Grumman C-2 Greyhound

Last updated

C-2 Greyhound
C-2A NP-2000 VRC-40 in flight 2009 (modified).jpg
A U.S. Navy C-2A(R) Greyhound of fleet logistics support squadron VRC-40 Rawhides
General information
Type Carrier-capable transport / Carrier onboard delivery
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Grumman
Northrop Grumman
StatusC-2A: Retired
C-2A(R): In service
Primary user United States Navy
Number builtC-2A: 17
C-2A(R): 39
History
ManufacturedC-2A: 1965–1968
C-2A(R): 1985–1989
Introduction date1966
First flight18 November 1964
Developed from Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye

The Grumman C-2 Greyhound is a twin-engine, high-wing cargo aircraft designed to carry supplies, mail, and passengers to and from aircraft carriers of the United States Navy. Its primary mission is carrier onboard delivery (COD). The aircraft provides critical logistics support to carrier strike groups. The aircraft is mainly used to transport high-priority cargo such as jet engines and special stores, mail, and passengers between carriers and shore bases. [1]

Contents

Prototype C-2s first flew in 1964, and production followed the next year. The initial Greyhound aircraft were overhauled in 1973. In 1984, more C-2As were ordered under designation Reprocured C-2A or C-2A(R). In 2010, all C-2A(R) aircraft received updated propellers (from four to eight blades) and navigational updates (glass cockpit). The U.S. Navy is to start replacing the remaining 27 C-2As with 38 Bell Boeing CMV-22Bs Osprey tiltrotors in 2020, with full fielding in 2028.

Design and development

Origins

The C-2 Greyhound, a derivative of the Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, shares the folding "Sto-Wings" and engines with the E-2, but has a widened fuselage with a rear loading ramp. The first of two prototypes flew in 1964. After successful testing, Grumman began production of the aircraft in 1965. The C-2 replaced the piston-engine Grumman C-1 Trader in the carrier onboard delivery (COD) role. The original C-2A aircraft were overhauled to extend their operational life in 1973. [2]

Powered by two Allison T56 turboprop engines, the C-2A can deliver up to 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) of cargo or up to 28 passengers, and is normally configured for a cargo/passenger mix. It can also carry litter patients in medical-evacuation missions. A cage system or transport stand restrains cargo during carrier launch and landing accelerations to prevent weight redistribution, which might adversely affect in-flight stability. The large aft cargo ramp and door and a powered winch allow straight-in rear cargo loading and unloading for fast turnaround. The Greyhound's ability to airdrop supplies and personnel, fold its wings, and generate power for engine starting and other uses provide greater operational versatility. Some parts are shared with the E-2 Hawkeye and the Grumman A-6 Intruder to ease logistics support. [3]

A C-2A taxis prior to takeoff on a flight to USS John F. Kennedy in February 1984. This was the first Greyhound delivered in 1966. C-2A ramp DN-ST-86-02080.JPEG
A C-2A taxis prior to takeoff on a flight to USS John F. Kennedy in February 1984. This was the first Greyhound delivered in 1966.

The C-2 has four vertical stabilizers, of which three are fitted with rudders. A single vertical stabilizer large enough for adequate directional control would have made the aircraft too tall to fit on an aircraft carrier hangar deck. The four-stabilizer configuration has the advantage of placing the outboard rudder surfaces directly in line with the propeller wash, providing effective yaw control down to low airspeeds, such as during takeoff and landing. The inner-left stabilizer lacks a rudder, and has been called the "executive tail", as it has nothing to do compared to the other three. [4] A single C-2 (2797) was equipped with an air-to-air refueling probe, but this was not installed in other aircraft. [4] [5]

In 1984, the Navy ordered 39 new C-2A aircraft to replace older airframes. Dubbed the Reprocured C-2A or C-2A(R) due to the similarity to the original, the new aircraft has airframe improvements and better avionics. The older C-2As were phased out in 1987, and the last of the new models was delivered in 1990.

Upgrades

The 36 C-2A(R)s underwent a critical service life extension program (SLEP). The C-2A(R)'s lifespan was 10,000 hours, or 15,000 carrier landings; plans require the C-2A to perform its mission supporting battle group operational readiness through 2015. The lower landing limit was approaching for most airframes, and the SLEP will increase their projected life to 15,000 hours or 36,000 landings. Once complete, the SLEP will allow the 36 aircraft to operate until 2027. The SLEP includes structural improvements to the center wing, an eight-bladed NP2000 propeller, navigational upgrades including the addition of GPS and the dual CAINS II navigation system, the addition of crash-survivable flight-incident recorders, and a ground proximity warning system. The first upgraded C-2A(R) left NAVAIR Depot North Island on 12 September 2005, after sitting on the ground for three and a half years while the SLEP was developed and installed. All aircraft were to receive the SLEP by 2015. [6]

A VRC-40 C-2A(R) after SLEP on USS Carl Vinson, July 2009 C-2A NP-2000 USS Carl Vinson 2009.jpg
A VRC-40 C-2A(R) after SLEP on USS Carl Vinson, July 2009

In November 2008, the company also obtained a $37M contract for the maintenance, logistics, and aviation administration services over five years for the C-2A fleet assigned to VX-20 test and evaluation squadron at Patuxent River. Northrop Grumman worked on an upgraded C-2 version, and offered to modernize the fleet with components common to the E-2D Hawkeye. [7]

Operational history

A C-2 Greyhound launches from a carrier at sea C-2 Greyhound launching from a carrier.jpg
A C-2 Greyhound launches from a carrier at sea

Between November 1985 and February 1987, VR-24 (former Navy Transport Squadron) and its seven reprocured C-2As demonstrated the aircraft's exceptional operational readiness. The squadron delivered 2,000,000 pounds (910 t) of cargo, 2,000,000 pounds (910 t) of mail, and 14,000 passengers in the European and Mediterranean theaters. The C-2A(R) also served the carrier battle groups during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm during the Gulf War, as well as Operation Enduring Freedom during the war in Afghanistan. [8] [ citation needed ]

On 2 June 2011, the US Navy loaned two C-2A(R) Greyhounds from VRC-40 to the French Navy. The two aircraft were stationed at Toulon-Hyères Airport, Hyères, to assist in improving the flow of logistics and supplies to the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle operating in the Mediterranean Sea off Libya in support of the NATO intervention in Libya. After 16 days, both aircraft returned to the U.S. via Shannon Airport, Ireland, on 18 June 2011. [9]

USS George Washington crew unload mail from two C-2A Greyhounds in 2011 US Navy 110722-N-BR887-022 Sailors move more than ten thousand pounds of mail delivered by two C-2A Greyhound aircraft assigned to Carrier Logistic.jpg
USS George Washington crew unload mail from two C-2A Greyhounds in 2011

Replacement

The Common Support Aircraft was once considered as a replacement for the C-2, but failed to materialize. The U.S. Navy was exploring a replacement for the C-2 in September 2009. [10] Three options were suggested as replacements for the aging C-2s: a new batch of updated C-2s, a transport version of the Lockheed S-3 Viking, and the tilt-rotor Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey. [11]

The C-2 competed with the V-22 Osprey for use as the future COD aircraft. Northrop Grumman proposed modernizing the C-2 by installing the same wings, glass cockpit, and engines as the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye. Installing the Rolls-Royce T56-427A engines would cut fuel consumption by 13–15% with the same eight-bladed propeller, enabling take-offs with a 10,000-pound (4,500 kg) payload in 125 °F (52 °C) temperature and a range in excess of 1,400 nmi (1,600 mi; 2,600 km); similar performance by the C-2A requires engine temperatures at 70 °F (21 °C), trading fuel for payload. Adopting the E-2D's cockpit would deliver a 10% savings on lifetime logistical support. One of the Greyhound's most important features is its internal volume of 860 cubic feet (24 m3) of cargo space. [12] Northrop Grumman stated that their approach could cost far less than the V-22, including saving $120 million from C-2 and E-2D commonality. [13]

In February 2015, the Navy's FY 2016 budget confirmed the V-22's selection for the COD mission, replacing the C-2A. [14] [15] [16] The Navy is to order 44 of the Osprey, designated CMV-22B, with deliveries to start in 2020. [17] The C-2 was originally planned to be retired in 2027, but this was accelerated to 2024. [18] The fleet is expected to be fully transitioned to the Osprey by 2028. [19] [20]

Variants

Interior view from the tail of a C-2A Greyhound assigned to Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40 (VRC-40) C-2A interior DN-SD-03-16988.JPEG
Interior view from the tail of a C-2A Greyhound assigned to Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40 (VRC-40)
YC-2A
Prototype, two converted from E-2A Hawkeyes with redesigned fuselage
C-2A
Production variant, 17 built
C-2A(R)
"Reprocured" C-2A with improved systems based on the E-2C variant, 39 built
Greyhound 21
Turbofan powered variant used for anti-submarine warfare, electronic warfare, electronic surveillance, carrier onboard delivery and aerial refuelling. Concept only. [21]

Operators

Flag of the United States.svg  United States

Accidents

The C-2A lost on 22 November 2017, landing on the USS Ronald Reagan in July 2017 A C-2A Greyhound lands on the flight deck of USS Ronald Reagan. (35349241870).jpg
The C-2A lost on 22 November 2017, landing on the USS Ronald Reagan in July 2017

Specifications (Reprocured C-2A)

Orthographically projected diagram of the C-2A Greyhound Grumman C-2A Greyhound 3-view.png
Orthographically projected diagram of the C-2A Greyhound

Data from U.S. Navy [38] [39]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey</span> Military transport tiltrotor

The Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey is an American multi-use, tiltrotor military transport and cargo aircraft with both vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) and short takeoff and landing (STOL) capabilities. It is designed to combine the functionality of a conventional helicopter with the long-range, high-speed cruise performance of a turboprop aircraft. The V-22 is operated by the United States and Japan, and is not only a new aircraft design, but a new type of aircraft that entered service in the 2000s, a tiltrotor compared to fixed wing and helicopter designs. The V-22 first flew in 1989 and after a long development was fielded in 2007. The design combines the vertical takeoff ability of a helicopter with the speed and range of a fixed-wing airplane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grumman E-2 Hawkeye</span> Airborne early warning and control aircraft

The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather, carrier-capable tactical airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft. This twin-turboprop aircraft was designed and developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Grumman Aircraft Company for the United States Navy as a replacement for the earlier, piston-engined E-1 Tracer, which was rapidly becoming obsolete. The aircraft's performance has been upgraded with the E-2B and E-2C versions, where most of the changes were made to the radar and radio communications due to advances in electronic integrated circuits and other electronics. The fourth major version of the Hawkeye is the E-2D, which first flew in 2007. The E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for AEW, as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe, such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry. Variants of the Hawkeye have been in continuous production since 1960, giving it the longest production run of any carrier-based aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grumman</span> 1929–1994 aerospace manufacturer

The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a 20th century American producer of military and civilian aircraft. Founded on December 6, 1929, by Leroy Grumman and his business partners, it merged in 1994 with Northrop Corporation to form Northrop Grumman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grumman S-2 Tracker</span> Family of carrier-borne anti-submarine and maritime patrol aircraft

The Grumman S-2 Tracker is the first purpose-built, single airframe anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft to enter service with the United States Navy. Designed and initially built by Grumman, the Tracker was of conventional design — propeller-driven with twin radial engines, a high wing that could be folded for storage on aircraft carriers, and tricycle undercarriage. The type was exported to a number of navies around the world. Introduced in 1952, the Tracker and its E-1 Tracer derivative saw service in the U.S. Navy until the mid-1970s, and its C-1 Trader derivative until the mid-1980s, with a few aircraft remaining in service with other air arms into the 21st century. Argentina is the last country to still operate the Tracker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grumman E-1 Tracer</span> United States Navy airborne early warning aircraft

The Grumman E-1 Tracer was the first purpose-built airborne early warning aircraft used by the United States Navy. It was a derivative of the Grumman C-1 Trader and entered service in 1960. It was replaced by the more modern Grumman E-2 Hawkeye by the mid-1960s-1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grumman C-1 Trader</span> United States Navy carrier on-board delivery (COD) transport aircraft

The Grumman C-1 Trader is a carrier onboard delivery (COD) variant of the Grumman S-2 Tracker. It was replaced by a similar version of the Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, the Grumman C-2 Greyhound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carrier onboard delivery</span> Air transport between an aircraft carrier and land bases

Carrier onboard delivery (COD) is the use of aircraft to ferry personnel, mail, supplies, and high-priority cargo, such as replacement parts, from shore bases to an aircraft carrier at sea. Several types of aircraft, including helicopters, have been used by navies in the COD role. The Grumman C-2 Greyhound has been the United States Navy's primary COD aircraft since the mid-1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twin tail</span> Type of vertical stabilizers on aircraft

A twin tail is a type of vertical stabilizer arrangement found on the empennage of some aircraft. Two vertical stabilizers—often smaller on their own than a single conventional tail would be—are mounted at the outside of the aircraft's horizontal stabilizer. This arrangement is also known as an H-tail, as it resembles a capital "H" when viewed from the rear. The twin tail was used on a wide variety of World War II multi-engine designs that saw mass production, especially on the American B-24 Liberator and B-25 Mitchell bombers, the British Avro Lancaster and Handley Page Halifax heavy bombers, and the Soviet Union's Petlyakov Pe-2 attack bomber.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allison T56</span> American-built military turboprop (1954–)

The Allison T56 is an American single-shaft, modular design military turboprop with a 14-stage axial flow compressor driven by a four-stage turbine. It was originally developed by the Allison Engine Company for the Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport entering production in 1954. It has been a Rolls-Royce product since 1995 when Allison was acquired by Rolls-Royce. The commercial version is designated 501-D. Over 18,000 engines have been produced since 1954, logging over 200 million flying hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval aviator (United States)</span> Officer qualified as a manned aircraft pilot in the US Navy or US Marine Corps

A naval aviator is a commissioned officer or warrant officer qualified as a crewed aircraft pilot in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. United States Coast Guard crewed aircraft pilots are officially designated as "Coast Guard aviators", although they complete the same undergraduate flight training as Navy and Marine Corps crewed aircraft pilots, and are awarded the same aviation breast insignia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carrier air wing</span> Group of aircraft units operating from an aircraft carrier

A carrier air wing is an operational naval aviation organization composed of several aircraft squadrons and detachments of various types of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. Organized, equipped and trained to conduct modern US Navy carrier air operations while embarked aboard aircraft carriers, the various squadrons in an air wing have different but complementary missions, and provide most of the striking power and electronic warfare capabilities of a carrier battle group (CVBG). While the CVBG term is still used by other nations, the CVBG in US parlance is now known as a carrier strike group (CSG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northeast Florida Regional Airport</span> Airport in Florida, U.S.

Northeast Florida Regional Airport, is located approximately four miles (6 km) north of historic St. Augustine, in St. Johns County, Florida, United States. NFRA serves as a key connection point for air travel in the Northeast Florida region. It is a public airport managed by the St. Johns County Airport Authority on behalf of the citizens of St. Johns County. Airport facilities include both commercial and general aviation terminals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VRC-30</span> Logistics aircraft squadron of the US Navy

Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30 (VRC-30) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy tasked with carrier onboard delivery. The squadron was nicknamed "Providers" and was based at Naval Air Station North Island, California (USA). In contrast to most other U.S. Navy squadrons, VRC-30 consisted of five separately named detachments, which were assigned to different carrier air wings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VRC-40</span> Logistics aircraft squadron of the US Navy

Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40 (VRC-40), also known as the "Rawhides", is a United States Navy fleet logistics support squadron based at NS Norfolk. Commissioned in 1960, it is the last active fleet logistics squadrons in the Navy, since VRC-30 decommissioned in 8 December 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carrier-based aircraft</span> Military aircraft designed specifically for operations from aircraft carriers

A carrier-based aircraft is a naval aircraft designed for operations from aircraft carriers. Carrier-based aircraft must be able to launch in a short distance and be sturdy enough to withstand the abrupt forces of launching from and recovering on a pitching deck. In addition, their wings are generally able to fold up, easing operations in tight quarters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VAW-120</span> Military unit

Airborne Command & Control Squadron 120 (VAW-120) is a United States Navy Fleet Replacement Squadron responsible for training crews on the E-2 Hawkeye and the C-2A(R) Greyhound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawker Siddeley P.139B</span> Type of aircraft

The Hawker Siddeley P.139B was a proposed airborne early warning aircraft intended to operate from aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy. The P.139B formed part of the a major equipment procurement plan for the RN in the 1960s intended to give the service a force of new, modern carriers capable of operating air groups consisting of equally modern aircraft. However, cuts in defence spending by the British government in the mid-1960s meant that these proposals never came to fruition.

The Xi'an KJ-600 is a Chinese twin-propeller, quad-tail, high-wing military aircraft designed for cargo and airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) intended for carrier-based operations, to be deployed on Type 003 aircraft carriers of the People's Liberation Army Navy from around 2024.

References

  1. ↑ Wallace, James; Rogoway, Tyler (29 November 2017). "Confessions Of A C-2 Greyhound Carrier Onboard Delivery Pilot". The Drive.
  2. ↑ Fact File: C-2A Greyhound logistics aircraft Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Navy, Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 Purnell, Richard H. (1986). "A New Old COD". Proceedings. 112 (1). United States Naval Institute: 108–111.
  4. 1 2 Grumman C-2 Greyhound Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  5. ↑ C-2 Greyhound refueling from a US Marine Corps KC-130 tanker Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  6. ↑ C-2A Greyhound Logistics Aircraft Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ "Osprey Takes on Greyhound in Fight Over U.S. Navy's COD.". Archived 13 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Aviation Today, 9 April 2013.
  8. ↑ Petrescu, Relly Victoria; Petrescu, Florian Ion (February 2013). Northrop Color. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN   9783848267989.
  9. ↑ "US Navy Loans Greyhounds to France". AirForces Monthly (Key Publishing), Issue 281, August 2011, p. 13. ISSN   0955-7091. Retrieved: 4 October 2011.
  10. ↑ Tilghman, Andrew (23 September 2009). "Navy eyes Ospreys as COD replacements". Navy Times. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  11. ↑ Lockheed Wants To Bring The S-3 Viking Back From The Dead 4/9/2014 Archived 15 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  12. ↑ "The Future COD Aircraft Contenders: The Northrop Grumman C-2A Greyhound" Archived 6 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Defensemedianetwork.com, 3 August 2013.
  13. ↑ "Navy May Delay Decision On Platform To Replace Carrier Supply Planes" Archived 18 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine . InsideDefense.com, 25 April 2014.
  14. ↑ Navy 2016 Budget Funds V-22 COD Buy, Carrier Refuel Archived 10 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine - Breakingdefense.com, 2 February 2015
  15. ↑ Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Renee Candelario, USN (8 October 2012). "MV-22 Osprey Flight Operations Tested Aboard USS Nimitz". NNS121008-13. USS Nimitz Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Tilghman, Andrew (23 September 2009). "Navy eyes Ospreys as COD replacements". Navy Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  17. ↑ Eckstein, Megan. Navy's Osprey Will Be Called CMV-22B; Procurement To Begin In FY 2018 Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine USNI News Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  18. ↑ Navy's COD Transition from C-2A to CMV-22B Accelerated; First V-22 Deployment Set for 2021 Archived 4 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine . USNI News. 1 October 2018.
  19. ↑ Fuentes, Gidget (15 October 2019). "Fleet Logistics Wing Established as Navy Preps for COD Transition, Second Osprey Squadron". USNI News. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  20. ↑ Eckstein, Megan (3 January 2018). "Navy Transition from C-2A to CMV-22B Will Span 2020 to 2026; Location of Training Squadron Undecided". USNI News.
  21. ↑ Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1990-1991
  22. ↑ "29 April 1965 Grumman C-2A Greyhound". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  23. ↑ https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=165261 Archived 28 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine . aviation-safety.net
  24. ↑ "2 October 1969 Grumman C-2A Greyhound". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  25. ↑ "15 December 1970 Grumman C-2A Greyhound". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  26. ↑ "12 December 1971 Grumman C-2A Greyhound". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  27. ↑ "29 January 1972 Grumman C-2A Greyhound". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  28. ↑ "16 November 1973 Grumman C-2A Greyhound". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  29. ↑ "U.S. Navy plane crashes in Philippine Sea, three missing". Reuters . 22 November 2017. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  30. ↑ Rich, Motoko (22 November 2017). "Navy Aircraft With 11 Aboard Crashes into Waters Off Japan". New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  31. ↑ Lockie, Alex (22 November 2017). "US Navy plane carrying 11 crashes in the Philippine Sea en route to aircraft carrier". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  32. ↑ Walters, Joanne (23 November 2017). "Three missing after US navy plane crashes in Philippine Sea". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  33. ↑ Cenciotti, David (22 November 2017). "U.S. Navy C-2A Aircraft Carrying 11 Crew And Passengers Crashed in the Ocean Southeast of Okinawa". theaviationist.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  34. ↑ "Search Ends For Sailors in C-2A Crash". navy.mil. 23 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  35. ↑ Navy locates crashed C-2A Greyhound deep on Pacific seabed Archived 9 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine . The Associated Press/MilitaryTimes.com, 2018-01-07
  36. ↑ "U.S. Navy Maps Downed C-2A Greyhound". 15 February 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  37. ↑ "Navy Recovers C-2A from Fatal 2017 Crash from 3 Miles Underwater". usni.news.org. 5 June 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  38. ↑ "Navy Fact File". Navy.mil. 17 February 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  39. ↑ NAVAIR (November 1984). "Performance Summary" (PDF). Standard Aircraft Characteristics, Reprocured C-2A. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  40. ↑ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.