Lockheed Vega

Last updated
Vega
Lockheed Vega 2-D (4476644584) (cropped).jpg
Role Transport
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Lockheed Aircraft Limited
Designer John Knudsen Northrop and Gerald Vultee
First flightJuly 4, 1927
Introduction1928
StatusRetired
Primary userCommercial air carriers
Number built132

The Lockheed Vega is an American five- to seven-seat high-wing monoplane airliner built by the Lockheed Corporation starting in 1927. It became famous for its use by a number of record-breaking pilots who were attracted to its high speed and long range. Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in one, and Wiley Post used his to prove the existence of the jet stream after flying around the world twice.

Contents

Design and development

Lockheed Vega Cockpit Lockheed Vega 5B, Amelia Earhart - Blick ins Cockpit.jpg
Lockheed Vega Cockpit

Designed by John Knudsen Northrop and Gerald Vultee, both of whom would later form their own companies, the aircraft was originally intended to serve with Lockheed's own airline routes. They set out to build a four-passenger (plus pilot) aircraft that was not only rugged, but also one of the fastest aircraft of its era. Using a wooden monocoque fuselage, plywood-covered cantilever wings and the best engine available, the Vega delivered on the promise of speed.

The fuselage was built from sheets of plywood, skinned over wooden ribs. Using a large concrete mold, a single half of the fuselage shell was laminated in sections with glue between each layer and then a rubber bladder was lowered into the mold and inflated with air to compress the lamination into shape against the inside of the mold. The two fuselage halves were then nailed and glued over a separately constructed rib framework. With the fuselage constructed in this fashion, the wing spar couldn't cut through the fuselage, so the single spar cantilever wing was mounted atop the aircraft. Only the engine and landing gear remained essentially unstreamlined, and on the production versions the undercarriage had teardrop shaped fairings covering the wheels, while only the earliest versions lacked NACA cowlings and had the engine cylinders exposed to the airstream. It was powered by the Wright Whirlwind air-cooled radial engine, which delivered 225 hp (168 kW).

Operational history

The Lockheed 5B Vega that Amelia Earhart flew across the Atlantic in. Lockheed Vega 5B of Amelia Earhart c1932.jpg
The Lockheed 5B Vega that Amelia Earhart flew across the Atlantic in.
Wiley Post's "Winnie Mae", in which he circled the globe, and proved the existence of the Jet Stream. Lockheed Vega cn 122 NR105W -Winnie Mae- 1935 (mfr via RJF) (18327531806).jpg
Wiley Post's "Winnie Mae", in which he circled the globe, and proved the existence of the Jet Stream.

The first Vega 1, named the Golden Eagle, flew from Lockheed's Los Angeles plant on July 4, 1927. It could cruise at a then-fast 120 mph (190 km/h), and had a top speed of 135 mph (217 km/h). A number of private owners placed orders for the design, and by the end of 1928, 68 had been produced. In the 1929 National Air Races in Cleveland, Ohio, Vegas won every speed award.

In 1928, Vega Yankee Doodle (NX4769) was used to break transcontinental speed records. On August 19–20, Hollywood stunt flier Arthur C. Goebel broke the coast-to-coast record of Russell Maughan by flying from Los Angeles, California, to Garden City, New York, in 18 hours and 58 minutes, in what was also the first nonstop flight from west to east. On October 25, barnstormer and former mail pilot Charles B.D. Collyer broke the nonstop east to west record set in 1923 by the U.S. Army Air Service in 24 hours and 51 minutes. Trying to break the new West-to-East record on November 3, Collyer crashed near Prescott, Arizona, killing him and the aircraft owner, Harry J. Tucker. [1]

Looking to improve the design, Lockheed delivered the Vega 5 in 1929. Adding the Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp engine of 450 hp (340 kW) and a new NACA cowling improved performance enough to allow the addition of two more seats, and increased cruising speed to 155 mph (249 km/h) and top speed to 165 mph (266 km/h). A variant of the Vega 5 was built specifically for private aviation and executive transport as the L.5A "Executive" although the 5 was also used by a many airlines, including Pan American Airlines, Pacific Alaska Airways and Transcontinental and Western Air. A total of 64 Vega 5s were built.

In 1931, the United States Army Air Corps bought two DL-1 Vegas, with the first designated as Y1C-12 and the second, a DL-1B designated as Y1C-17. These both had a formed metal fuselage, while the Y1C-17 had additional fuel tanks in the wings.

The Vega could be difficult to land. In her memoir, Elinor Smith wrote that it had "all the glide potential of a boulder falling off a mountain." [2] In addition, forward and side visibility from the cockpit was extremely limited; Lane Wallace, a columnist for Flying magazine, wrote that "Even [in level flight], the windscreen would offer a better view of the sky than anything else, which would make it more of a challenge to detect changes in attitude or bank angle. On takeoff or landing, there'd be almost no forward visibility whatsoever."

Vega DL-1A special

A one-off special based on the metal-fuselaged DL-1 was built by the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, and exported to the United Kingdom for Lt. Cmdr. Glen Kidston who named it Puch. It was initially registered in the UK as G-ABFE, then was re-registered as G-ABGK to incorporate Kidston's initials. [3] He used this Vega for a record-breaking flight from the UK to South Africa in April 1931. Following Kidston's death the following month, the aircraft was eventually sold to Australian airline owner Horrie Miller, who entered it in the MacRobertson Air Race. Flown in the race by Miller's Chief Pilot, Capt. Jimmy Woods, it overturned on landing at Aleppo en route, whereupon Woods withdrew from the race and the DL-1A was eventually shipped to Australia. Following repairs and re-registration as VH-UVK, Miller used the aircraft for charter and leisure flying, after which it was impressed by the Royal Australian Air Force in 1941. In 1944 the aircraft was transferred to the Australian Department of Civil Aviation (DCA). Via information from RAAF pilots, DCA declared the Vega to have serious pitch control problems and it would be scrapped. Attempts by James Woods to reclaim the aircraft were ignored, and it was destroyed in October 1945. It was the only Vega to operate in Australia. [3]

Variants

Vega 1 prototype Lockheed Vega 1 L'Air December 15,1928.jpg
Vega 1 prototype
Vega 1
Five-seat cabin monoplane, accommodation for one pilot and four passengers, powered by a 225 hp (168 kW) Wright J-5, J-5A, J-5AB or J-5C Whirlwind radial piston engine.
Vega 2
Five-seat cabin monoplane, powered by a 300 hp (220 kW) Wright J-6 Whirlwind radial piston engine.
Vega 2A
Redesignation of one Vega 2 aircraft, modified for higher gross weight operation.
Vega 2D
Redesignation of two Vega 1s and one Vega 2, each fitted with a 300 hp (220 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial piston engine.
Vega 5
Improved version, powered by a 410 hp (310 kW) Wasp A, 450 hp (340 kW) Wasp B or 420 hp (310 kW) Wasp C1 radial piston engine.
Vega 5A Executive
Executive transport version, with a plush interior.
Lockheed 5C Vega of Lithuanian Air Force, 1935-1940 Lockheed 5C Vega of Lithuanian Air Force.jpg
Lockheed 5C Vega of Lithuanian Air Force, 1935-1940
Vega 5B
Seven-seat passenger transport version, built for higher gross weight operations with commercial operators.
Vega 5C
Seven-seat cabin monoplane, with revised tail surfaces, built for higher gross weight operations.
DL-1
Vega 5C with an aluminum fuselage. Built by the Detroit Aircraft Corporation. [4]
DL-1A/DL-1 Special
One-off air racing and record breaking version, c/n 155.
DL-1B
Seven-seat cabin monoplane, similar to the DL-1. Built by the Detroit Aircraft Corporation.
Y1C-12
One DL-1 acquired by the U.S. Army Air Corps for service tests and evaluation.
Y1C-17
One DL-1B acquired by the U.S. Army Air Corps for service tests and evaluation.
UC-101
One Vega 5C impressed into service with the U.S. Army Air Force in 1942.

Operators

Commercial operators

A large number of airlines and private owners operated Vegas, many with only a small number of airframes.

Military operators

USAAC Y1C-17 showing metal fuselage that distinguished the Detroit-Lockheed examples. Lockheed Y1C-17.JPG
USAAC Y1C-17 showing metal fuselage that distinguished the Detroit-Lockheed examples.
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania
Flag of Spain (1931-1939).svg Spain
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States

Aircraft on display

Wiley Post's "Winnie Mae," a model 5C, while on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center NASM-NASM2014-01653.jpg
Wiley Post's "Winnie Mae," a model 5C, while on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

Specifications (Vega 5C)

three-view drawing of Vega prototype with original small rudder and uncowled engine. Lockheed Vega 3-view NACA Aircraft Circular No.61.jpg
three-view drawing of Vega prototype with original small rudder and uncowled engine.

Data fromLockheed aircraft since 1913. [20]

General characteristics

Vega 5C floatplane 3,153 lb (1,430 kg)
Vega 5C floatplane 4,880 lb (2,210 kg)

Performance

Vega 5C floatplane with NACA cowling 175 mph (282 km/h)
Vega 5C floatplane with NACA cowling 160 mph (260 km/h)
Vega 5C floatplane 620 mi (1,000 km)
Vega 5C floatplane 17,000 ft (5,200 m)
Vega 5C floatplane 1,100 ft/min (5.6 m/s)
Vega 5C floatplane 17.7 lb/sq ft (86 kg/m2)
Vega 5C floatplane 0.0926 hp/lb (0.1522 kW/kg)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Model 9 Orion</span> Type of aircraft

The Lockheed Model 9 Orion is a single-engined passenger aircraft built in 1931 for commercial airlines. It was faster than any American military aircraft of that time. Designed by Richard A. von Hake, it was the last wood aircraft produced by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.

The Lockheed Model 10 Electra is an American twin-engined, all-metal monoplane airliner developed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, which was produced primarily in the 1930s to compete with the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2. The type gained considerable fame as one was flown by Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan on their ill-fated around-the-world expedition in 1937.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polikarpov I-185</span> Soviet fighter aircraft designed in 1940

The Polikarpov I-185 was a Soviet fighter aircraft designed in 1940. It was flown with three engines but all of them were either insufficiently developed for service use or their full production was reserved for other fighters already in production. The I-185 program was cancelled on 27 January 1943. Engines used with the I-185 included the Shevstov M-71, which was more prominent and the Shevstov M-82, which was also used on Lavochkin La-5 fighters. Only a few M-82 variants were produced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Model 8 Sirius</span> Type of aircraft

The Lockheed Model 8 Sirius was a single-engined, propeller-driven monoplane designed and built by Jack Northrop and Gerard Vultee while they were engineers at Lockheed in 1929, at the request of Charles Lindbergh. Two versions of the same basic design were built for the United States Air Force, one made largely of wood with a fixed landing gear, and one with a metal skin and retractable landing gear, designated Y1C-25 and Y1C-23, respectively. Its basic role was intended to be as a utility transport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Air Express</span> Type of aircraft

The Lockheed Air Express was the second aircraft design created by the Lockheed Aircraft Company after its founding in 1927; the type first flew in April 1928.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Explorer</span> Series of pioneering aircraft

The Lockheed Explorer was the least successful wooden airplane design produced by the Lockheed Aircraft Company. The Vega fuselage was combined with a cantilevered low wing. Seating for a single pilot was provided in an open cockpit behind the wings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Altair</span> Type of aircraft

The Lockheed Altair was a single-engined sport aircraft produced by Lockheed Aircraft Limited in the 1930s. It was a development of the Lockheed Sirius with a retractable undercarriage, and was the first Lockheed aircraft and one of the first aircraft designs with a fully retractable undercarriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PWS-24</span> 1930s Polish passenger aircraft

The PWS-24 was a Polish single-engine passenger aircraft for 4 passengers, built in PWS factory, used from 1933 to 1936 by LOT Polish Airlines. In spite of its limited capacity, it was the only series-built airliner of domestic design ever used by the LOT.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aeronca L</span> Type of aircraft

The Aeronca L was a 1930s American cabin monoplane designed and built, in small numbers, by Aeronca Aircraft. It differed significantly from other Aeronca planes by the use of radial engines, streamlining, and a cantilever low wing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gloster F.5/34</span> Type of aircraft

The Gloster F.5/34 was a British fighter of the 1930s. It was a single-seat, single-engine monoplane of all-metal cantilever construction; the undercarriage was of the tailwheel type with retractable main wheels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consolidated Fleetster</span> Type of aircraft

The Consolidated Model 17 Fleetster was a 1920s American light transport monoplane aircraft built by the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation. There was several closely related types the Model 17, Model 18, Model 20; then the C-11, C-22, and XBY military versions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICAR Comercial</span> 1930s German aircraft

The ICAR 36 / ICAR Comercial (sic), variously also known as the ICAR M 36, Messerschmitt M 36 or BFW M.36, was a Messerschmitt design built and tested by the Romanian company ICAR in the mid-1930s. It was a small, single-engine high-wing airliner, the first civil transport aircraft built in Romania.

The Nieuport-Delage NiD 640 was a four-passenger transport monoplane designed and produced by the French aircraft manufacturer Nieuport-Delage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Farman NC.470</span> Type of aircraft

The Farman NC.470 was a French twin-engined floatplane designed as a crew trainer for the French Navy. It was used in small numbers for both its intended role as a trainer and as a coastal reconnaissance aircraft at the start of World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khrunichev T-411 Aist</span> Type of aircraft

The Krunichev T-411 Aist is a Russian light utility monoplane designed by the Russian company Aeroprogress and placed into production by the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. A version is marketed in the United States as the Aeroprogress T-411 Wolverine powered by a Continental TSIO-550-B.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hamilton H-47</span> Type of aircraft

The Hamilton H-45 and H-47 were six-passenger-seat, all-metal, high-wing monoplanes powered by single Pratt & Whitney radial engines. They were built for passenger and mail-carrying work in the US in the late 1920s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romano R.90</span> Type of aircraft

The Romano R.90 was a prototype single-seat French floatplane fighter of the 1930s. A single example of the R.90 was built, but the type did form the basis of the Romano R.83 and Romano R.92 fighters which were built in secret for the Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Granville Gee Bee R-6</span> Type of aircraft

The Granville Gee Bee R-6 International Super Sportster, named "Q.E.D.", and later named "Conquistador del Cielo", was the last in a series of racing and touring monoplane aircraft from the Granville Brothers. The R-6H was dogged with bad luck throughout its career and never finished any race it entered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dewoitine D.30</span> Type of aircraft

The Dewoitine D.30 was a ten-seat cantilever monoplane built in France in 1930. The D.30 was a single-engine aircraft but the second was completed as a trimotor and redesignated D.31.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zenith Z-6</span> Type of aircraft

The Zenith Z-6 is a single engine biplane U.S. airliner built in the late 1920s. Its cabin, in the fuselage immediately behind its radial engine, holds five or six passengers depending on engine power. It is flown from an open cockpit further aft. Nine were completed and one has been restored to flight.

References

Notes

    Citations

    1. "Charles B.D. Collyer." Davis-Monthan Aviation Field Register, December 25, 2011. Retrieved: December 27, 2012.
    2. Smith 1981, p. 94.
    3. 1 2 Goodall, Geoff. "Vega VH-UVK: The Story of a Unique Aeroplane." Journal of the Aviation Historical Society of Australia, Volume 17, Issue 4.
    4. Budd Davidson (June 2014). "A Superstar Reborn". Sport Aviation: 52.
    5. Stašaitis, Vytautas. "Antrosios "Lituanica" skrydis ("Flight of the Second Lituanica - in Lithuanian)". Plieno Sparnai.
    6. "Amelia Earhart's Lockheed Vega 5B". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    7. "FAA Registry [N7952]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    8. "1929 Lockheed Vega 5B Monoplane, Used by Explorer Donald MacMillan". The Henry Ford. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    9. "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed Vega 2D, c/n 40, c/r N965Y {2}". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    10. Weeks, Kermit (15 July 2012). "Lockheed Vega heads off for Restoration!". Fantasy of Flight. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    11. Clukey, Pete. "Vega Number 72: Keeping History Alive". Lockheed Martin. Lockheed Martin Corporation. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    12. "The Return of the Winnie Mae." Sport Aviation, October 1969.
    13. "Lockheed Vega Winnie Mae". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    14. Swopes, Bryan R. (15 July 2017). "15 July 1933". This Day in Aviation. WordPress. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    15. "Lockheed Vega Restoration Update". Antique Airfield. Antique Aircraft Association and Airpower Museum. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    16. Phelps, Mark (19 December 2013). "Video: Vintage Lockheed Vega Flies Again". Flying. Flying Magazine. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    17. "FAA Registry [N12288]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    18. Namowitz, Dan (16 June 2016). "Doolittle Center acquires historic Lockheed Vega". AOPA. AOPA . Retrieved 25 September 2017.
    19. "FAA Registry [N13705]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
    20. Francillon, Rene J. (1988). Lockheed aircraft since 1913 (2nd reprint ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 67–86. ISBN   0870218972.
    21. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

    Bibliography