Grumman HU-16 Albatross

Last updated
HU-16 Albatross
U.S. Navy Grumman HU-16.jpg
A U.S. Navy Grumman UF-1 Albatross
General information
Type Air-sea rescue flying boat
Manufacturer Grumman
StatusIn limited use
Primary users United States Air Force
Number built466
History
Manufactured1949–1961
Introduction date1949
First flightOctober 24, 1947 [1]
Retired1995 (Hellenic Navy)
Developed from Grumman Mallard

The Grumman HU-16 Albatross is a large, twin-radial engined amphibious flying boat that was used by the United States Air Force (USAF), the U.S. Navy (USN), the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and the Royal Canadian Air Force primarily as a search and rescue (SAR) aircraft. Originally designated as the SA-16 for the USAF and the JR2F-1 and UF-1 for the USN and USCG, it was redesignated as the HU-16 in 1962.

Contents

Design and development

An improvement of the design of the Grumman Mallard, the Albatross was developed to land in open-ocean situations to accomplish rescues. Its deep-V hull cross-section and keel length enable it to land in the open sea. The Albatross was designed for optimal 4-foot (1.2 m) seas, and could land in more severe conditions, but required JATO (jet-assisted takeoff, or simply booster rockets) for takeoff in 8–10-foot (2.4–3.0 m) seas or greater.

The Albatross initially carried an APS-31A radar in a pod on the left wing. However, the position meant the fuselage blocked the ability of the radar to search to the right of the aircraft, so it was moved to the nose on later SA-16As. [2]

Operational history

A USAF SA-16A during the Korean War SA-16A Albatross on ground during Korean War.jpg
A USAF SA-16A during the Korean War
Grumman HU-16 Albatross at MacDill AFB Florida 1951 or early 1952 1951-52 Grumman HU-16 Albatross at MacDill AFB Florida.jpg
Grumman HU-16 Albatross at MacDill AFB Florida 1951 or early 1952

Most Albatrosses were used by the United States Air Force (USAF), primarily in the search and rescue (SAR) mission role, and initially designated as SA-16. The USAF utilized the SA-16 extensively in Korea for combat rescue, earning a reputation as a rugged and seaworthy craft. Later, the redesignated HU-16B (long-wing variant) Albatross was used by the United States Air Force Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service and saw extensive combat service during the Vietnam War. In addition, a small number of Air National Guard air commando groups were equipped with HU-16s for covert infiltration and extraction of special forces from 1956 to 1971. [3] Other examples of the HU-16 made their way into Air Force Reserve rescue and recovery units prior to its retirement from USAF service.

The United States Navy (USN) also employed the HU-16C/D Albatross as an SAR aircraft from coastal naval air stations, both stateside and overseas. It was also employed as an operational support aircraft worldwide and for missions from the former Naval Air Station Agana, Guam, during the Vietnam War. Goodwill flights were also common to the surrounding Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in the early 1970s. Open-water landings and water takeoff training using JATO was also conducted frequently by USN HU-16s from locations such as NAS Agana, Guam; Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii; NAS North Island, California, NAS Key West, Florida; NAS Jacksonville, Florida, and NAS Pensacola, Florida, among other locations.

In July 1952, an SA-16 from the 58th Air Rescue Squadron rescued 32 survivors of a British DC-3 that had crashed in the Mediterranean Sea. The pilot, Capt. Kendrick U. Reeves, would later receive the Cheney Award for his actions. [4]

In October 1957, an SA-16B flew to a position 120 nautical miles south-southeast from Sardinia to pick up a F-100 pilot. After recovering the pilot, it was determined that takeoff was impossible due to damage from the landing, and the aircraft taxied 45 nautical miles towards Bizerte, Tunisia before being taken in tow by a French corvette for the remainder of the trip. This set the Air Force record for the longest taxi time from water to dry land. [5]

As part of the International Ice Patrol, in 1958 and 1959, Coast Guard UF-2Gs dropped Mk 35 and Mk 36 incendiary bombs on icebergs. [6] [7]

On 24 May 1962, an Air Force SA-16 was launched to assist in the recovery of the Aurora 7 space capsule and astronaut Scott Carpenter. Despite arriving on scene ahead of two Navy Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters, the Albatross was instructed not to land by the recovery force commander due to concerns over its ability to take off again in heavy seas. [a] A minor controversy later arose over whether the decision was motivated by interservice rivalry. [8] [9]

In February 1964, an Air Force HU-16B sent to retrieve the nose cone of a missile fired from Cape Kennedy Air Force Station ran out of fuel after rough seas forced it to attempt to taxi back to land. As no nearby ships carried aviation gasoline, a fuel truck was lashed to the deck of the USCGC Hollyhock, the aircraft was refuelled, and it was finally able to take off after five days on the ocean's surface. [10]

On 14 March 1966, an HU-16B, serial number 51-071, attempted a rescue of the crew of an F-4C that had ejected over the Gulf of Tonkin. After landing to pick up the pilot, the aircraft was struck by a mortar round fired from the nearby shore, killing the radio operator and seriously injuring the flight mechanic. The aircraft then sank, drowning the pararescueman, who was tethered to it. The pilot, copilot, flight mechanic, navigator and both F-4 crew were later rescued by H-3 helicopters. The navigator, Captain Donald Price, was later awarded the Air Force Cross for his actions. [11]

Three days later, on 17 March 1966, an HU-16 was involved in the recovery of Gemini 8. [12]

The HU-16 was also operated by the United States Coast Guard as both a coastal and long-range open-ocean SAR aircraft for many years until it was supplanted by the HU-25 Guardian and HC-130 Hercules.

The final USAF HU-16 flight was the delivery of AF Serial No. 51-5282 to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, in July 1973 after setting an altitude record of 32,883 feet (10,023 m) earlier in the month. [13]

The final US Navy HU-16 flight was made 13 August 1976, when an Albatross was delivered to the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida. [14]

The final USCG HU-16 flight was at Otis Air National Guard Base in Cape Cod in March 1983, when the aircraft type was retired by the USCG. The Albatross continued to be used in the military service of other countries, the last being retired by the Hellenic Navy of Greece in 1995.

The Pakistan Air Force operated 4 SA-16As from 1958 to 1968, which it received under the Mutual Defense Assistance Act. No. 4 Squadron was equipped with them while based at Drigh Road Air Base. The SA-16s were used for maritime reconnaissance and coastal patrol during the 1965 War with India. At least one SA-16 was on patrol during the 17-day war, flying fourteen missions in support of the Pakistan Navy. They were stored on August 19, 1968. [15] [16]

The Indonesian Air Force operated 8 UF-1 acquired in 1958 and 4 ex-West German Navy UF-2S acquired in 1977, [17] [18] all were assigned to the 5th Air Squadron and were retired in the 1980s. [19] The Indonesian Navy also operated two ex-USN UF-2 received in 1960. [20] [17] Five UF-1 of the 5th Air Squadron were deployed in the frontline airfields during the Operation Trikora in 1962. They were utilized for various roles, including maritime patrol, search and rescue, weather observation, and forward air control. One of them went missing and was presumed to have crashed into the sea after entering cumulonimbus cloud during a SAR mission on 17 May 1962. Two Indonesian Navy's UF-2 were also deployed to Maluku Islands during Operation Trikora. [21] Three Grumman Albatrosses from the Indonesian Air Force took part in the 1975 invasion of East Timor for maritime patrol role. Due to shortage of ground attack aircraft in the initial stage of the invasion, the Albatross was modified so it could be armed with 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, bombs and rockets. The Albatross was only used once for a ground attack mission. [22]

The Royal Canadian Air Force operated Grumman Albatrosses with the designation "CSR-110".

Civil operations

Chalk's International Airlines Albatross arriving in Miami Harbor from Nassau, Bahamas, in 1987 Grumman HU-16D Albatross Chalks MIA 03.87.jpg
Chalk's International Airlines Albatross arriving in Miami Harbor from Nassau, Bahamas, in 1987

In the mid-1960s, the United States Department of the Interior acquired three military Grumman HU-16s from the USN and established the Trust Territory Airlines in the Pacific to serve the islands of Micronesia. Pan American World Airways and finally Continental Airlines' Air Micronesia operated the Albatrosses serving Yap, Palau, Chuuk (Truk), and Pohnpei from Guam until 1970, when adequate island runways were built, allowing land operations.

Many surplus Albatrosses were sold to civilian operators, mostly to private owners. These aircraft are operated under either Experimental-Exhibition or Restricted category and cannot be used for commercial operations, except under very limited conditions.

In the early 1980s, Chalk's International Airlines, owned by Merv Griffin's Resorts International, had 13 Albatrosses converted to Standard category as G-111s. This made them eligible for use in scheduled airline operations. These aircraft underwent extensive modifications from the standard military configuration, including rebuilt wings with titanium wing spar caps, additional doors and modifications to existing doors and hatches, stainless steel engine oil tanks, dual engine fire extinguishing systems on each engine, and propeller auto-feather systems installed. The G-111s were operated for only a few years and then put in storage in Arizona. Most are still parked there, but some have been returned to regular flight operations with private operators.

Cockpit of Grumman Albatross N44RD which flew around the world in 1997 Grumman Albatross N44RD Cockpit.jpg
Cockpit of Grumman Albatross N44RD which flew around the world in 1997

Satellite technology company Row 44, now known as Anuvu, bought an HU-16B Albatross (registration N44HQ) [23] in 2008 to test its in-flight satellite broadband internet service. Named Albatross One, the company selected the aircraft for its operations because it has the same curvature atop its fuselage as the Boeing 737 aircraft for which the company manufactures its equipment. The plane purchased by Row 44 was used at one time as a training aircraft for space shuttle astronauts by NASA. It features the autographs of the astronauts who trained aboard the plane on one of the cabin walls. [24] [25]

In 1997, a Grumman Albatross (N44RD), piloted by Reid Dennis and Andy Macfie, became the first Albatross to circumnavigate the globe. The 26,347 nmi flight around the world lasted 73 days, included 38 stops in 21 countries, and was completed with 190 hours of flight time. [26] In 2013 Reid Dennis donated N44RD to the Hiller Aviation Museum. [27]

Since the aircraft weighs over 12,500 pounds, pilots of civilian US-registered Albatross aircraft must have a type rating. A yearly Albatross fly-in is held at Boulder City, Nevada, where Albatross pilots can become type-rated.

Proposed new build

Amphibian Aerospace Industries in Darwin, Australia, acquired the type certificate and announced in December 2021 that it planned to commence manufacturing a new version of the Albatross from 2025. Dubbed the G-111T, it would have modern avionics and Pratt & Whitney PT6A-67F turboprop engines, with variants for passengers, freight, search and rescue, coastal surveillance, and aeromedical evacuation. [28] [29] [30]

Variants

An XJR2F-1 prototype at NAS Patuxent River in the 1940s XJR2F-1 NATC NAN1-50.jpg
An XJR2F-1 prototype at NAS Patuxent River in the 1940s
Some SA-16s were equipped with skis on the pontoons and a retractable keel in the hull as part of a "triphibian" system that allowed them to operate off of land, water or snow Grumman SA-16B Albatross (triphibian) 3-view line drawing.png
Some SA-16s were equipped with skis on the pontoons and a retractable keel in the hull as part of a "triphibian" system that allowed them to operate off of land, water or snow

Company

G-64
Company designation for UF-1/SA-16A [31]
G-88
Proposed anti-submarine warfare development of UF-2 [31]
G-106
Proposed development of UF-2 [31]
G-111
Company designation for UF-2/SA-16B [31]
G-191
Aircraft for Germany [31]
G-231
CSR-110 aircraft for Germany [31]
G-234
UF-2G for U.S. Coast Guard and Argentina [31]
G-251
Anti-submarine warfare aircraft [31]
G-262
Aircraft for Japan [31]
G-270
UF-2G for U.S. Coast Guard [32]
G-288
UF-2G for U.S. Coast Guard [32]
G-315
SHU-16B for Chile [32]
G-333
UF-2 for Argentina [32]
G-340
SHU-16B for Peru [32]
G-341
SHU-16B for Spain [32]

Military

XJR2F-1
Prototype designation, two built. Initially known as the "Pelican". [33]
HU-16A
USAF version. Originally designated SA-16A.
HU-16A
Indonesian version. Originally designated UF-1.
HU-16B
USAF version modified with long wing. Originally designated SA-16B.
SHU-16B
Export version, modified HU-16B for Anti-Submarine Warfare. Featured an AN/APS-88 in the nose and MAD boom in the tail [34]
HU-16C
US Navy version. Originally designated UF-1.
LU-16C
US Navy version equipped with skis. [35] Originally designated UF-1L.
TU-16C
US Navy version used as navigation trainers. [35] Originally designated UF-1T.
HU-16D
US Navy version modified with long wing. Originally designated UF-1.
HU-16D
German version built with long wing. Originally designated UF-2.
HU-16E
US Coast Guard version modified with long wing. Originally designated UF-2G.
HU-16E
USAF version modified with long wing. Originally designated SA-16A.
G-111
Civil airline version derived from USAF, JASDF, and German originals
PF-1
Maritime patrol version [35]
CSR-110
RCAF version [36]
G-111T
Proposed new builds with modern avionics and turboprop engines.
S-16
Brazilian Air Force designation of the HU-16A. Originally designated A-16, U-16, and later M-16. [37]
AD.1
Spanish Air Force designation for the HU-16. [38]

Operators

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
HU-16B of the Argentine Air Force, LADE 1st flight to Port Stanley, 1972 PRIMER VUELO REGULAR DE LADE A LAS ISLAS MALVINAS albatross.jpg
HU-16B of the Argentine Air Force, LADE 1st flight to Port Stanley, 1972
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
A Grumman Albatross of the RCAF 9305 Grumman S-16 Albatross RCAF YYF 27MAR67 (6926185663).jpg
A Grumman Albatross of the RCAF
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Republic of China
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Preserved Hellenic AF aircraft at Dekelia AB. 20071108-LGTT-HU16B-190.jpg
Preserved Hellenic AF aircraft at Dekelia AB.
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of Malaysia 23px.svg  Malaysia
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
A Spanish HU-16 Spain - Air Force Grumman HU-16A Albatross.jpg
A Spanish HU-16
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
Flag of Portugal (official).svg  Portugal
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain
U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E from CGAS Cape Cod in the 1970s. HU-16E from CGAS Cape Cod in flight.jpg
U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E from CGAS Cape Cod in the 1970s.
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States

Accidents and incidents

Aircraft on display

Argentina

BS-02, Museo Nacional de Aeronautica de Argentina BS-02 Grumman G-64 Albatross Fuerza Aerea Argentina (8164126911).jpg
BS-02, Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina

Indonesia

UF-1 Albatross of the Indonesian Air Force at Dirgantara Mandala Museum UF-1-Albatros-IR-0117.jpg
UF-1 Albatross of the Indonesian Air Force at Dirgantara Mandala Museum

Italy

Philippines

Thailand

United States

Specifications (HU-16B)

Grumman SA-16A Albatross 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the Grumman SA-16A Albatross
Grumman UF-2 Albatross 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the Grumman UF-2 Albatross

Data from Albatross: Amphibious Airborne Angel, [123] United States Navy Aircraft since 1911, [124] Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59 [125] Grumman Albatross: A History of the Legendary Seaplane [126]

General characteristics

1,275 hp (951 kW) normal rating from sea level to 3,000 ft (914 m)

Performance

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

Footnotes

  1. An Air Force pararescue team that attended to the capsule and astronaut were dropped from a SC-54 that had arrived earlier.

Notes

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Further reading

External videos
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