Industry | Aerospace |
---|---|
Founded | 1917 |
Founder | Glenn L. Martin |
Defunct | 1961 |
Fate | Merged with American-Marietta Corporation later merged into Lockheed-Martin Corporation |
Successor | Martin Marietta |
Headquarters | , United States |
Products | Aircraft |
The Glenn L. Martin Company, also known as The Martin Company from 1917 to 1961, was an American aircraft and aerospace manufacturing company founded by aviation pioneer Glenn L. Martin. The Martin Company produced many important aircraft for the defense of the US and allies, especially during World War II and the Cold War. During the 1950s and '60s, the Martin Company moved from the aircraft industry into the guided missile, space exploration, and space utilization industries.
In 1961, the Martin Company merged with American-Marietta Corporation, a large industrial conglomerate, forming the Martin Marietta corporation. In turn, Martin Marietta in 1995 merged with aerospace giant Lockheed Corporation to form the Lockheed Martin corporation. [1] [2]
Glenn L. Martin Company was founded by aviation pioneer Glenn Luther Martin on August 16, 1912. [3] He started the company building military training aircraft in Santa Ana, California, and in September 1916, Martin accepted a merger offer from the Wright Company, creating the Wright-Martin Aircraft Company. [1] This merger did not function well, so Glenn Martin left to form a second Glenn L. Martin Company on September 10, 1917. This new company was headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. [3]
In 1913, Mexican insurgents from the northwestern state of Sonora bought a single-seater Martin Pusher biplane in Los Angeles with the intention of attacking federal naval forces that were attacking the port of Guaymas. The aircraft was shipped on May 5, 1913, in five crates to Tucson, Arizona, via Wells Fargo Express, and then moved through the border into Mexico to the town of Naco, Sonora. The aircraft, named Sonora by the insurgents, was reassembled there and fitted with a second seat for a bomber position.[ citation needed ]
The Sonora, armed with rudimentary 3-inch pipe bombs, performed the first known air-to-naval bombing runs in history.[ citation needed ]
For the Dutch East Indies, several planes were delivered, with the first flight on November 6, 1915. It involved two Type TEs, six Type TTs, and eight Type Rs. Martin's first big success came during World War I with the MB-1 bomber, [4] a large biplane design ordered by the United States Army on January 17, 1918. The MB-1 entered service after the end of hostilities. A follow-up design, the MB-2, proved successful; [4] 20 were ordered by the Army Air Service, the first five of them under the company designation and the last 15 as the NBS-1 (Night Bomber, Short range). Although the War Department ordered 110 more, it retained the ownership rights of the design, and put the order out for bid. The production orders were given to other companies that had bid lower, Curtiss (50), L.W.F. Engineering (35), and Aeromarine (25). [5] The design was the only standard bomber used by the Air Service until 1930, and was used by seven squadrons of the Air Service/Air Corps: Four in Virginia, two in Hawaii, and one in the Philippines.
In 1924, the Martin Company underbid Curtiss for the production of a Curtiss-designed scout bomber, the SC-1, and ultimately Martin produced 404 of these. In 1929, Martin sold the Cleveland plant and built a new one in Middle River, Maryland, northeast of Baltimore.
During the 1930s, Martin built flying boats for the U.S. Navy, and the innovative Martin B-10 bomber for the Army. [6] The Martin Company also produced the noted China Clipper flying boats used by Pan American Airways for its transpacific San Francisco to the Philippines route.
During World War II, a few of Martin's most successful designs were the B-26 Marauder [7] and A-22 Maryland bombers, the PBM Mariner and JRM Mars [8] [9] flying boats, widely used for air-sea rescue, anti-submarine warfare and transport. The 1941 Office for Emergency Management film Bomber was filmed in the Martin facility in Baltimore, and showed aspects of the production of the B-26. [10]
Martin ranked 14th among U.S. corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. [11] The company built 1,585 B-26 Marauders and 531 Boeing B-29 Superfortresses at its new bomber plant in Nebraska, just south of Omaha at Offutt Field. Among the B-29s manufactured there were all the Silverplate aircraft, including Enola Gay and Bockscar , which dropped the two war-ending atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. [12]
On April 22, 1957, the company name was changed to the Martin Company. [13]
Postwar efforts in aeronautics by the Martin Company included two unsuccessful prototype bombers, the XB-48 and the XB-51, the marginally successful AM Mauler, the successful B-57 Canberra tactical bombers, the P5M Marlin and P6M SeaMaster seaplanes, and the Martin 4-0-4 twin-engined passenger airliner.
The Martin Company moved into the aerospace manufacturing business. It produced the Vanguard rocket, used by the American space program as one of its first satellite booster rockets as part of Project Vanguard. The Vanguard was the first American space exploration rocket designed from scratch to be an orbital launch vehicle — rather than being a modified ballistic missile (such as the U.S. Army's Juno I). Martin also designed and manufactured the huge and heavily armed Titan I and LGM-25C Titan II intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Martin Company of Orlando, Florida, was the prime contractor for the US Army's Pershing missile. [14]
The Martin Company was one of two finalists for the command and service modules of the Apollo Program. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) awarded the design and production contracts for these to the North American Aviation Corporation.
The Martin Company went further in the production of larger booster rockets for NASA and the U.S. Air Force with its Titan III series of over 100 rockets produced, including the Titan IIIA, the more-important Titan IIIC, and the Titan IIIE. Besides hundreds of Earth satellites, these rockets were essential for the sending to outer space of the two space probes of the Voyager Project to the outer planets, the two space probes of the Viking Project to Mars, and the two Helios probes into low orbits around the Sun (closer, even, than Mercury).
Finally, the US Air Force required a booster rocket that could launch heavier satellites than either the Titan IIIE or the Space Shuttle. The Martin Company responded with its extremely large Titan IV series of rockets. When the Titan IV came into service, it could carry a heavier payload to orbit than any other rocket in production. Besides its use by the Air Force to launch its sequence of very heavy reconnaissance satellites, one Titan IV, with a powerful Centaur rocket upper stage, was used to launch the heavy Cassini space probe to the planet Saturn in 1997. The Cassini probe orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, successfully returning mountains of scientific data.
The halting of production of the Titan IV in 2004 brought to an end production of the last rocket able to carry a heavier payload than the Space Shuttle, which itself ended in 2011.
The Martin Company merged with the American-Marietta Corporation, a chemical-products and construction-materials manufacturer, in 1961, to form the Martin Marietta Corporation. In 1995, Martin Marietta, then the nation's third-largest defense contractor, merged with the Lockheed Corporation, then the nation's second-largest defense contractor, to form the Lockheed Martin Corporation, becoming the largest such company in the world. [2]
The Martin Company employed many of the founders and chief engineers of the American aerospace industry, including:
Martin also taught William Boeing how to fly and sold him his first airplane.
Model name | First flight | Number built | Type |
---|---|---|---|
Martin MB-1 | 1918 | 20 | Twin piston-engined biplane bomber |
Martin NBS-1 | 1920 | 130 | Twin piston-engined biplane bomber |
Martin MS | 1923 | 6 | Single piston-engined biplane scout |
Martin N2M | 1924 | 1 | Prototype single piston-engined biplane trainer |
Martin MO | 1924 | 36 | Single piston-engined monoplane observation airplane |
Martin T3M | 1926 | 124 | Single piston-engined biplane torpedo bomber |
Martin T4M | 1927 | 103 | Single piston-engined biplane torpedo bomber |
Martin BM | 1929 | 33 | Single piston-engined biplane torpedo bomber |
Martin XT6M | 1930 | 1 | Prototype single piston-engined biplane torpedo bomber |
Martin PM | 1930 | 55 | Twin piston-engined biplane flying boat patrol airplane |
Martin XP2M | 1931 | 1 | Prototype triple piston-engined monoplane flying boat patrol bomber |
Martin P3M | 1931 | 9 | Twin piston-engined monoplane flying boat patrol bomber |
Martin B-10 | 1932 | 348 | Twin piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin M-130 | 1934 | 3 | Quadruple (quad) piston-engined monoplane flying boat airliner |
Martin 146 | 1935 | 1 | Prototype twin piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin M-156 | 1937 | 1 | Quad piston-engined monoplane flying boat airliner |
Martin PBM Mariner | 1939 | 1,366 | Twin piston-engined monoplane flying boat patrol bomber |
Martin 167 Maryland | 1939 | 450 | Twin piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin B-26 Marauder | 1940 | 5,288 | Twin piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin 187 Baltimore | 1941 | 1,575 | Twin piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin JRM Mars | 1942 | 7 | Quad piston-engined monoplane flying boat transport |
Boeing B-29 Superfortress | 1944 | 536 | Quad piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin AM Mauler | 1944 | 151 | Single piston-engined monoplane attack airplane |
Martin P4M Mercator | 1946 | 21 | Twin piston-engined monoplane patrol bomber |
Martin 2-0-2 | 1946 | 47 | Twin piston-engined monoplane airliner |
Martin XB-48 | 1947 | 2 | Prototype six-jet-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin 3-0-3 | 1947 | 1 | Prototype twin piston-engined monoplane airliner |
Martin P5M Marlin | 1948 | 285 | Twin piston-engined monoplane flying boat patrol bomber |
Martin XB-51 | 1949 | 2 | Prototype triple jet-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin 4-0-4 | 1950 | 103 | Twin piston-engined monoplane airliner |
Martin B-57 Canberra | 1953 | 403 | Twin jet-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin P6M SeaMaster | 1955 | 12 | Quad jet-engined monoplane flying boat patrol bomber |
Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra | 1963 | 21 | Twin jet-engined monoplane reconnaissance airplane |
Martin M2O-1 | 3 | Single piston-engined biplane float observation airplane | |
Martin XO-4 | N/A | 0 | Single piston-engined biplane observation airplane |
Martin 70 | ~2 | Single piston-engined biplane mail plane | |
Martin XNBL-2 | N/A | 0 | Unbuilt twin piston-engined biplane bomber |
Martin XLB-4 | N/A | 0 | Unbuilt twin piston-engined biplane bomber |
Martin XB-16 | N/A | 0 | Unbuilt quad piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin XB-27 | N/A | 0 | Unbuilt twin piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin XB-33 Super Marauder | N/A | 0 | Unbuilt twin piston-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin XB-68 | N/A | 0 | Unbuilt twin jet-engined monoplane bomber |
Martin 193 | N/A | 0 | Unbuilt six-piston-engined monoplane flying boat transport |
Martin P7M SubMaster | N/A | 0 | Combined quad piston/twin jet-engined flying boat antisubmarine airplane |
The Lockheed Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer. Lockheed was founded in 1926 and merged in 1995 with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin. Its founder, Allan Lockheed, had earlier founded the similarly named but otherwise-unrelated Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company, which was operational from 1912 to 1920.
Offutt Air Force Base is a U.S. Air Force base south of Omaha, adjacent to Bellevue in Sarpy County, Nebraska. It is the headquarters of the U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), the 557th Weather Wing, and the 55th Wing of the Air Combat Command (ACC), the latter serving as the host unit.
Grand Forks Air Force Base (AFB) (IATA: RDR, ICAO: KRDR, FAA LID: RDR) is a United States Air Force installation in northeastern North Dakota, located north of Emerado and 16 miles (26 km) west of Grand Forks.
The Bell Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer, a builder of several types of fighter aircraft for World War II but most famous for the Bell X-1, the first supersonic aircraft, and for the development and production of many important civilian and military helicopters. Bell also developed the Reaction Control System for the Mercury Spacecraft, North American X-15, and Bell Rocket Belt. The company was purchased in 1960 by Textron, and lives on as Bell Textron.
Convair, previously Consolidated Vultee, was an American aircraft-manufacturing company that later expanded into rockets and spacecraft. The company was formed in 1943 by the merger of Consolidated Aircraft and Vultee Aircraft. In 1953, it was purchased by General Dynamics, and operated as their Convair Division for most of its corporate history.
North American Aviation (NAA) was a major American aerospace manufacturer that designed and built several notable aircraft and spacecraft. Its products included the T-6 Texan trainer, the P-51 Mustang fighter, the B-25 Mitchell bomber, the F-86 Sabre jet fighter, the X-15 rocket plane, the XB-70 bomber, the B-1 Lancer, the Apollo command and service module, the second stage of the Saturn V rocket, and the Space Shuttle orbiter.
Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation was a short-lived aircraft manufacturing business venture between the Wright Company and Glenn L. Martin.
The Robert J. Collier Trophy is awarded annually for the greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America, with respect to improving the performance, efficiency, and safety of air or space vehicles, the value of which has been thoroughly demonstrated by actual use during the preceding year.
The Martin Marietta Corporation was an American company founded in 1961 through the merger of Glenn L. Martin Company and American-Marietta Corporation. In 1995, it merged with Lockheed Corporation to form Lockheed Martin.
Titan IV was a family of heavy-lift space launch vehicles developed by Martin Marietta and operated by the United States Air Force from 1989 to 2005. Launches were conducted from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida and Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.
Vought was the name of several related American aerospace firms. These have included, in the past, Lewis and Vought Corporation, Chance Vought, Vought-Sikorsky, LTV Aerospace, Vought Aircraft Companies, and Vought Aircraft Industries.
Lockheed Martin Space is one of the four major business divisions of Lockheed Martin. It has its headquarters in Littleton, Colorado, with additional sites in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; Sunnyvale, California; Santa Cruz, California; Huntsville, Alabama; and elsewhere in the United States and United Kingdom. The division currently employs about 20,000 people, and its most notable products are commercial and military satellites, space probes, missile defense systems, NASA's Orion spacecraft, and the Space Shuttle external tank.
Glenn Luther Martin was an early American aviation pioneer. He designed and built his own aircraft and was an active pilot, as well as an aviation record-holder. He founded an aircraft company in 1912 which through several mergers amalgamated into what is today known as Lockheed Martin.
James Howard "Dutch" Kindelberger was an American aviation pioneer. He led North American Aviation from 1934 until 1960. An extroverted character, Kindelberger was famed for his emphasis on hard work, orderliness and punctuality.
Space Launch Complex 3 (SLC-3) is a launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base that consists of two separate launch pads. SLC-3E (East) was used by the Atlas V launch vehicle before it was decommissioned in August 2021 with the final launch taking place on November 10, 2022 at 09:49, while SLC-3W (West) has been demolished.
Goodyear Aerospace Corporation (GAC) was the aerospace and defense subsidiary of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. The company was originally operated as a division within Goodyear as the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation, part of a joint project with Luftschiffbau Zeppelin, leading to the development of rigid airships in the United States. As part of the failing relationship between the US and Germany in the era prior to World War II, the division was spun off as Goodyear Aircraft Company in 1939. The company opened a new factory in Arizona in 1941 which produced subassemblies, including subcontracted airframe construction and the design of the Goodyear F2G Corsair and Goodyear Duck.
Maxwell White Hunter II was a prominent American aerospace engineer. He worked on the design of the Douglas B-42 and Douglas B-43 bombers, the Honest John, Nike-Ajax, and Nike-Zeus missiles, the Thor IRBM, and on parts of the Strategic Defense Initiative. In later years he worked on space-launch vehicles and was a proponent of Single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) designs. He was honored in 1995 by the National Space Society for lifelong contributions to the technology of spaceflight.
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company (LMSC) was a unit of the Lockheed Corporation "Missiles, Space, and Electronics Systems Group." LMSC was started by Willis Hawkins who served as its president. After Lockheed merged with Martin-Marietta the unit became known as "Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space". Located in Sunnyvale, California adjacent to Moffett Field, it operated a major satellite development and manufacturing plant.
The Glenn L. Martin Maryland Aviation Museum is located at Martin State Airport in Middle River, Maryland. It educates visitors through the use of exhibits, artifacts, archival materials and stories about aviation in Maryland over the last hundred years, with an emphasis on the Glenn L. Martin Company and the more recent Lockheed Martin histories.
Air Force Plant Peter J. Kiewit and Sons is a Formerly Used Defense Site (CO7570090038) at the Colorado Front Range and used during the Cold War (1957-1968) to provide "rocket assembly, engine testing, and research and development") for the Titan missile complexes southeast of Denver. The 464 acres (188 ha) of former "Martin Missile Test Site 1" was "deeded" to the USAF in 1957, was subsequently operated by the builder, was listed on the EPA's National Priorities List on November 21, 1989; and remained USAF property until transferred to Lockheed Martin in February 2001. The site is used by, and entirely within, the secure Lockheed Martin/United Launch Alliance Waterton Canyon facility of 5,200 acres (2,100 ha) that produces Titan IV launch vehicles and the GPS III space vehicles. Entirely within the East Fork Brush Creek watershed, the former USAF firearms ranges used by PJKS military police remains along the creek, is managed by the Skyline Hunting and Fishing Club, and is used for periodic Jefferson County police and local Boy Scout training.
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