being dropped by Beechcraft in 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbin Y-12</span> Utility transport aircraft

The Harbin Y-12 is a high wing twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft built by Harbin Aircraft Industry Group (HAIG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft T-34 Mentor</span> American plane used for military training

The Beechcraft T-34 Mentor is an American propeller-driven, single-engined, military trainer aircraft derived from the Beechcraft Model 35 Bonanza. The earlier versions of the T-34, dating from around the late 1940s to the 1950s, were piston-engined. These were eventually succeeded by the upgraded T-34C Turbo-Mentor, powered by a turboprop engine. The T-34 remains in service more than seven decades after it was first designed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing</span> American single engine cabin biplane

The Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing is an American biplane with an atypical negative wing stagger. It first flew in 1932.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft Duke</span> Pressurized, twin-engined piston aircraft produced 1968–1983

The Beechcraft 60 Duke is an American-built twin-engine, piston-driven fixed-wing aircraft designed and produced by Beechcraft. The aircraft has retractable tricycle landing gear and a pressurized cabin. The engines are turbocharged, which also pressurize the cabin with bleed air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embraer EMB 121 Xingu</span> Fixed-wing aircraft in Brazil

The Embraer EMB 121 Xingu is a twin-turboprop fixed-wing aircraft built by the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer, Embraer. The design is based on the EMB 110 Bandeirante, using its wing and engine design merged with an all-new fuselage. The EMB 121 first flew on 10 October 1976.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior</span> Twin engine utility aircraft

The Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior, more commonly known as the Lockheed 12 or L-12, is an eight-seat, six-passenger all-metal twin-engine transport aircraft of the late 1930s designed for use by small airlines, companies, and wealthy private individuals. A smaller version of the Lockheed Model 10 Electra, the Lockheed 12 was not popular as an airliner but was widely used as a corporate and government transport. Several were also used for testing new aviation technologies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft Model 18</span> American twin-engine, light aircraft produced 1937–1970

The Beechcraft Model 18 is a 6- to 11-seat, twin-engined, low-wing, tailwheel light aircraft manufactured by the Beech Aircraft Corporation of Wichita, Kansas. Continuously produced from 1937 to November 1969, over 9,000 were built, making it one of the world's most widely used light aircraft. Sold worldwide as a civilian executive, utility, cargo aircraft, and passenger airliner on tailwheels, nosewheels, skis, or floats, it was also used as a military aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft 1900</span> Commuter airliner and light transport aircraft

The Beechcraft 1900 is a U.S made twin-engine turboprop regional airliner manufactured by Beechcraft. It is also used as a freight aircraft and corporate transport, and by several governmental and military organizations. With customers favoring larger regional jets, then-owner Raytheon ended production in October 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PZL-130 Orlik</span> Trainer aircraft

The PZL 130 Orlik is a Polish turboprop, single engine, two seat trainer aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing P-12</span> US military fighter aircraft in service 1930-1941

The Boeing P-12 or Boeing F4B is an American pursuit aircraft that was operated by the United States Army Air Corps, United States Marine Corps, and United States Navy. It was the chief fighter aircraft in American service during the early 1930s but also used internationally. By the late 1930s it was replaced in front-line duty by newer designs, but it was still used for training into the early 1940s. Many variants of the aircraft were developed. In the 21st century a handful of surviving air frames are on display in museums.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piper PA-31T Cheyenne</span> Turboprop-powered series of the PA-31 light transport aircraft

The Piper PA-31T Cheyenne is a turboprop development of the earlier PA-31P Pressurized Navajo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft Model 99</span> Airplane

The Beechcraft Model 99 is a civilian aircraft produced by Beechcraft. It is also known as the Beech 99 Airliner and the Commuter 99. The 99 is a twin-engine, unpressurized, 15 to 17 passenger seat turboprop aircraft, derived from the earlier Beechcraft King Air and Queen Air. It uses the wings of the Queen Air, the engines and nacelles of the King Air, and sub-systems from both, with a specifically designed nose structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft Super King Air</span> Light twin-turboprop transport aircraft family

The Beechcraft Super King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by Beechcraft. The Model 200 and Model 300 series were originally marketed as the "Super King Air" family; the "Super" designation was dropped in 1996. They form the King Air line together with the King Air Model 90 and 100 series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swearingen Merlin</span> Type of Aircraft

The Swearingen Merlin or the Fairchild Aerospace Merlin is a pressurized, twin turboprop business aircraft first produced by Swearingen Aircraft, and later by Fairchild at a plant in San Antonio, Texas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4th Reconnaissance Squadron</span> Military unit

The 4th Reconnaissance Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit, assigned to the 319th Operations Group and stationed at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, from which it operates RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned vehicles. It was activated there in July 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beechcraft RC-12 Guardrail</span> Signals intelligence aircraft

The Beechcraft RC-12 Guardrail is an airborne signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection platform based on the Beechcraft King Air and Super King Air. While the US military and specifically the United States Army have numerous personnel transport variants of the King Air platforms referred to with the general C-12 designation, the RC-12 specification refers to a heavily modified platform that collects SIGINT through various sensors and onboard processors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LTV L450F</span> Type of aircraft

The LTV L450F, also known as the L45ØF, was a prototype quiet reconnaissance aircraft, developed by Ling-Temco-Vought in the late 1960s for use in the Vietnam War by the United States. Based on the airframe of a Schweizer 2-32 sailplane, the aircraft flew in 1970, and was developed into the XQM-93 reconnaissance drone before the project was cancelled.

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 "King Air timeline from". Wings over Kansas. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  2. ↑ "Lifesaving Liberty". 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. ↑ Trujillo, Robert M. (8 October 2013). "MC-12W Liberty exceeds 300,000 flying hours". www.acc.af.mil. 9th Reconnaissance Wing Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  4. ↑ Beale AFB farewells MC-12 as spy plane moves to Army and SOCOM Archived 26 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Flightglobal.com, 25 September 2015
  5. ↑ Homecoming: Beale Airmen return from final MC-12W deployment [ permanent dead link ] – AF.mil, 14 October 2015 [ dead link ]
  6. ↑ Burgess, Rick (July 2017). "Airscene: Two Naval Aviation Squadrons Deactivated: TC-12B Retirement". Air International . Vol. 93, no. 1. p. 26. ISSN   0306-5634.
  7. 1 2 "C-12 Huron". navair.navy.mil. Navail Air Systems Command. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  8. ↑ "Air Force Fact Sheet". Holloman.af.mil. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  9. ↑ "Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson – Home". Elmendorf.af.mil. Archived from the original on 26 July 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  10. 1 2 "Army aviation web page". Usarmyaviation.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  11. ↑ "2022 Marine Aviation Plan" (PDF). aviation.marines.mil. United States Marine Corps Aviation. pp. 139–140. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  12. ↑ Kaminski International Air Power Review Winter 2003–2004, pp. 77–78
  13. ↑ Kaminski International Air Power Review Spring 2004, pp. 90–91
  14. 1 2 3 4 Kaminski International Air Power Review Spring 2004, p. 91
  15. ↑ Kaminski International Air Power Review Winter 2003–2004, p. 78
  16. 1 2 3 Kaminski International Air Power Review Spring 2004, p. 92
  17. ↑ Kaminski International Air Power Review Spring 2004, pp. 92–93
  18. 1 2 3 Kaminski International Air Power Review Spring 2004, p. 93
  19. 1 2 Kaminski International Air Power Review Spring 2004, p. 94
  20. ↑ Harding, Stephen (1997). U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947 . Atglen, PA, USA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. p.  30. ISBN   978-0-933424-53-1.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Kaminski International Air Power Review Spring 2004, p. 95
  22. 1 2 Kaminski International Air Power Review Spring 2004, p. 96
  23. ↑ Phillips 1992, p. 83.
  24. ↑ "Curtain Goes Up on Project Liberty". Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  25. ↑ Vanden Brook, Tom, "Newest Manned Spy Plane Scores Points In War Effort Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ", USA Today , 2 June 2010, p. 5.
  26. ↑ Jennings, Gareth (10 November 2014). "USAF outlines divestiture plans for MC-12W Liberty aircraft". www.janes.com. IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  27. ↑ "Purchase of three spy planes from the U.S. could cost Canada $140 million more than planned | National Post".
  28. ↑ McCoy, Daniel (18 May 2010). "Hawker rolls out first UC-12W". Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  29. ↑ "Northrop reveals interest in new upgrade for RC-12X". 14 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  30. ↑ "B-200 (UC-12B) - LARC | NASA Airborne Science Program". airbornescience.nasa.gov.
  31. ↑ Jackson, Paul, ed. (2005). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2005-06 (96th ed.). London: Jane's Publishing Group. ISBN   9780710626844.
  32. ↑ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  33. 1 2 "C-12 Huron". Yokota Air Base. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
Bibliography
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.